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PubMed1992

The effects of a six-week, low-intensity Nautilus circuit training program on resting blood pressure in females.

Twenty-six healthy, untrained females were studied to determine the effects of a low-intensity Nautilus circuit training program on resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Thirteen subjects who were in good health with no personal history or family history of cardiovascular disease participated in a six-week training program on the Nautilus circuit (14 exercises) and trained at 30% of maximum. Measurements in blood pressure were made before, during (three times per week) and after the study. Another group of 13 females served as controls. An attempt was made to determine if strength increase (due to circuit training) would have an affect on reducing resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The following changes occurred in the treatment group: (1) resting systolic blood pressure dropped significantly (from 113 to 99 mmHg) after training and (2) diastolic blood pressure dropped significantly from (70.9 to 62.0 mmHg) after training. However, there were no differences in these decreases between the exercise and control groups. The investigators concluded that low-intensity, resistive training should not increase blood pressure in white, healthy females, ages 18 to 28 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Cardiac dimensions in athletes in relation to variations in their training program.

The cardiac dimensions of male long-distance runners (LDR) and cycle racers (CR) were determined echocardiographically during four different training seasons, i.e., a preparation, a competitive, a slowing-down and a resting season, and were compared with those of control subjects (CS). Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was also assessed from the electrocardiogram. The maximal aerobic performance was determined on a bicycle ergometer. In the athletes, left ventricular mass was significantly greater in all seasons than the values in the CS. This difference resulted from a thicker interventricular septum and left ventricular posterior wall as well as a larger left ventricular internal diameter. The existence of LVH was confirmed by the electrocardiographic findings. No differences were observed between the four different training seasons, despite considerable changes in the training program for weeks to months. The maximal aerobic performance test in LDR showed a significantly higher workload during the competitive than during the preparation season. The CR reached significantly lower values during the resting season than during the other seasons. The results indicate that the possible adaptation of the cardiac dimensions to variations in the heaviness of the training program is relatively slow.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Designed experience: a multiple, goal-directed training program in family therapy.

A family-therapy training program, one of three main branches of the "Boston model," is described in detail. Salient features of the program include planned integration of a multiplicity of experiential and cognitive learning modes; grounding in a unified, theoretical framework that is neither eclectic nor limited to a single school of thought; focus on nonpathological process in families; and systematic structuring in terms of specific, articulated, training objectives. The goal-directed design process by which training units are developed is explained.

Affect↗
PubMed1992

Physically aggressive elderly: a social skills training program.

The present investigation utilized a social skills training program to eliminate physically aggressive behavior in a group of six institutionalized elderly patients. The treatment package consisted of instructions, modeling, role playing and feedback. Dependent measures included confirmed incidents of physically aggressive behavior monitored across an ABAB design with a 5-month follow-up period. Results indicated that physically aggressive behavior can be significantly decreased in a group training setting and subsequently generalized to ward and other socialized behavior. Ancillary aspects of the study include the differential properties associated with physical and verbal aggression, the role of vicarious reinforcement on behavior, and generalization effects.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Pulmonary function testing reference values and interpretations in pediatric training programs.

A questionnaire was sent to all pediatric training programs to evaluate the use of pulmonary function reference standards and the interpretation of pulmonary function test results. Responses were obtained from 107 of 130 institutions, and 94 of these had pulmonary function laboratories available. Of the 94, 60 used one of three reference standards. The primary reason the reference standards were chosen was either unknown or because they came with the spirometer (24), were recommended by another person or were those used in that person's training (34), or were thought to be the best standards available or most applicable to the population to be tested (31). To define abnormality, most used an 80% predicted cutoff for forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, and forced expiratory flow at 25% to 75% vital capacity. For a change in an individual through time, most used a 10% change for forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, and forced expiratory flow at 25% to 75% vital capacity. Thirteen used statistical methods to define abnormal individuals and none used statistical methods to define a significant change over time. Although there are a few guidelines for reference standards and interpretations of pulmonary function tests, it appears that most laboratories are not using those guidelines and that further guidelines and education are needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

A physician extender training program based on clinical algorithms.

The ability of physician extenders to provide patient care in a variety of settings has been reported widely. Less attention has been paid to training programs, especially those of short duration, for physician extenders. A three-month training program for physician extenders at a large teaching hospital was based on teaching the skills needed to run 39 clinical algorithms. The course content and the methods used to test the students during the three months may prove of value to those preparing similar programs.

California↗
PubMed1986

Incidence of temporomandibular symptoms in patients with major skeletal malocclusions: a survey of oral and maxillofacial surgery training programs.

A survey was done of 116 graduate training programs in oral and maxillofacial surgery to determine (1) the percentage of patients screened for orthognathic surgery who had symptoms of temporomandibular pain and dysfunction preoperatively and (2) how many who were asymptomatic preoperatively developed temporomandibular symptoms postoperatively. Of the fifty-one programs that responded, most reported that fewer than 20% of the patients were symptomatic before surgery and that few patients had symptoms postoperatively. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

A successful physician training program in cholesterol screening and management.

METHOD: Thirty-six resident physicians received a blood cholesterol training program which included training in blood cholesterol screening using a fingerstick method and a desktop analyzer, diet assessment and counseling, and a management protocol for follow-up diet and drug treatment. The program also included feedback to residents about their blood cholesterol screening activity, incentives, and biweekly articles in the department newsletter. RESULTS: Between 1986-1987 (baseline) and 1987-1988 (intervention), the percentage of the target patient population (ages 20-65 years, nonpregnant, not screened in the previous year) that was screened for hypercholesterolemia in this primary care practice increased from 16.2 to 23.2% [rate difference (RD) = 7.0; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 4.75-9.25]. The mean value of the screening tests decreased from 5.36 mmol/liter (207.2 mg/dl) to 5.08 mmol/liter (196.6 mg/dl; t = 2.98, P = 0.003) and the percentage of the population screened needing further evaluation decreased from 36.8 to 27.6% (RD 9.2; CI = 2.00-14.00). In the intervention year, compared with the baseline year, patients with a borderline blood cholesterol and cardiovascular risk factors were more likely to have a follow-up test (28.8% vs 11.9%, RD = 16.9; 95% CI = 0.80-33.00) and the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol test was used less for screening (8.2% vs 19.4%, P less than 0.0001). Conclusion. We conclude that this program was effectively integrated into a busy primary care practice, leading to improvement in blood cholesterol screening and management practices.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

A nutrition/health training program for Peace Corps volunteers.

Nutrition and health education is a crucial component of the overall mission of the Peace Corps program. Individuals selected to work as Peace Corps volunteers need to be well prepared to perform this complex and challenging job in recipient countries. This article presents a model for a training program for Peace Corps trainees that was conducted over a 5-week period. The program was planned in accordance with some specific training guidelines that were provided by the Peace Corps. The trainees included nine women ranging in age from 22 to 61 years with diverse backgrounds; however, all had a BA/BS in a health-related discipline. Training curriculum included fundamental nutrition and health-related areas: basic nutrition, foods, clinical nutrition, maternal and child health, communicable diseases and sanitation, health strategies, and community development. Fifty percent of the curriculum was devoted to "hands-on" practical and clinical activities. Maternal and child health was emphasized in the training curriculum as this is an area of concern in all developing countries. The trainees were evaluated by weekly quizzes as well as completion of a special project involving applications of all their newly acquired skills. Implications of the training program are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Specialized physical training programs: effects on serum lipoprotein cholesterol, apoproteins A-I and B and lipolytic enzyme activities.

To determine the effects of different types of physical training on lipid metabolism, serum lipids, lipoprotein cholesterol, apoproteins A-I and B, hepatic (HTGL), extrahepatic (LPL) and total (PHLA) post-heparin lipoprotein lipase activities were studied in elite athletes engaged in aerobic ("B", no. 13), anaerobic ("C", no. 17) and mixed ("D", no. 9) training programs and in a group of sedentary controls ("A", no. 15). In the aerobic and mixed groups serum triglycerides were significantly lower compared to sedentary controls while total serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, as well as serum apoprotein B levels were only slightly lower. HDL cholesterol and HDL2 cholesterol were slightly higher while serum cholesterol/HDL cholesterol (2.89 +/- 0.37 vs 3.6 +/- 0.47, p less than 0.01) and LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol (1.69 +/- 0.38 vs 2.23 +/- 0.43, p less than 0.05) ratios were significantly lower only in aerobic athletes compared to the control group. PHLA and LPL activities were slightly higher in the aerobic group than in controls, while PHLA and HTGL were significantly lower in aerobic and mixed athletes. No significant correlations were found between HDL cholesterol and energy expenditure during training, indexes of adipose mass or lipolytic enzyme activities. The results of this cross-sectional study seem to indicate that specialized training programs have a different effect on lipoprotein pattern and lipolytic enzyme activities, and only aerobic exercise has a potentially antiatherogenic effect.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The effect of participation in an exercise training program on cardiovascular reactivity in sedentary middle-aged males.

Exaggerated cardiovascular reactivity to mental stressors may be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. To determine if participation in a moderate intensity aerobic exercise training program reduces cardiovascular reactivity to laboratory stressors, 40 sedentary middle-aged males were randomly assigned: training group (n = 25) and control group (n = 15). Cardiovascular reactivity during and after three mental stressors (passive responding, push-button Stroop and verbal Stroop) and mild exercise (bicycle ergometer) was assessed before and after an 8-week intervention. VO2(peak) was determined using the Balke protocol. Among 19 subjects who completed the training, VO2(peak) increased 13.7%. Also, trained compared to untrained subjects showed significant reductions in baseline and absolute heart rate responses to all stressors. Baseline adjusted heart rates were significantly lower during push-button Stroop recovery and during verbal Stroop. Blood pressure, T-wave amplitude, finger pulse amplitude and pulse transit time responses were unaffected by exercise training. It was concluded that participation in a short-term, moderate intensity aerobic exercise training program may have a cardioprotective effect by significantly reducing absolute and baseline-adjusted heart rate responses to stressors.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[A multi-stage cognitive training program for improving cognitive functions of chronic alcoholic patients].

In accordance with neuropsychological findings, that chronic alcohol abuse can lead to cognitive impairment, a multi-phased cognitive training program (MKT) developed by Sagstetter was conducted with a group of chronic alcoholic patients. In this article this program is introduced and evaluated with regard to chronic alcoholic patients and their improvement in certain cognitive functions. The study group consisted of 11 chronic alcoholics, who regularly took part in the program. The control group consisted of 11 patients who took part on a behavior therapy program offered by the clinic and had similar social and pathological histories to those of the study group. The two groups were compared with each other with the help of a follow-up study design after approximately seven weeks. The results reveal that this present cognitive training program promotes, above all, cognitive functions such as visual short-time memory, concentration, form perception as well as combination and organisation ability.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Metabolic responses to interval training programs of high and low power output.

The metabolic responses of 30 college-aged males were compared following high power (30-sec runs with 19 repetitions-Group HP) and low power (120-sec runs with 7 repetitions-Group LP) interval training programs (8-wk, 3 days/wk). Measurements included: maximal aerobic power (Vo2max, open circuit spirometry); maximal lactacid capacity (net-LAmax, blood LA accumulation following exhaustive exercise); net energy production (net Vo2 and netLA) following a 2-min run that was exhaustive before but not following training; and maximal muscular power (stair-climbing procedure). The results indicated: 1) significant but equal increases in Vo2 max in both groups; 2) no change in either group in netLAmax; 3) net Vo2 during the 2-min run was unchanged, however, netLA was significantly greater in Group LP; 4) no changes in either group in muscular power. It was concluded that low power and high power output interval training programs elicit similar changes in maximal aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, and that the physiological and or biochemical changes responsible for lowered lactic acid production during heavy, but submaximal exercise following training are produced to a greater extent by the low power program.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Self-evaluation by house officers in a primary care training program.

Expertise in ambulatory care requires a broad range of knowledge and skills. A modified Delphi survey technique was used to delineate diagnoses, management techniques, and procedural skills in seven subspecialty areas necessary for house officers in a primary care internal medicine training program. Self-evaluation instruments were developed, and residents were asked to rate their abilities in the seven areas. At entry, the house officers generally had more confidence in their diagnostic abilities than in their management techniques and procedural skills. Progression through the training program was accompanied by increases in confidence in all areas except the behavioral sciences. The self-evaluation approach provided a longitudinal assessment of changes in the confidence of house officers throughout their training and an indication of the effectiveness of the educational program.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1983

A national survey of performance objectives of physician's assistant training programs.

A nationwide survey of physician's assistant (PA) training programs was carried out to determine the performance expected of students upon graduation. A list of tasks reflecting primary medical care problems was sent to PA program directors asking whether they expected their graduates to be able to perform the task, only to know about the task, or neither to be able to perform nor to have knowledge of the task. The results indicated that all students were expected to perform a history and physical examination. Almost all of the program directors expected students to establish a working diagnosis for the most common problems and to formulate a management plan for many of them. Extensive skills in patient education and counseling were expected. There was considerable congruence among the directors in performance expectations of students. The expected performance of the PA student by graduation emerged as comprehensive and not merely technical.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1976

Use of problem-oriented medical record in psychiatry: a survey of university-based residency training programs.

A survey of university-based psychiatric residency training programs revealed that nearly one-half of them use the problem-oriented medical record (POMR) and that conversion to this system appears to be growing rapidly. Experiences with the method have in general been positive. The author identifies factors associated with successful operation of the POMR and suggests that an integrated, hospital-wide adoption of the system may be crucial.

Hospitals, University↗
PubMed1987

The total assessment of rheumatoid polyarthritis--evaluation of a training program for physiotherapists and occupational therapists.

We evaluated a training program for physiotherapists and occupational therapists in the total assessment of patients with rheumatoid polyarthritis. Close agreement was seen between the active joint counts of the rheumatologists and 36 therapists (p2 = 0.23). In the 7 quality variables for bedside case workups, a statistically significant learning effect was seen over the 6 week period (p2 = less than 0.005). In the 10 quality variables for the case presentations at Week 6, judged at the graduate medical trainee level, mean global scores achieved were 72.5%. Therapists reported a high level of satisfaction with all components of the program.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗