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PubMed2004

Fruits and vegetables and prostate cancer: no association among 1104 cases in a prospective study of 130544 men in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).

We examined the association between self-reported consumption of fruits and vegetables and prostate cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Data on food consumption and complete follow-up for cancer incidence were available for 130544 men in 7 countries recruited into EPIC between 1993 and 1999. After an average of 4.8 years of follow-up, there were 1104 incident cases of prostate cancer. The associations of consumption of total fruits, total vegetables, cruciferous vegetables and combined total fruits and vegetables with prostate cancer risk were examined using Cox regression, stratified for recruitment center and adjusted for height, weight and energy intake. There was a wide range in consumption of fruits and vegetables: mean intakes (g/day) in the bottom and top fifths of the distribution, as estimated from 24-hr recalls in a subsample of participants, were 53.2 and 410.7 for fruits, 97.1 and 242.1 for vegetables and 169.0 and 633.7 for fruits and vegetables combined. No significant associations between fruit and vegetable consumption and prostate cancer risk were observed. Relative risks (95% confidence intervals) in the top fifth of the distribution of consumption, compared to the bottom fifth, were 1.06 (0.84-1.34) for total fruits, 1.00 (0.81-1.22) for total vegetables and 1.00 (0.79-1.26) for total fruits and vegetables combined; intake of cruciferous vegetables was not associated with risk. These results suggest that total consumption of fruits and vegetables is not associated with the risk for prostate cancer.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Measuring fruit and vegetable preferences among 4th- and 5th-grade students.

BACKGROUND: Achievement of the nation's Year 2000 fruit and vegetable goal of five or more daily servings may relate to children's preferences for fruits and vegetables. There are, however, no easily administered instruments for measuring preferences for fruits and vegetables among children. METHODS: An initial questionnaire systematically varied preparation methods after focus group discussions had indicated that this had an impact on fruit and vegetable preferences. The three-part questionnaire (fruits, vegetables, fruit and/or vegetable snacks) was classroom administered. Internal consistencies and test-retest reliabilities were acceptable. Principal components analyses, however, revealed food-specific rather than preparation factors; thus, preparation was eliminated from a revised questionnaire. RESULTS: Repeat classroom administration of the revised questionnaire yielded acceptable internal consistencies and test-retest reliabilities. Preferences were higher for fruits than vegetables. Principal components analyses indicated single fruit and vegetable factors and a two-factor solution for snacks (vegetables, fruits). Pearson correlations between preferences and consumption were significant, but accounted for only a small fraction of the variance. Correlations between fruit exposure and preferences, and between vegetable exposure and preferences were 0.55 and 0.51, respectively. CONCLUSION: The revised questionnaire provides a reliable, valid, and simple tool for assessing fruit and vegetable preferences of 4th- and 5th-grade students. The relationship between these preferences and actual consumption is weak; however, making fruits and vegetables more available may enhance preferences.

Child↗

PubMed2003

Brief, validated survey instruments for the measurement of fruit and vegetable intakes in adults: a review.

BACKGROUND: Brief surveys measuring fruit and vegetable intakes of populations have been used to monitor local and national trends in fruit and vegetable consumption over time, and to evaluate interventions to promote fruit and vegetable consumption for the primary prevention of disease. To date, brief validated survey instruments measuring self-reported fruit and vegetable consumption levels have not been systematically reviewed. METHODS: MEDLINE search for papers describing validated survey instruments with 16 or fewer fruit and vegetable items. RESULTS: Ten survey instruments with total numbers of 6 to 16 items met our search criteria. In comparisons with in-depth dietary assessment methods, survey instruments with relatively greater numbers of fruit and vegetable items, and with questions on portion sizes and mixed vegetable dishes, were characterized by higher Pearson and/or Spearman rank correlation coefficients for fruit and vegetable intakes and by closer estimations of mean/median total fruit and vegetable intakes. CONCLUSIONS: This review suggests that the inclusion of a moderate number of representative fruit and vegetable items, and the review of questions on portion size and the consumption of mixed vegetable dishes, may enhance the validity of brief fruit and vegetable instruments.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Genotoxic effects after in vivo exposure of vegetable extracts containing heavy metals from the Dhapa area of Calcutta, India. I. Effects of cauliflower, spinach and radish.

Several reports have indicated that the sewage-fed vegetables of the Dhapa area, near the city of Calcutta, contain a very high amount of heavy metals. Currently 800 ha of land is being utilised throughout the year to cultivate more than eight types of vegetables, with a production of about 147 tonnes per day. A major population of Calcutta consumes these vegetables grown in the Dhapa area. Recently there has been huge pressure on the State Government to ban vegetables grown in the Dhapa area for human consumption. For this reason, we have studied the genotoxic effects of some of the most commonly used vegetable extracts from the Dhapa area after in vivo acute exposure in mice as measured by chromosomal aberrations (CA) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) to find out the minimum threshold dose to induce CA and SCE. Three different concentrations of the three most commonly used vegetable extracts (cauliflower, spinach, radish) were fed by gavage to mice for the study of CA and SCE. A significant increase in CA was observed only at the highest concentration of all the vegetable extract-treated groups when compared with the solvent control. A significant increase in SCE were observed in the middle and high doses of spinach and only the high dose of cauliflower and radish extract-treated series when compared with distilled water control. The lowest dose was equivalent to approximately 1 kg of vegetables consumed by a human (60 kg body weight) in a day. The middle and high doses of each vegetable extract were much higher than the normal amount of vegetables that a human can consume per day. So the minimum dose for inducing SCE and CA was much higher than the amount a human can consume in a day. Therefore this study indicates that these vegetables are safe for human consumption up to a certain limit, and attention should be given to reducing the heavy metal contents in the soil and sewage of the Dhapa area to thus reduce the heavy metal concentrations in the vegetables.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Estimates of fruit and vegetable intake in childhood and adult dietary behaviors of African American women.

OBJECTIVE: This exploratory study examined how estimates of one's fruit and vegetable intake in childhood are related to 3 current dietary behaviors among African American women: intake of fruits and vegetables, exposure to and preference for fruits and vegetables, and preference for trying new foods. DESIGN: Baseline data from a randomized dietary intervention trial. SETTING: Ten urban public health centers in St. Louis, Missouri. PARTICIPANTS: 1227 African American women. VARIABLES MEASURED: A 33-item fruit and vegetable food frequency questionnaire, items measuring estimates of childhood fruit and vegetable intake, adult fruit and vegetable intake, exposure to and preference for fruit and vegetable, and preference for trying new foods. ANALYSIS: Linear regression evaluated the association between predictors and continuous measures; logistic regression determined the association between predictors and categorical measures. RESULTS: Estimates of one's vegetable intake as a child were significantly related to exposure and preference for both fruits and vegetables, trying of new foods, and intake of both fruits and vegetables in adulthood. Estimates of eating fruit as a child were not significantly associated with these adult dietary behaviors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Developmental influences on adult dietary patterns may be stronger for vegetables than fruits among African American women. Additional emphasis is needed regarding exposure to and preference for vegetable intake in childhood.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Fruit and vegetable intake in young children.

BACKGROUND: Current recommendations call for most Americans, 2 years of age and over, to ent more fruits and vegetables. OBJECTIVE: To determine, in a sample of healthy children, the extent to which young children's diets include the recommended numbers of fruit and vegetable servings per day. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: A general primary care health center in upstate New York. PARTICIPANTS: One-hundred-sixteen 2-year-old children and 107 5-year-old children, who were scheduled for a non-acute visit, and their parent/primary caretaker (PPC) were recruited between 1992 and 1993. MEASUREMENTS: For 168 children (94 2-year-old children and 74 5-year-old children), mean dietary intakes were calculated from 7 days of written dietary records, entered and analyzed using the Minnesota Nutrition Data System. The numbers of fruit and vegetable servings/day were calculated according to USDA definitions of serving sizes. RESULTS: The 2-year-old children consumed the same amounts of fruits, 100% fruit juice, and total fruits and vegetables as the 5-year-old children (0.8 and 0.7 fruit servings/day, 1.0 and 0.8 juice servings/day, and 2.2 and 2.1 total fruit and vegetable servings/day, respectively). Fruit juice accounted for 54% of all fruit servings consumed and 42% of all fruit and vegetable servings consumed. Total fruit consumption (fruits plus juice) was correlated with carbohydrate intake (R = 0.46), and inversely correlated with total fat and saturated fat intakes (R = -0.48 and R = -0.36, respectively, both p < 0.0001) and with cholesterol intake (R = -0.21, p < 0.01). Citrus fruit and juice consumption was strongly correlated with vitamin C intake (R = 0.56, p < 0.0001). Total vegetable consumption was strongly correlated with beta-carotene and vitamin A intakes (R = 0.63 and R = 0.32, respectively, both p < 0.0001). Total fruit and vegetable consumption correlated with intakes of beta-carotene, vitamin A, vitamin C, fiber, and potassium (R = 0.55, R = 0.31, R = 0.56, R = 0.58, and R = 0.66, respectively, all p < 0.0001). Forty percent of 2-year-old children and 50% of 5-year-old children consumed < 2 servings/day of fruits and vegetables. Ninety-five percent of children consuming > or = 2 servings/day of fruits and vegetables met the RDA for vitamin C vs. 50% of those consuming < 2 servings/day (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, preschool-aged children consumed, on average, about 80% of the recommended fruit servings/day, but only 25% of the recommended vegetable servings/day. Low intakes of fruits and vegetables were associated with inadequate intakes of vitamin A, vitamin C, and dietary fiber, in addition to high intakes of total fat and saturated fat.

Anthropometry↗

PubMed2006

Short-term vegetable intake by young children classified by 6-n-propylthoiuracil bitter-taste phenotype.

BACKGROUND: Genetic variation in sensitivity to the bitterness of 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) is thought to play a role in the acceptance and rejection of bitter-tasting vegetables by young children. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the relation between the PROP bitter-taste phenotype and acceptance and consumption of vegetables by young children. We hypothesized that nontasters of PROP would give higher hedonic ratings to bitter-tasting vegetables and would consume more bitter vegetables than would tasters of PROP. DESIGN: Sixty-five preschool children were identified as tasters (n = 24) or nontasters (n = 41) of PROP. Children were allowed to select from among 5 types of vegetables (black olives, cucumbers, carrots, red pepper, and raw broccoli) to consume in a free-choice intake test and to give hedonic ratings to the vegetables. RESULTS: The nontaster children consumed more vegetables than did the taster children during the free-choice test (0.91 servings compared with 0.48 servings; P < 0.05). This difference reflected the higher consumption of the more bitter-tasting vegetables (olives, cucumber, and broccoli) by the nontaster children (P < 0.05). Only 8% of the nontaster children consumed no vegetables in the free-choice test compared with 32% of taster children (P < 0.03). The nontaster children also liked raw broccoli more than did the taster children in the hedonic test (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The nontaster children consumed more vegetables, particularly the vegetables that were bitter tasting, than did the taster children during a free-choice intake test. These novel findings suggest that the PROP bitter-taste phenotype contributes to the development of vegetable acceptance and consumption patterns during early childhood.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1999

Effect of vegetable and carotenoid consumption on aberrant crypt multiplicity, a surrogate end-point marker for colorectal cancer in azoxymethane-induced rats.

Epidemiological studies indicate that increased vegetable consumption reduces the risk of colorectal cancer mortality. In the present study we have investigated the effect of consumption of standard diets supplemented with freeze-dried vegetables (peas, spinach, sprouts and broccoli) and carotenoids (all-trans beta-carotene and palm oil carotenoid extract) on surrogate end-point markers for colorectal cancer in an azoxymethane-induced rat model. Mean aberrant crypt multiplicity was reduced (19%) by the pea-supplemented diet only (P < 0.05). The vegetable-induced effect was more apparent in aberrant crypt foci with higher multiplicity. Intervention with diets supplemented with peas, spinach, sprouts and a mix of all vegetables reduced the number of foci with >2 aberrant crypts/focus by 37, 26, 23 and 26%, respectively (P < 0.05). Even more pronounced effects were observed in foci with >3 aberrant crypts/focus, with reductions of approximately 50% in the pea and spinach intervention groups. All-trans beta-carotene and palm oil-derived carotenoids, supplied at similar doses to those expected in the vegetable diets, inhibited ACM only marginally. Aberrant crypt foci formation in groups fed a sprout-supplemented diet prior to or following azoxymethane treatment was similar, indicating that this effect is due to inhibition of promotion rather than initiation of colorectal carcinogenesis. Vegetable and carotenoid consumption did not affect in situ proliferation of colonic crypt cells, as assessed by semi-automated image analysis of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive nuclei. BrdU-negative nuclei of colonic crypt cells were reduced slightly in the combined vegetable groups, as compared with the control (P < 0.05). These data: (i) are in line with epidemiological evidence regarding beneficial effects of vegetable consumption on colorectal carcinogenesis; (ii) indicate that consumption of several types of vegetables inhibits early post-initiation events in colorectal carcinogenesis; (iii) suggest that the vegetable-induced effect is more pronounced in advanced lesions; (iv) indicate that the carotenoid content of the vegetables (alpha- and beta-carotene) contributes only marginally to the vegetable-induced effects.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Intake of vegetables rich in carotenoids and risk of coronary heart disease in men: The Physicians' Health Study.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies of diet and coronary heart disease (CHD) have focused on intake of nutrients rather than whole foods. Because of the findings that dietary fibre, folate and antioxidants may be protective for CHD, increased intake of vegetables has been recommended. However, due to the chemical and physical complexity of vegetables, the effects of individual nutrients may differ if eaten as whole foods. Moreover, little is known about the direct association between vegetable intake and risk of CHD. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated the relation between vegetable intake and CHD risk in the Physicians' Health Study, a randomized trial of aspirin and beta-carotene among 22 071 US male physicians aged 40-84 years in 1982. In this analysis, we included 15 220 men without heart disease, stroke or cancer at baseline who provided information on their vegetable intake at baseline, and in the 2nd, 4th and 6th years of follow-up using a simple semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire including eight vegetables. We confirmed 1148 incident cases of CHD (387 incident cases of myocardial infarction and 761 incident cases of coronary artery bypass grafting or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty) during 12 years of follow-up. RESULTS: After adjusting for age, randomized treatment, body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, history of diabetes, history of hypertension, history of high cholesterol, and use of multivitamins, men who consumed at least 2.5 servings/day of vegetables had a relative risk (RR) of 0.77 (95% CI : 0.60-0.98) for CHD, compared with men in the lowest category (<1 serving/day). Adjusting for the same covariates in an analysis of the overall trend that considered intake of vegetables as a continuous variable, we found a RR of 0.83 (95% CI : 0.71-0.98) for risk of CHD for each additional serving/day of vegetables. The inverse relation between vegetable intake and CHD risk was more evident among men with a BMI > or =25 (RR = 0.71, 95% CI : 0.51-0.99) or current smokers (RR = 0.40, 95% CI : 0.18-0.86) comparing highest to the lowest categories of intake. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest an inverse association between vegetable intake and risk of CHD. These prospective data support current dietary guidelines to increase vegetable intake for the prevention of CHD.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Correlates between vegetable consumption and gallbladder cancer.

The results of several studies indicate that a diet rich in fresh vegetables protects against several common epithelial neoplasms. This probable effect has been related to specific micronutrients contained in vegetables. In the present case-control study a systematic assessment of the relationship between vegetable intake and the risk of gallbladder cancer has been undertaken. The study is of particular interest in order to better understand the quantifying effect of vegetable consumption with regard to gallbladder cancer. One hundred and fifty-three patients with gallbladder cancer and 153 controls with gallstone disease were included. Each patient's consumption of vegetables was assessed by using a food frequency questionnaire. The frequency of vegetable consumption was divided into three levels: > or =3 days/week, 1-2 days/week and no or rare consumption. Participants were divided into three groups according to the level of vegetable intake. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were computed for subsequent levels of vegetable consumption compared with the high level of consumption. A low consumption of vegetables showed an increase in odds ratio for gallbladder cancer for almost all the vegetables studied. A significant inverse trend was observed for green leafy vegetables and gallbladder cancer. An inverse association was observed for amaranth with an OR of 3.45 for the low vs. high level of consumption. Corresponding values were 2.14 for spinach, 1.86 for bathua, 1.02 for bengalgram leaves, 2.26 for cabbage, 3.06 for fenugreek leaves, 1.95 for mustard leaves and 1.44 for radish leaves. An inverse relationship between the risk of gallbladder cancer and the level of vegetable consumption was observed.

Case-Control Studies↗

PubMed2005

Personal, social and environmental factors regarding fruit and vegetable intake among schoolchildren in nine European countries.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Children in Europe are consuming less fruit and vegetables than recommended. Knowledge about the potential determinants of fruit and vegetable intake is vital to understand discrepancies in intake and to guide interventions. The aim of the present study was to assess personal, social and environmental factors regarding fruit and vegetable intake among 11- to 12-year-old children in Europe. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was undertaken, with nationally or regionally representative samples of in total 13,305 children (mean age 11.4 years) from nine European countries. Pupils in the classroom completed a self-administered questionnaire measuring fruit and vegetable intake and personal, social and environmental factors during one school lesson. Age-adjusted covariance analyses were carried out by gender, for the full sample and for each country separately. Proportions responding positively to the constructs are presented. RESULTS: Overall, European children held a positive attitude towards fruit and vegetable intake. For some constructs, large between-country differences were found. Children had a more positive attitude towards fruit than towards vegetables, and girls were on average more positive than boys. The children perceived their social environment as supportive towards fruit and vegetable intake. They reported good to very good availability of fruit and vegetables at home. However, availability at school and during leisure time activities seemed to be low, both for fruit and for vegetables. CONCLUSION: A large majority of the children reported positively to the personal and social factors regarding fruit and vegetable intake. As regards availability of fruit and vegetables at school and leisure time, and accessibility of fruit and vegetables at home, there is room for improvement.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Traditional cooked vegetable dishes as important sources of ascorbic acid and beta-carotene in the diets of Indian urban and rural families.

BACKGROUND: Fresh vegetable produce is abundant during the winter season in Punjab. It is an important source of vitamins and minerals in the Punjabi diet, but the availability of ascorbic acid and beta-carotene from the vegetables is altered to varying degrees when they are subjected to traditional household processing methods. OBJECTIVE: To determine the importance of traditional cooked vegetable dishes as sources of ascorbic acid and beta-carotene among urban and rural families during the winter. METHODS: Information about vegetable consumption, storage, and cooking practices was collected from 60 families, 30 each from urban and rural areas of Ludhiana District, Punjab, India. Samples of the common cooked vegetable dishes were prepared in the laboratory by methods ascertained from the survey and analyzed for ascorbic acid and beta-carotene. RESULTS: The average total daily per capita consumption of vegetables by urban and rural families was 411.7 and 365.9 g, respectively. Cooked vegetable dishes provided 68.7% of the total vegetable intake for urban families and 85.0% for rural families. On average, the edible portion constituted 78.9% of the weight of the vegetables. Ten cooked vegetable dishes that were most frequently consumed by the families (mustard saag, potato-spinach, potato-fenugreek, potato-brinjal, potato-cauliflower, potato-capsicum, potato-carrots, potato-beans, potato-peas, and cabbage-peas) were selected for preparation in the laboratory and nutritional analysis. The average concentrations of ascorbic acid and beta-carotene in the cooked vegetable dishes were 46.0 mg/100 g and 794.2 microg/100 g fresh weight, respectively. The percentage losses of ascorbic acid and beta-carotene during preparation and cooking were 26.1% and 25.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: For adult Indian men and women, the recommended dietary allowance of ascorbic acid is 40 mg, and that of beta-carotene is 2,400 microg. Cooked vegetable dishes provided 269.9% and 77.5% of the recommended dietary allowances of ascorbic acid and beta-carotene, respectively, indicating that these dishes are good sources of these nutrients in the diets of both urban and rural families during the winter season.

Ascorbic Acid↗

PubMed2004

Selecting iodine-enriched vegetables and the residual effect of iodate application to soil.

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to select vegetables for iodine uptake. The residual effect of iodate fertilization on the growth of and iodine uptake by spinach plants were also investigated. Six vegetables, including leafy vegetables (pakchoi [Brassica chinensis L.], spinach [Spinacia oleracea L.]), tuber vegetables (onion [Allium cepa L.]), shoot vegetables (water spinach [Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.], celery [Apium graveolens L.]), and root vegetables (carrot [Daucus carota var. sativa DC.]) were examined. Results showed that the concentrations of iodate in soil had significant effect on the biomass of edible parts of pakchoi and spinach (p<0.01), whereas the concentrations of iodate in soil had no significant effect on that of carrots, water spinach, celery, and onion. Iodine concentrations in edible parts of vegetables and the transfer factors (TFedible parts) of soil-to-edible parts of vegetables significantly increased with increasing iodine concentrations in soil (p<0.001), and iodine concentrations in edible parts and TFedible parts of spinach were much higher than those of other vegetables at any treatment. Both transfer coefficients for edible parts (TCedible parts) and for aerial parts (TCaerial parts) of vegetables changed differently with increasing iodine concentrations in the soil, and TCedible parts and TCaerial parts of spinach were higher than those of other vegetables. Therefore, spinach was considered as an efficient vegetable for iodine biofortification. Further experiment showed that there is considerable residual effect of soil fertilization with iodate.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2018

TAS2R38 Predisposition to Bitter Taste Associated with Differential Changes in Vegetable Intake in Response to a Community-Based Dietary Intervention.

Although vegetable consumption associates with decreased risk for a variety of diseases, few Americans meet dietary recommendations for vegetable intake. TAS2R38 encodes a taste receptor that confers bitter taste sensing from chemicals found in some vegetables. Common polymorphisms in TAS2R38 lead to coding substitutions that alter receptor function and result in the loss of bitter taste perception. Our study examined whether bitter taste perception TAS2R38 diplotypes associated with vegetable consumption in participants enrolled in either an enhanced or a minimal nutrition counseling intervention. DNA was isolated from the peripheral blood cells of study participants (N = 497) and analyzed for polymorphisms. Vegetable consumption was determined using the Block Fruit and Vegetable screener. We tested for differences in the frequency of vegetable consumption between intervention and genotype groups over time using mixed effects models. Baseline vegetable consumption frequency did not associate with bitter taste diplotypes (P = 0.937), however after six months of the intervention, we observed an interaction between bitter taste diplotypes and time (P = 0.046). Participants in the enhanced intervention increased their vegetable consumption frequency (P = 0.020) and within this intervention group, the bitter non-tasters and intermediate-bitter tasters had the largest increase in vegetable consumption. In contrast, in the minimal intervention group, the bitter tasting participants reported a decrease in vegetable consumption. Bitter-non tasters and intermediate-bitter tasters increased vegetable consumption in either intervention more than those who perceive bitterness. Future precision medicine applications could consider genetic variation in bitter taste perception genes when designing dietary interventions.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Influence of vegetation on the environmental partitioning of DDT in two global multimedia models.

Two multimedia models are used to investigate the effect of a vegetation compartment on the environmental partitioning of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT): a steady-state unit world model using global averages of vegetation cover and land-to-sea ratio and a dynamic model with latitudinal zones and zone-specific vegetation types and annual temperature courses. The vegetation compartment represents canopies of deciduous and coniferous forests and blades of grasses; the organic carbon content of the vegetation-covered soil is higher than in the bare soil. In the steady-state model, transfer from the air to the vegetation and the underlying soil as well as revolatilization from the foliage and reduced deposition to the soil is observed, depending on the chemical's degradation rate constant in vegetation and the deposition velocities of the gaseous and particle-bound fractions. In both models, a significant effect of the organic carbon content of the vegetation-covered soil increasing the effect of the vegetation compartment is observed. In the steady-state model, the changes in the DDT concentrations in air do not exceed 7% difference between the cases with and without vegetation; the soil concentrations differ by maximally a factor of 2.7. In the spatially and temporally resolved model, however, air concentration differences up to 90% are observed, depending on the type and amount of vegetation in the latitudinal zones. Long-range transport is less pronounced in the model with vegetation.

DDT↗

PubMed2006

Fruits and vegetables and renal cell carcinoma: findings from the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC).

We examined the association between fruits and vegetables and risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Dietary intake data and complete follow-up information on cancer incidence were available for 375,851 participants recruited in EPIC centers of 8 countries. During an average follow-up of 6.2 years, 306 incident cases of RCC were identified. The associations of consumption of total vegetables, total fruits, combined total fruits and vegetables and specific subtypes of vegetables with RCC risk were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards, stratified by centre and adjusted for potential confounders. No significant associations between fruit and vegetable consumption and RCC risk were observed despite a wide range of intake. The estimated relative risks (95% confidence intervals [CI]) in men and women combined were 0.97 (0.85-1.11) per 40 g increase in vegetable intake, 1.03 (0.97-1.08) per 40 g increase in fruit intake and 1.02 (0.93-1.11) per 80 g increase in fruit and vegetable intake combined. Among the vegetable subtypes, an inverse association was observed for root vegetables (RR per 8 g increase: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.78-0.99). These results suggest that total consumption of fruits and vegetables is not related to risk of RCC, although we cannot exclude the possibility that very low consumption is related to higher risk. The relationship of specific fruit and vegetable subgroups with RCC risk warrant further investigation.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of cholecystectomy in women.

PURPOSE: Many constituents of fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk for gallstones, but prospective data relating fruit and vegetable intake to gallstone disease are sparse. METHODS: We prospectively studied fruit and vegetable consumption in relation to the risk of cholecystectomy in a cohort of 77,090 women in the Nurses' Health Study, 37 to 64 years of age, who had no history of gallstone disease. Women reported on follow-up questionnaires both their consumption of fruits and vegetables and whether they had undergone cholecystectomy. RESULTS: During 1,060,033 person-years of follow-up from 1984 to 2000, participants reported 6608 cases of cholecystectomy. After adjusting for established or suspected risk factors, the relative risk for women in the highest quintile of overall consumption of fruits and vegetables was 0.79 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73-0.87, P for trend<.0001) compared with those in the lowest quintile. Similar results were seen for both total fruits and total vegetables separately. The composite items of fruits and vegetables including green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, vitamin C-rich fruits and vegetables, and cruciferous vegetables also were each inversely associated with the risk. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest a protective role of greater fruit and vegetable consumption against risk of cholecystectomy in women.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Vegetables, fruit, and cancer prevention: a review.

In this review of the scientific literature on the relationship between vegetable and fruit consumption and risk of cancer, results from 206 human epidemiologic studies and 22 animal studies are summarized. The evidence for a protective effect of greater vegetable and fruit consumption is consistent for cancers of the stomach, esophagus, lung, oral cavity and pharynx, endometrium, pancreas, and colon. The types of vegetables or fruit that most often appear to be protective against cancer are raw vegetables, followed by allium vegetables, carrots, green vegetables, cruciferous vegetables, and tomatoes. Substances present in vegetables and fruit that may help protect against cancer, and their mechanisms, are also briefly reviewed; these include dithiolthiones, isothiocyanates, indole-3-carbinol, allium compounds, isoflavones, protease inhibitors, saponins, phytosterols, inositol hexaphosphate, vitamin C, D-limonene, lutein, folic acid, beta carotene, lycopene, selenium, vitamin E, flavonoids, and dietary fiber. Current US vegetable and fruit intake, which averages about 3.4 servings per day, is discussed, as are possible noncancer-related effects of increased vegetable and fruit consumption, including benefits against cardiovascular disease, diabetes, stroke, obesity, diverticulosis, and cataracts. Suggestions for dietitians to use in counseling persons toward increasing vegetable and fruit intake are presented.

Animals↗