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PubMed2006

Prevalence of pneumococcal bacteremia among children <36 months of age presenting with moderate fever to pediatric emergency rooms of the Metropolitan Region (Santiago), Chile.

Blood culture collection from outpatients < age 36 months with high fever (>40 degrees C, rectal) became a standard of ambulatory care in Emergency Rooms (ERs) of the government Children's Hospitals in Chile's Metropolitan Region (MR) in 1999; thereafter, invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) incidence doubled over preceding years' estimates limited to hospitalizations. We studied IPD among children with moderate (>39 degrees C but <40 degrees C, rectal) rather than high fever visiting Pediatric ERs. Recruitment ensued Monday to Friday, 1-5 PM, September 1, 2002 through August 31, 2003. Age <36 months; rectal temperature >39 degrees but <40 degrees C; outpatient management; parental consent for hemoculture were inclusion criteria. Thirteen-thousand five hundred seventy-seven children < age 36 months with moderate and 3,214 children with high fever sought ER care. Of 1,134 moderate fever children seen in ERs during the enrollment, parents of 837 consented (73.8%). During these days and hours, 714 children < age 36 months presented with high fever and 651 (91.2%) had a "routine" blood culture. Pneumococcemia was detected among 0.7% with moderate and 1.2% with high fever (6/837 vs 8/651, p > 0.05). Extrapolating these rates to all ER outpatients < age 36 months with moderate and high fever, we estimate the true burden as 95 and 39 cases, respectively. The burden of pediatric IPD in the MR is currently underestimated because bacteremias among ER outpatients with moderate fever are not detected. If blood cultures were systematically collected from outpatients with moderate fever, recorded pediatric IPD burden would rise >2-fold. However, economic and logistical constraints preclude such a practice.

Bacteremia↗

PubMed1984

[Moderate supplementation of potassium in essential hypertension].

23 unselected patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension, whose average supine blood pressure after two months' observation on no treatment was 154/99 mm Hg, were entered into an eight week double blind randomised crossover study of one month's treatment with slow release potassium tablets (60 mmol/day) versus placebo without alteration of dietary sodium or potassium intake. By the fourth week mean supine blood pressure had fallen by 4% on potassium supplementation compared with placebo. Urinary potassium excretion increased from 62 +/- 4.7 mmol/24 h on placebo to 118 +/- 7.4 mmol/24 h on potassium. The fall in blood pressure was not related to urinary sodium excretion before entry to the trial or while on placebo. Moderate potassium supplementation caused a small but significant fall in blood pressure in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension and could be additive to the effects of moderate sodium restriction. This increase in potassium intake could be achieved with a potassium-based salt substitute and a moderate increase in vegetable and fruit consumption. Moderate dietary sodium restriction with dietary potassium supplementation may obviate or reduce the need for drug treatment in some patients with mild to moderate hypertension.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

A comparison of moderate and high users of Alberta's universal dental plan for the elderly.

The characteristics and service utilization of 2,071 high and 2,337 moderate users of Alberta's dental plan from 1978-79 to 1990-91 are reported. High users are those who used the plan for 14 consecutive years; moderate users are those who used the plan in seven of the 14 years. Both groups were over 74 years of age in 1991-92. Compared to high users, moderate users lived in less urbanized regions, visited denturists more often and received far more complete dentures and fewer partial dentures. As a percentage of their total annual plan expenditures, moderate users spent less on diagnostic, preventive, periodontal and restorative services and much more on removable prosthodontic and denturists' services. However, during the study period, the moderate users increased their annual relative expenditures for diagnostic, preventive and, especially, periodontal services, and decreased them for prosthodontic services. With respect to specific preventive and periodontal services, the percentage of total annual expenditures for dental prophylaxis, topical fluoride applications, periodontal scaling, gingival curettage, and combinations of these, was much higher for the high user group. Despite these differences favoring the high user group, during the 14 year period, the moderate user group considerably increased its relative expenditures for dental prophylaxis, topical fluoride and periodontal scaling services. While the observed differences in service expenditures between high and moderate users were anticipated, the shift over time to using more preventive and periodontal services by both groups was an encouraging harbinger of the "new elderly" dental patients.

Aged↗

PubMed2025

Parent-Mediated Interventions for ASD Under 3 Years: A Systematic Review, Meta Analysis, and Moderator Analyses.

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of PMIs for ASD under 3 years, and explore potential moderators influencing the effectiveness through moderator analyses. The study searched five English databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model to calculate Hedges's g. Subgroup analyses and meta regression assessed the effects of potential moderators on PMIs effectiveness, with evidence quality evaluated using GRADE. A total of 31 RCTs were included in the systematic review, with 26 included in the meta-analysis. The results showed a small overall beneficial effect of PMIs on ASD under 3 years (g = 0.20). Small to trivial positive effects were found in several subdomains, including adaptive skills (g = 0.29), parent responsiveness (g = 0.23), parent-child interaction (g = 0.35), social communication (g = 0.18), and symptoms (g =  - 0.22). However, PMIs did not show statistically significant effects on children's cognitive competence, language, or motor skills domains. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression explored potential moderators, but none significantly influenced the effectiveness of PMIs. The GRADE assessment showed that the certainty of the evidence ranged from moderate to low. This study confirmed that PMIs demonstrate positive effects on children under 3 years old with ASD, and showed beneficial outcomes in most subdomains. However, the evidence was of moderate to low certainty, so these findings should be interpreted with caution. In the future, broader databases and more large-scale, multicenter, high-quality clinical studies are needed to confirm these effects.

Humans↗

PubMed2004

Memantine treatment in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer disease already receiving donepezil: a randomized controlled trial.

CONTEXT: Memantine is a low- to moderate-affinity, uncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist. Controlled trials have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of memantine monotherapy for patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer disease (AD) but no controlled trials of memantine in patients receiving a cholinesterase inhibitor have been performed. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of memantine vs placebo in patients with moderate to severe AD already receiving stable treatment with donepezil. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 404 patients with moderate to severe AD and Mini-Mental State Examination scores of 5 to 14, who received stable doses of donepezil, conducted at 37 US sites between June 11, 2001, and June 3, 2002. A total of 322 patients (80%) completed the trial. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomized to receive memantine (starting dose 5 mg/d, increased to 20 mg/d, n = 203) or placebo (n = 201) for 24 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Change from baseline on the Severe Impairment Battery (SIB), a measure of cognition, and on a modified 19-item AD Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living Inventory (ADCS-ADL19). Secondary outcomes included a Clinician's Interview-Based Impression of Change Plus Caregiver Input (CIBIC-Plus), the Neuropsychiatric Inventory, and the Behavioral Rating Scale for Geriatric Patients (BGP Care Dependency Subscale). RESULTS: The change in total mean (SE) scores favored memantine vs placebo treatment for SIB (possible score range, 0-100), 0.9 (0.67) vs -2.5 (0.69), respectively (P<.001); ADCS-ADL19 (possible score range, 0-54), -2.0 (0.50) vs -3.4 (0.51), respectively (P =.03); and the CIBIC-Plus (possible score range, 1-7), 4.41 (0.074) vs 4.66 (0.075), respectively (P =.03). All other secondary measures showed significant benefits of memantine treatment. Treatment discontinuations because of adverse events for memantine vs placebo were 15 (7.4%) vs 25 (12.4%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with moderate to severe AD receiving stable doses of donepezil, memantine resulted in significantly better outcomes than placebo on measures of cognition, activities of daily living, global outcome, and behavior and was well tolerated. These results, together with previous studies, suggest that memantine represents a new approach for the treatment of patients with moderate to severe AD.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

Risks for fetal abnormalities after very and moderately elevated AF-AFPs.

In the 2 years between 1993 and 1995, we assayed alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in 48,412 amniotic fluids (AFs). One thousand and eighty-six (2.2 per cent) measured > or = 2.0 MOM and these were subdivided into three groups; mildly (2.0-4.9 MOM), moderately (5.0-9.9 MOM), and very elevated (> or = 10.0 MOM). Abnormalities occurred in 25 per cent of the mildly elevated compared with 88 per cent of the moderately and 98 per cent of the very elevated cases. Forty-five per cent of the neural tube defects (NTDs) had AF-AFPs in the 5.0-9.9 and 36 per cent in the > or = 10.0 MOM range. After a positive acetylcholinesterase (AChE) test, both the moderately and the very elevated groups had abnormalities in > or = 95 per cent of cases, compared with 85 per cent in the mildly elevated group. After a negative AChE test, abnormalities occurred in 79, 52 and 18 per cent in the very elevated, moderately, and mildly elevated groups, respectively. Excluding chromosome abnormalities, an abnormal twin, and bloody samples, the risk of a fetal abnormality after a normal ultrasound was less than 1 per cent if the AChE was positive in both the moderately and the very elevated groups. If the AChE was negative, the risk was 18 per cent for the moderately and 55 per cent for the very elevated groups, of which congenital nephrosis accounted for 75 per cent; AFP levels usually increased in a later AF sample. Repeat amniocentesis may be offered to women with AF-AFPs > or = 5.0 MOM if no abnormality is seen with high-resolution ultrasound.

Acetylcholinesterase↗

PubMed2000

Arterial vascularization of the human moderator band: an analysis of this structure's role as a collateral circulation route.

In the human heart, the moderator band, or trabecula septomarginalis, is a muscle column that courses inferiorly from the right portion of the interventricular septum to the base of the anterior papillary muscle of the right ventricle This muscular structure is crossed by one or more arteries, which come from the anterior interventricular artery and perfuses the anterior papillary muscle of the right ventricle. In order to clarify the arterial supply of this muscle column, we studied 28 adult hearts, free of any signs of coronary disorder. The path of the moderator band artery was followed by means of microdissection, and we studied the source, course, and interconnections made with other arteries. We observed that the source of the moderator band artery lies in the first three anterior septal arteries, most often in the second one. In relation to the short axis of the heart, the artery of the moderator band can either follow a horizontal path to the septal papillary muscle of the right ventricle or an oblique route to the moderator band, depending on the position of its source. In all the hearts studied, the moderator band artery made anastomotic connections at the base of the anterior papillary muscle of the right ventricle with various branches of the right coronary artery, which means that it can play a key role in collateral circulation following obstruction of the epicardium coronary arteries.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Inhibition of cataracts in moderately diabetic rats by aminoguanidine.

The effect of aminoguanidine (AG), an inhibitor of advanced glycation, on the development of cataracts was studied in diabetic rats. Rats were made diabetic with streptozotocin, and based on the level of plasma glucose they were grouped as moderately (< 350 mg dl-1 plasma glucose) and severely (> 350 mg dl-1 plasma glucose) diabetic. One half of the animals in each group received AG (25 mg kg-1 body weight each day), intraperitoneally, starting from the day of streptozotocin injection. Progression of lens opacification was recorded using Fundus and Scheimpflug photography at regular time intervals. On the ninetieth day all the rats were killed and the levels of advanced glycation end products (AGE) was determined by measuring the non-tryptophan fluorescence of the lens soluble and insoluble fractions. Densitometric analysis of Scheimpflug images showed that in diabetic rats lens opacification progressed in a biphasic manner, an initial slow progression for the first 60 days, followed by a steep increase during next 30 days. Moderately and severely diabetic rats developed lens opacities more or less at the same time. AGE fluorescence in the lens soluble fractions increased three-fold and seven-fold in the moderately and severely diabetic rats, respectively; whereas in insoluble fractions there was a 30% and three-fold increase in the moderately and severely diabetic rats, respectively. Although AG treatment inhibited the AGE fluorescence of lens soluble and insoluble fractions by about 56% and 75% in moderately diabetic and by 19% and 52% severely diabetic rats, respectively, the development of cataracts was delayed only in the moderately diabetic rats. These results thus suggest that the effect of AG is indeed inhibition of the formation of AGEs. However, in the severely diabetic rats the beneficial effect of AG is overwhelmed by the excessive accumulation of AGEs.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Perception of effort during high-intensity exercise at low, moderate and high wet bulb globe temperatures.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of low, moderate and high wet bulb globe temperatures (Twbg) on cardiovascular variables and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during moderately prolonged, high-intensity exercise. Six subjects [four men and two women; mean (SD) age, 22.0 (1.2) years; maximum oxygen consumption (VO2peak), 51.0 (8.4) ml.kg-1.min-1] completed 30 min of exercise (80% VO2peak) on a cycle ergometer at low [14.7 (2.1) degrees C], moderate [21.0 (1.5) degrees C], and high [27.4 (2.3) degrees C] Twbg. Two additional subjects completed 20 min of exercise in the high temperature condition, but completed 30 min in the moderate and low Twbg. Heart rate (fc), blood pressure, blood lactate (La), mean skin temperature (Tsk), VO2, and RPE were measured at 10, 20 and 30 min. Results showed that fc, rate pressure product, RPE, pulmonary ventilation and ventilatory equivalent for oxygen increased (P < 0.05) across time for all conditions, while P(a) decreased across time. Tsk and fc were significantly greater across time in the high condition [35.9 (0.65) degrees C; 176 (12.6) beats.min-1] compared to the moderate [34.6 (1.5) degrees C; 170 (17.2) beats.min-1] and the low condition [31.7 (1.5) degrees C; 164 (17.1) beats.min-1]. However, there were no differences throughout exercise in RPE [high, 16.2 (2.0); moderate, 16.4 (2.2); low, 16.3 (1.9)] and VO2 across the conditions. These data suggest that RPE is closely related to metabolic intensity but is not a valid indicator of cardiovascular strain during exercise in high Twbg conditions.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Preference for ethanol and diazepam in light and moderate social drinkers: a within-subjects study.

Preference for ethanol (versus placebo) and diazepam (versus placebo) was assessed in light and moderate social drinkers. The study was designed to investigate the relationship of habitual alcohol use to the subjective and behavioral effects of the two drugs. A secondary purpose of the study was to investigate relationships within subjects in their responses to ethanol and diazepam. Light drinkers (n = 13) who consumed one to five drinks per week and moderate drinkers (n = 14) who consumed seven or more drinks per week participated in two seven-session choice experiments, one assessing preference for 0.5 g/kg ethanol versus placebo and the other assessing preference for 20 mg diazepam versus placebo. Drugs were administered double-blind and double-dummy, and the order of participation in the two experiments was counterbalanced. Sessions were conducted during the evenings in a comfortable laboratory environment. The primary dependent measure was the number of times each subject chose the drug (i.e., ethanol or diazepam) over placebo. Subjective and objective measures of the drugs' effects were obtained using standardized self-report questionnaires and psychomotor tests. Whereas both groups preferred the ethanol over placebo (i.e., 63% and 83% ethanol choice for light and moderate drinkers, respectively), only the moderate drinkers preferred the diazepam over placebo (i.e., 40% and 73% diazepam choice for light and moderate drinkers, respectively). Subjective responses to the drugs were generally similar across the groups, although on some measures the light drinkers reported more marked drug effects. The number of times each subject chose ethanol was positively correlated with the number of times he or she chose diazepam (r = 0.57), and on subjective measures, responses to ethanol and diazepam were positively correlated. Thus, subjective and behavioral responses to diazepam and ethanol were related to habitual alcohol consumption, and most notably, moderate drinkers were more likely than light drinkers to prefer diazepam over a placebo.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Is objective cure of mild undifferentiated incontinence more readily achieved than that of moderate incontinence? Costs and 2-year outcome.

Because the prognostic value of 1-h pad testing has received scant attention, we tested the hypothesis that mild incontinence of any etiology is more readily cured than moderate incontinence. A consecutive series of 150 patients with mild (2-9.9 g) to moderate (10-49.9 g) incontinence (as judged by weight gain on 1-h pad testing) [1] attending a urogynecology unit were recruited, of whom 145 completed all baseline objective measures: 110 completed 12 weeks of conservative therapy, with follow-up data at 2 years available for 51 subjects. At 12 weeks 81% of 'mild' patients became 'dry' on the 1-h pad test versus 36.8% in the moderate group (chi2<0.0001). Interestingly the post-treatment changes seen in all other outcomes demonstrated equally positive responses for the mild and moderate groups. At 2-year follow-up 29/71 (40.8%) of patients with mild incontinence and 22/74 (29.7%) of patients with moderate incontinence were satisfied and had no requirement for further therapy, the remainder having sought other treatments (chi2=1.963 P=0.161). Of the responders, (11/29) (37.9%) of mildly incontinent patients and (8/22 (36.4%)) of moderately affected subjects remained continent (on 20-point incontinence score < or =2 m, chi2=0.013, P=0.9087). Improvements in quality of life persisted to an equal degree in both groups.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Barriers to effective management of osteoporosis in moderate and minimal trauma fractures: a prospective study.

Osteoporosis management is suboptimal even for high-risk people with a history of prior fracture. There is also evidence that individuals with moderate trauma fracture have a lower bone density and are at higher risk of subsequent fracture. This study aimed to define factors influencing the management of individuals at risk for osteoporosis and to examine the risk profiles of individuals with minimal and moderate trauma fractures. Consecutive fracture patients (n =218) treated in the outpatient fracture clinic in St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, over a 15-month period (February 2002-July 2003) were interviewed. Fracture risk factors, prior investigation and treatment for osteoporosis were collected and participants were contacted after 3 months to ascertain follow-up. Risk factors for osteoporosis including family history, low dietary calcium and conditions associated with bone loss were similar between low- and moderate-trauma groups and between sexes. Even though half of participants had had a prior fracture, only 34% had a bone density scan and 16% were on anti-resorptive treatment. There was a minimal (6%) increase in the rates of investigation and treatment at the 3-month follow-up, and less in the moderate trauma group and males. Independent predictors for being investigated for osteoporosis were: age over 50, prior fracture and female gender, while predictors for treatment were: age over 50 and having been investigated. This study has confirmed low rates of investigation and treatment even in individuals who have already suffered a prior fracture, and especially in those <50 and in males. People with moderate and minimal trauma fractures had similar risk factors for osteoporosis, including a similarly high proportion of prior fractures. These findings support the concept that people with moderate trauma fractures are at higher subsequent fracture risk, yet are neither investigated nor treated. This study highlights the need for further exploration of barriers to osteoporosis management.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2002

Effects of long-term moderate alcohol consumption on agonistic and affiliative behavior of socially housed female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).

RATIONALE: The most widely used drug in the US is alcohol. Most people who use alcohol are light-to-moderate drinkers. One or two drinks/day is thought to be not only safe but potentially health-promoting. However, little is known about the chronic effects of moderate alcohol consumption. Alcohol, even in moderate doses, has immediate and robust effects on behavior. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of long-term moderate alcohol consumption on the social interactions of adult monkeys. METHODS: Forty-nine adult, ovariectomized monkeys lived in small, stable social groups for 31 months and voluntarily consumed a 2-drink/day equivalent (0.5 g/kg ethanol), 5 days/week for 24 months. Alcohol was presented in a sweet tasting non-nutritive vehicle to half the monkeys, while the other half received vehicle plus maltose-dextrin isocalorically substituted for alcohol. Social behavior was recorded 1 h before, 1 h after, and 5 h after alcohol. RESULTS: Alcohol caused chronic changes in aggressive and affiliative behavior that were not dependent upon the presence of circulating alcohol. Alcohol increased physical aggression. A subset of the animals was at higher risk for alcohol-induced physical aggression. Alcohol decreased positive affiliative behaviors, increased time spent alone, and increased the frequency of extragroup vigilance. Acutely, alcohol increased the rate of behavioral pathology, i.e. stereotypic behaviors, such as hair plucking, which are normally observed only under adverse environmental conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term moderate alcohol consumption caused chronic deleterious changes in the social interactions of primates in small, stable social groups. These data suggest that chronic moderate alcohol consumption can compromise optimal social interactions in primate species, including human beings.

Aggression↗

PubMed2004

Acute effects of a short bout of moderate versus light intensity exercise versus inactivity on tobacco withdrawal symptoms in sedentary smokers.

RATIONALE: A previous study found that a 10-min bout of moderate intensity exercise reduced cigarette withdrawal symptoms and desire to smoke in sedentary smokers but the effect may have been due to participants focusing attention on physical activity rather than the activity itself. OBJECTIVES: This study examined the effect of 5 min of moderate intensity exercise and 5 min of light intensity exercise on tobacco withdrawal symptoms amongst sedentary smokers. METHODS: Eighty-four smokers attended a laboratory session having abstained from smoking for between 11 and 14 h. Participants were randomly allocated to one of three conditions: (i) light intensity exercise [ n=28; 10-20% of heart rate reserve (HRR)]; (ii) moderate intensity exercise ( n=28; 40-60% HRR), (iii) a passive control condition ( n=28). Both exercise conditions involved 5 min of stationary cycling and participants rated tobacco withdrawal symptoms and cravings immediately before exercise (baseline), during exercise at 2.5 min, immediately following exercise, then after 5 and 10 min of rest. Control participants made the same ratings across an equivalent time period. RESULTS: For moderate intensity exercise compared to light intensity exercise and control there was a significant reduction in strength of desire to smoke, relative to baseline, both during exercise and up to 5 min post-exercise. Relative to baseline, there were also significant reductions in restlessness, stress, tension and poor concentration at 5 and 10 min post-exercise, for moderate intensity exercise compared to light intensity exercise and control. CONCLUSIONS: Five minutes of moderate intensity exercise is associated with a short-term reduction in desire to smoke and tobacco withdrawal symptoms. Very brief bouts of exercise may therefore be useful as an aid to smoking cessation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Moderately halophilic gram-positive bacterial diversity in hypersaline environments.

Moderately halophilic bacteria are microorganisms that grow optimally in media containing 3%-15% (w/v) salt. They are represented by a heterogeneous group of microorganisms included in many different genera. Gram-negative moderately halophilic bacteria have been studied in more detail, but studies on gram-positive species are more scarce. Recent studies carried out by our research group on gram-positive moderate halophiles have permitted clarifying their taxonomic and phylogenetic position and describing new species. Thus, we have isolated six strains from ponds of salterns that show phenotypic and genotypic characteristics similar to those of Nesterenkonia halobia (formerly Micrococcus halobius), a moderately halophilic gram-positive coccus that was described on the basis of a single strain. Our data demonstrate quite clearly that they are members of this species and contribute to a better description of these moderately halophilic cocci. Similarly, a study of a large number of gram-positive moderately halophilic rods that were able to produce endospores led us to describe a new species, designated Bacillus salexigens. Further, isolates grouped in other three phenons, obtained by numerical taxonomy analysis and showing phenotypic features quite similar to those of this species, represent different genomovars, with very low DNA-DNA homology. Although they might represent additional new species, it will be necessary to determine new phenotypic features to differentiate them from previously described Bacillus species. We have also studied the viability of some old enrichments provided by B.E. Volcani, which were set up in 1936. We isolated 31 gram-positive motile endospore-forming rods that, according to their phenotypic characteristics, could represent a new species of the genus Bacillus.

Bacillus↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of early treatment at the initial stage 3 moderate phase of retinopathy of prematurity on severe retinal changes.

PURPOSE: To compare the outcome of early treatment at the initial stage 3 moderate phase of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) with that at prethreshold ROP. METHODS: The outcome of treatment of 117 very-low-birth-weight infants was reviewed. Sixty-eight infants underwent their first treatment at prethreshold ROP (group A). The other 49 infants underwent their first treatment at the initial stage 3 moderate phase of ROP (pre-prethreshold ROP) (group B). The first treatment was performed by laser photocoagulation or cryotherapy. Eleven clinical variables were included in the evaluation of the two groups. The outcome of treatment of the two groups was compared as favorable or unfavorable. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the relation between each independent variable and an unfavorable outcome. RESULTS: The extent of contiguous stage 3 moderate ROP and that of cumulative stage 3 moderate ROP were significantly smaller in group B. There were nine unfavorable outcomes in group A, but none in group B. Logistic regression analysis showed that the extent of cumulative stage 3 moderate ROP and the presence of zone 1 retinopathy were major predictive factors for unfavorable outcome in the treatment of very-low-birth-weight infants. CONCLUSION: Early treatment at the initial stage 3 moderate phase of ROP decreases the occurrence of severe retinal changes.

Cryotherapy↗

PubMed1996

Case-control and cohort studies of moderate alcohol consumption and stroke.

Epidemiologic evidence suggests that alcohol consumption has distinctive associations with risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes; these differences help explain apparent inconsistencies in the alcohol-stroke literature (Camargo CA Jr. Stroke 1989;20:1611-1626). To better define the impact of "moderate drinking" per se (i.e. usual consumption of < or = 2 drinks daily for men, and < or = 1 drink daily for women), the present author reviewed 26 case-control and cohort studies on this subject. There is substantial evidence that moderate drinking does not increase risk of ischemic stroke; studies remain divided, however, on the question of a "protective" association. Furthermore, although the evidence is not unanimous, two major cohort studies have found that even moderate drinking may increase risk of hemorrhagic stroke. Because ischemic strokes are 3-4 times more common than hemorrhagic strokes, the net impact of moderate drinking on stroke risk depends greatly on the relation between moderate drinking and ischemic stroke. It is most likely, however, that moderate drinking does not increase risk of all strokes combined.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1992

Self-administration of pentobarbital in light and moderate alcohol drinkers.

Preference for a moderate dose of pentobarbital was assessed in light and moderate alcohol drinkers using a double-blind, placebo-controlled laboratory choice procedure. Sixteen light drinkers (less than six alcoholic drinks per week) and 13 moderate drinkers (six or more drinks per week) participated in a seven-session study in which they first sampled capsules containing pentobarbital (150 mg) or placebo and then chose and ingested the capsule they preferred. Subjective and behavioral measures were obtained at regular intervals during each session to characterize the drug's effects. Both groups chose pentobarbital less often than placebo: Mean pentobarbital choice in light drinkers was 20.8% and in moderate drinkers was 38.5%. Pentobarbital choice and drug liking ratings were highest among male moderate drinkers but still did not exceed placebo levels. The drug did not increase scores on standardized measures of drug euphoria, even among the most frequent choosers or the heaviest alcohol consumers. The results extend previous reports showing that individuals without histories of drug abuse, even those who are moderate consumers of alcohol, do not self-administer sedative/anxiolytic drugs or experience their effects as euphorigenic.

Adult↗