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PubMed1994

In vitro availability of iron from cereal meal with the addition of protein isolates and fenugreek leaves (Trigonella foenum-graecum).

In vitro iron availability was determined from a standard cereal meal (C) with and without the addition of protein isolates from bovine milk (BP), groundnut milk (GP) and soybean milk (SP). A second set of studies were done to investigate the potentially available iron from fenugreek leaves per se and the effect of their addition on the available iron from the cereal meal. The potentially available iron from the meal increased from 4.91% to 6.73% on the addition of BP. The next best enhancer was GP (4.91% to 6.17%). Although the addition of SP increased the total iron content of the cereal meal significantly, the percent available iron decreased compared to the other milk proteins. The addition of fenugreek leaves (100 g/meal) to the meal increased the total iron content of the meal significantly (3.24 mg to 9.12 mg) (p < .001), however, the available iron was observed to decrease (4.91% vs 4.34%).

Biological Availability↗

PubMed1993

Evaluation of an in vitro method for the estimation of the selenium availability from cow's milk.

The present study evaluates the application of an in vitro digestion procedure for estimating the selenium (Se) availability from cow's milk. The results obtained by this in vitro method indicate that only a small portion (< 10%) of milk Se can be estimated as available. The available fraction of whole milk (4.7%) was significantly lower compared to the Se availability of skim milk (7.3%). Investigations on the methodology of the in vitro method indicate that the portion of total potentially available Se, determined as total dialysable Se, increases simultaneously with protein digestibility along with the digestion process. Therefore it is concluded that protein digestibility might largely influence the Se availability from milk.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Relevance of tryptophan and tyrosine availability in endogenous and 'non-endogenous' depressives treated with imipramine or clomipramine.

This study was performed on 65 depressed in-patients who were included in previously reported trials of imipramine and clomipramine. Before and during treatment, blood samples were collected for estimation of the availability of tryptophan and tyrosine by measurement of their plasma ratios to competing amino acids, and for determination of plasma steady-state concentrations of imipramine, clomipramine and their demethylated metabolites. The patients were classified as endogenous or 'non-endogenous' depressives by means of diagnostic rating scales, and therapeutic efficacy was evaluated by means of the Hamilton rating scales. Neither imipramine nor clomipramine increased the availability of tryptophan or tyrosine. Three biochemical regions were defined: a low region including mostly patients with subnormal availability of both tryptophan and tyrosine, a medium region, and a high region including mostly patients with supernormal precursor availabilities. Endogenous depressives showed about the same biochemical distribution as controls whereas there tended to be a proportionately higher number of 'non-endogenous' depressives within the low region. Patients in the low region, irrespective of diagnostic classification, improved faster and more on imipramine than patients in the medium and high regions with comparable plasma drug levels. Patients on clomipramine tended to show a relationship between precursor availabilities and clinical response but no definite conclusion could be drawn from these data. The results suggest that determination of the pre-treatment tryptophan and tyrosine availability may be superior to diagnostic classification in predicting response to imipramine. The possible mode of action of tricyclic antidepressants is briefly discussed.

Biological Availability↗

PubMed2025

Synergic impact mechanisms of cover crop residue on Cd and As availability and native organic carbon mineralization in Cd and As co-contaminated paddy soil.

The synergic impacts of cover crop residue on heavy metal and metalloid availability and soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization in contaminated paddy soil and the underlying microbial mechanism remain unclear. This study investigated the availability of cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) and mineralization of native SOC in paddy soil treated with 0, 0.4 %, 0.8 % and 1.2 % of δ13C-labeled cover crop residue (Astragalus sinicus L.) via 90-day incubation experiments, the related functional genes and functional microbial communities were analyzed using metagenomic binning assembly. Cover crop residue with addition rate from 0.4 % to 1.2 % significantly decreased available Cd by 56 %-85 % but increased available As by 39 %-66 % compared to the control treatment. Cover crop residue resulted in a positive priming effect on native SOC mineralization but benefited SOC sequestration. Cover crop residue increased the abundance of genes encoding iron reductase (mtrABC, pilA, omcB), sulfate reductase (sir, fpr), As(V) reductase (ArsC), organic carbon hydrolases, methanogenesis, and methylotrophy. Genomes associated with Chloroflexota and Bacteroidota encoded all these key pathways, and their abundance increased with cover crop residue application. Cover crop residue decreased soil Eh, dissolved crystalline iron oxides, enriched specific microorganisms, including Chloroflexota and Bacteroidota, and then synergistically promoted the decrease in Cd availability and the increase in As availability and native SOC mineralization in the examined paddy soil. These findings provided practical and feasible guidance for achieving both safe production and carbon sequestration in contaminated paddy fields, highlighting the requirement to cautious utilization of cover crop residue in As-contaminated paddy fileds.

Soil Pollutants↗

PubMed2003

Systemic availability and lung deposition of budesonide via three different nebulizers in adults.

BACKGROUND: Budesonide is an inhaled corticosteroid widely used in the treatment of asthma. The local and systemic availability of budesonide has been determined in adults via pressurized metered-dose inhaler and dry-powder inhaler. OBJECTIVE: To estimate lung deposition and systemic availability of budesonide inhalation suspension in healthy adults. METHODS: Twelve adult volunteers entered an open, randomized, five-way crossover study and received the following treatments, with 1-week washout between treatments: separate 2-mg (nominal dose) budesonide doses via the Pari Inhalierboy (Inhalierboy; Pari GmbH, Starnberg, Germany), Pari LC Jet Plus (Jet Plus, Pari GmbH), and Maxin MA-2 (MA-2; Clinova Medical AB, Malmö, Sweden) jet nebulizers, 4 mg budesonide orally, and 0.5 mg budesonide intravenously. The plasma concentration of budesonide was measured up to 8 hours postadministration. Lung deposition and systemic availability of nebulized budesonide were estimated using pharmacokinetic evaluation. RESULTS: In this first study of the bioavailability of budesonide inhalation suspension in adults, there were no differences between nebulizers in lung deposition (14 to 16%) or systemic availability (15 to 17%) relative to the nominal budesonide dose. Relative to the actual dose inhaled (dose-to-subject), lung deposition and systemic availability were statistically significantly higher for the Jet Plus (58 and 63%, respectively) and MA-2 (59 and 64%, respectively) nebulizers than the Inhalierboy (36 and 44%, respectively). The Inhalierboy produced larger aerosol droplets than Jet Plus or MA-2 nebulizers (7-, 5-, and 3-microm mass median diameters, respectively) and delivered a higher dose-to-subject than the other two nebulizers. CONCLUSION: Relative to the nominal dose, lung deposition and systemic availability of budesonide were similar via the three nebulizers tested.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed1979

Availability of lysine in protein concentrates as determined by the slope-ratio assay with growing pigs and rats and by chemical techniques.

1. A slope-ratio assay was developed with growing pigs to determine the availability of lysine in five protein concentrates. The basal diet contained 5.2 g lysine/kg and six levels of lysine, in 500 mg/kg increments, were used to determine the pig's response to standard lysine. The protein concentrates were incorporated into the basal diet to provide five levels of total lysine, again in 500 mg/kg increments, at the expense of wheat starch. A daily feeding scale based on live weight was used to ensure similar nutrient intakes. Pigs were fed at three-hourly intervals to ensure the utilization of free amino acids in the diets. Four pigs were allotted to each dose level and response was assessed over the 20--45 kg growth phase. 2. Potency estimates for available lysine in the five protein concentrates varied, depending on whether live-weight gain or carcass gain was used as the criterion of response. Carcass gain was considered more appropriate as it was not influenced by variation in gut fill. Availability of lysine in the five proteins, using carcass gain/d were (proportion of total) cottonseed meal 0.39,fish meal 0.89, meat-and-bone meal 0.50, skim-milk powder 0.88 and soya-bean meal 0.87. 3. Rat slope-ratio assay results for available lysine in the five protein concentrates were in general agreement with those from the pigs. In contrast, the differences in available lysine were not detected by the chemical Silcock available-lysine test (Roach et al. 1967) nor by the direct fluorodinitrobenzene procedure (Carpenter, 1960).

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Availability of lysine in vegetable protein concentrates as determined by the slope-ratio assay with growing pigs and rats and by chemical techniques.

The availability of lysine in nine vegetable-protein concentrates was assessed using the slope-ratio assay for growing pigs and rats. Diets were equalized for crude fibre using solka floc to minimize any possible effects of variation in fibre content on availability estimates. The availability of lysine in the nine proteins for pigs, using food conversion efficiency (FCE) on a carcass basis as the criterion of response were (proportion of total): cottonseed meal 0.39, lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) seed meal no. 1 0.37, no. 2 0.65, no. 3 0.54, no. 4 0.54, field peas (Pisum sativum) 0.93, peanut (groundnut) meal 0.57, soya-bean meal no. 1 0.98, no. 2 0.89. Estimates of available lysine for rats as assessed by the slope-ratio assay using FCE on a carcass basis were in close agreement with the pig estimates for cottonseed meal (0.35) and soya-bean meal no. 1 (0.91) and no. 2 (0.89), higher for lupin-seed meals (range 0.70-0.94 with a mean of 0.81) and peanut meal (0.76) and lower for field peas (0.76). The differences in available lysine were not detected by the chemical Silcock available-lysine test (Roach et al. 1967) or by the direct 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene procedure (Carpenter, 1960).

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1986

Nutritional value of lupin (Lupinus albus)-seed meal for growing pigs: availability of lysine, effect of autoclaving and net energy content.

1. Two experiments were conducted to assess the nutritional value of lupin (Lupinus albus)-seed meal for growing pigs. In the first, the availability of lysine was assessed using slope-ratio analysis. In the second, the effects of autoclaving lupin seeds and formulating the diets on the basis of estimated digestible or net energy were assessed. 2. In the first experiment, the availability of lysine in three samples of lupin-seed meal was compared with that in meat-and-bone meal and soya-bean meal. Availability of lysine in the five protein concentrates, using food conversion efficiency on a carcass basis as the criterion of response, was (proportion of total): lupin-seed meal no. 1 0.44, no. 2 0.57, no. 3 0.53, meat-and-bone meal 0.42, soya-bean meal 0.80. 3. Availability estimates, based on protein deposited:food intake, were: lupin-seed meal no. 1 0.82, no. 2 0.73, no. 3 0.70, meat-and-bone meal 0.27, soya-bean meal 0.77. These estimates had higher standard deviations than those based on carcass response. 4. Regressing the measures of response v. lysine intake resulted in estimates of availability similar to, or higher than, the slope-ratio analysis but was associated with greater statistical invalidity and higher standard deviations. 5. The proportion of energy retained in the carcasses was unaffected by the inclusion levels of lysine or soya-bean meal. Energy retention was depressed (P less than 0.05) with the three lupin-seed meals and the meat-and-bone meal. 6. In the second experiment, the response of pigs given a diet containing lupin-seed meal was inferior, on a carcass basis (P less than 0.05), to that of pigs given a diet containing soya-bean meal formulated to similar total lysine and digestible energy contents. 7. The addition of soya-bean oil to the diet containing lupin-seed meal, to equalize the estimated net energy of the diet to that of the diet containing soya-bean meal, depressed protein deposition (P less than 0.05) and increased fat deposition (P less than 0.05), indicating that energy was not limiting the growth of pigs given the lupin-seed-meal diet. 8. Autoclaving the lupin-seed at 121 degrees for 5 min had no effect on the growth of pigs, indicating that the low availability of lysine was not due to the presence of heat-labile anti-nutritional factors.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2001

Phosphorus availability for beneficial use in biosolids products.

It has become necessary to identify accurately the availability of phosphorus in biosolids products applied to land. The fertiliser value of these products must be quantified not only to satisfy the customer but also to ensure the best use of phosphorus when considering the need to avoid excess concentrations in the wider environment, With the advent of chemical phosphorus removal at more wastewater treatment works, the impact of iron and phosphate availability is particularly important. Existing research has indicated that there is a correlation between phosphate availability, and factors such as biosolids pH and iron concentration. However, it has not yet been possible to draw any firm conclusions, which can be used as a tool to manage the availability of phosphate in practice. Through a joint research programme for Anglian Water, involving literature investigation, laboratory tests on biosolid/soil interactions, and benchmarking phosphate availability over time, the study uses the best available input and output data to indicate the parts of the land bank most at risk from over-enrichment.

Agriculture↗

PubMed2002

Bio-available testosterone levels fall acutely following myocardial infarction in men: association with fibrinolytic factors.

The effect of acute myocardial infarction on plasma levels of testosterone in men is unclear. No previous studies have evaluated the bio-available fraction of testosterone. Low plasma testosterone levels have been associated with several risk factors for myocardial infarction, including an unfavorable fibrinolytic profile. In a prospective, case control study, we examined changes in plasma levels of sex hormones, including bio-available testosterone, in patients with acute myocardial infarction and in control subjects. In addition, changes in hormone levels in patients were compared with alterations in the fibrinolytic profile. Thirty male patients admitted with chest pain were studied. Twenty two had acute myocardial infarction and eight had non-specific chest pain. Plasma levels of total and bio-available testosterone, 17beta-estradiol, sex hormone binding globulin and insulin were measured at baseline and throughout admission. In addition, fibrinolytic factors (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and fibrinogen) were measured in patients who received fibrinolysis. Height and weight, and the subsequent development of heart failure or myocardial dysfunction were also recorded. Patients had lower levels of bio-available testosterone (2.07 +/- 0.75 nmol/L vs. 5.3 +/- 1.7 nmol/L, p < 0.05) and higher levels of 17beta-estradiol (87.9 +/- 39.5 pmol/L vs. 48.1 +/- 18.4 pmol/L, p < 0.001) than controls. Total and bio-available testosterone levels fell acutely following myocardial infarction (11.9 +/- 3.8 nmol/L to 9.7 +/- 3.3 nmol/L, p < 0.05; 1.95 +/- 0.76 nmol/L to 1.55 +/- 0.67 nmol/L, p < 0.05). This reduction was associated with elevation of PAI-I activity and reduction of tPA activity, independent of changes in plasma insulin levels. Patients with lower baseline levels of testosterone and higher levels of 17beta-estradiol had a relatively pro-thrombotic fibrinolytic profile and increased risk of complications. In conclusion, total and bio-available levels of testosterone fall following acute myocardial infarction in men, in association with adverse changes in fibrinolytic profile. It is not clear whether this association represents a direct effect of testosterone on thrombotic tendency but warrants further investigation.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

The effect of alterations in ketone body availability on the utilization of beta-hydroxybutyrate by developing rat brain.

The effect of alterations in ketone body availability during the early postnatal period on the in vitro and in vivo utilization of beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta OHB) by developing rat brain was determined. Ketone body availability was prolonged by feeding a high fat diet during pregnancy and lactation and to pups after weaning. Availability was decreased by early weaning pups at 16 days to a low fat liquid diet. In the in vitro studies, oxidation of [14C]beta OHB to CO2 and incorporation into brain lipid was determined at 7, 14, 21, and 35 days of age. In the in vivo studies incorporation of [14C]beta OHB and [3H]glucose into brain lipid was measured. The results indicate that it is possible to alter the brain's utilization of beta OHB for lipid synthesis and energy metabolism during the developmental period. This was particularly evident in the in vivo studies. The in vivo results also suggest a relationship between beta OHB availability in the blood and incorporation into brain lipid. When availability was decreased by early weaning pups to the low fat diet, incorporation of beta OHB into lipid was also decreased. Likewise, when availability was increased, such as was seen in the high fat feeding study, incorporation was increased.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗

PubMed2002

Glyceride stearic acid content and structure affect the energy available to growing rats.

To better understand the relative absorption of 18:0, specific structured triglycerides (STG) with varied ratios of 18:0 and short-chain organic acids (2:0, 3:0, 4:0) were compared with naturally occurring 18:0 in cocoa butter and to other mono- and diglycerides (DGs) containing 18:0. A bioassay for available fat energy was developed for growing Sprague-Dawley rats fed reduced energy from a control diet containing an American Heart Association (AHA) fat blend to generate 60 or 80% normal growth. The resulting standard growth curve was applied to the test fats, including cocoa butter and six glycerides, which were blended 3:1 with the AHA blend (to ensure EFA sufficiency) and pair-fed to match intake of control rats (AHA diet, 80% normal growth). Available energy from test fats ranged from 30 to 12 kJ/g (7.1 to 2.9 kcal/g) for cocoa butter to 18:0-DG, respectively, with the mean of the four different STG being 22 kJ/g (5.2 kcal/g). Energy available from test fats was negatively related to total 18:0 in the STG (r = -0.90; P < 0.001) and fecal dry weight (r = -0.92; P < 0.001); the effect was greater for monoglyceride (monolong-18:0) than for DG (dilong-18:0) but was not related to fecal 18:0. Compared with monoglyceride-18:0, available energy was increased or decreased when short-chain organic acids (SCOA) were added to form triglycerides, depending on the addition of butyrate or acetate, respectively. The different fat sources altered the available energy without apparent changes in lipoproteins or body composition. Thus, the reduced energy available from a glyceride containing 18:0 is determined by its total 18:0 and reflects the mono- or dilong chain character of the glyceride, its content of SCOA and triglyceride structure or organization per se.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Thickening infant formula with digestible and indigestible carbohydrate: availability of calcium, iron, and zinc in vitro.

BACKGROUND: Regurgitation is common in infants and is usually due to gastroesophageal reflux. Often parental reassurance and dietary management by feeding thickened formulas are the only therapeutic steps necessary. Adding fibers may interfere with the absorption of micronutrients. METHODS: A continuous-flow dialysis in vitro method with a preliminary intraluminal digestive phase, modified to simulate the conditions of infants less than 6 months of age and children from 6 months of age on, was used to study the availability of calcium, iron, and zinc from thickened and nonthickened first-and second-age infant formulas. Pooled mature human milk was used as the reference standard. The elemental content of the samples and dialysate fractions of calcium, iron, and zinc after digestion was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. RESULTS: In human milk, calcium, iron, and zinc were highly available for absorptive processes. Availability of calcium, iron, and zinc from nonthickened first- and second-age infant formulas tends to be significantly better than in the corresponding products thickened with locust bean gum. Thickening infant formulas with pregelatinized rice starch, however, does not affect the availability of calcium, iron, and zinc. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that human milk provides optimal conditions for the availability of calcium, iron, and zinc. Availability of calcium, iron, and zinc seems to lower when infant formulas are thickened with indigestible carbohydrates, whereas it does not by adding digestible carbohydrates.

Biological Availability↗

PubMed2001

In vitro availability of calcium, iron, and zinc from first-age infant formulae and human milk.

BACKGROUND: Variation in the bioavailability of calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) occurs because of interactions of food components in the gastrointestinal microenvironment. Bioavailability is preferably determined by in vivo tests, but these are expensive, labor-intensive, time consuming, and often unethical. As an alternative, in vitro methods can be used to predict bioavailability of nutrients from foodstuffs. METHODS: A continuous-flow dialysis model with preliminary intraluminal digestive phase, adapted to the gastrointestinal conditions of infants younger than 6 months, was used. Human milk was the reference standard. Ca, Fe, and Zn content of samples and dialysates after digestion were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. RESULTS: Ca availability is similar in human milk (13.1%+/-0.8%), whey (13.3%+/-1.2%), and soy-based formulae (13.0%+/-1.2%; P > 0.05), and higher in casein-predominant formula (21.2%+/-0.6%; P < 0.05). Availability of Fe is highest in human milk (8.12%+/-0.27%: P < 0.05). Fe availability in whey (1.28%+/-0.28%) and soy formulae (1.48%+/-0.28%) is similar (P > 0.05), but availability is lower in casein-predominant formula (0.48%+/-0.22%; P < 0.05). Zn availability is also highest in human milk (13.1%+/-0.7%; P < 0.05). However, Zn availability is similar in whey (6.7%+/-0.6%) and casein formulae (8.5%+/-1.6%; P > 0.05), but lower in soy formula (2.3%+/-0.4%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our observations are in agreement with previous data from in vivo studies in term infants. This in vitro procedure is an inexpensive, simple, rapid, and reliable method that predicts the bioavailability of Ca, Fe, and Zn in foods.

Biological Availability↗

PubMed2000

Availability of condoms in urban and rural areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

BACKGROUND: Promoting condom use to prevent HIV transmission is futile if condoms are not readily available. GOAL: This study assessed condom availability in clinics, shops, and other outlets in urban and rural South Africa. STUDY DESIGN: Snowball sampling was used to select 70 private-sector and public-sector outlets. One male and one female black fieldworker were posed as clients seeking condoms to assess condom availability and provider attitudes. RESULTS: Condoms were available in nine (100%) public clinics, in five of nine (55%) private doctor's rooms, and in only 5 of 52 (10%) nonhealth outlets. Access was limited in the public sector by clinic opening times, inadequate clinic signs and markings, and by some providers' attitudes. CONCLUSION: A major opportunity to make condoms available in nonhealth outlets in rural areas and urban townships is being missed in South Africa. Above all, the high level of condom awareness is not being matched by easy availability.

Condoms↗

PubMed1999

The association between the on-site availability of cardiac procedures and the utilization of those services for acute myocardial infarction by payer group. The National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 2 Investigators.

BACKGROUND: Prior studies have suggested that in-hospital availability may be an important determinant for the use of invasive cardiac services; however, whether this association is influenced by payer status remains unclear. HYPOTHESIS: The interaction of payer status and the on-site availability of coronary arteriography is associated with increased utilization of this procedure. METHODS: In-hospital availability and utilization of coronary arteriography was ascertained in 275,046 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) enrolled in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 2 from June 1994 to April 1996. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the association between the on-site availability of cardiac catheterization at the initial hospital and subsequent utilization of coronary arteriography. Similar analyses were performed within Medicare, Medicaid, Commercial, Health Maintenance Organization (HMO), and Uninsured payer groups. RESULTS: Patients initially admitted to hospitals having on-site cardiac catheterization facilities were almost twice as likely to receive coronary arteriography as patients admitted to hospitals without such facilities and later transferred out [un-adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.66-1.73, p < 0.0001; adjusted OR = 2.08, 95% CI 2.01-2.15, p < 0.0001]. Furthermore, this relationship of increased utilization with greater availability was evident within each payer group, but was highest among those with Commercial insurance and lowest among Medicaid recipients: [Commercial insurance (OR = 2.19, 95% CI 2.07-2.31, p < 0.0001); Uninsured (OR = 1.74, 95% CI 1.57-1.92, p < 0.0001); HMO (OR = 1.67, 95% CI 1.54-1.82, p < 0.0001); Medicare 1.60, 95% CI 1.55-1.64, p < 0.0001); Medicaid (1.46, 95% CI 1.29-1.65, p < 0.0001)]. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show a strong association between in-hospital availability and subsequent utilization of invasive cardiac procedures following AMI among all patients, but the strength of these associations varied among payer status.

Cardiac Care Facilities↗

PubMed1983

The effect of baking on availability of essential amino acids in wheat.

Lysine availability in wheat flour and bread was determined by the growth response method on rats using regression analysis relating gain in body weight and/or in body water to lysine consumed at two extractions, 87% and 72%. The availability of nitrogen and of essential amino acids were also determined by the balance trials method (fecal analysis method) with rats. The results of growth method show that baking increases lysine availability on the basis of body water gain. Also extraction levels affect lysine availability on the basis of change in body water. Wheat flour and bread of 72% extraction has more lysine availability values than the 87% extraction on the basis of moisture gain. Results of balance trials show that neither the extraction level nor the baking has a significant effect on essential amino acids availability. A fairly good correlation is obtained for wheat flour and bread for the two extractions. Values of change in weight, food efficiency, PER, NPR and true digestibility showed that baking and level of extraction of wheat has no significant effect on the nutritive value of wheat investigated in the present study.

Amino Acids, Essential↗

PubMed1983

Availability of essential amino acids in corn flour and corn bread.

The availability of nitrogen, lysine and 9 essential amino acids was determined in corn before and after baking. Lysine availability was determined by the growth response method on weaning rats using regression analysis of body weight gain or moisture gain against lysine consumed from corn flour and corn bread. The results show a high correlation between lysine consumed and weight gain or moisture gain (r = 0.95) for rats fed the standard diets for 3 weeks. A good correlation was also obtained for corn bread. The results of lysine availability show that baking greatly improves availability by both ways of calculation. The availability of nitrogen and essential amino acids were also investigated by the balance trials with rats. Results show that availability values for nitrogen and all amino acids except threonine increased by baking. Data for food intake, weight gain, food efficiency, PER, NPR and true digestibility revealed that baking had little or no effect on nutritive value of corn tested in this investigation.

Amino Acids↗