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PubMed2006

Profiling in basketball: physical and physiological characteristics of elite players.

The purpose of this study was to describe structural and functional characteristics of elite Serbian basketball players and to evaluate whether players in different positional roles have different physical and physiological profiles. Five men's basketball teams participated in the study and competed in the professional First National League. Physiological measurements were taken of 60 players during the final week of their preparatory training for competition. According to positional roles, players were categorized as guards (n = 20), forwards (n = 20), and centers (n = 20). Guards were older (p < 0.01) and more experienced (p < 0.01) as compared with both forwards and centers. Centers were taller and heavier than guards and forwards (p < 0.01), whereas forwards had significantly higher height and weight than guards (p < 0.01). Centers had more body fat (p < 0.01) as compared with forwards and guards. Also, centers had significantly lower estimated VO(2)max values (p < 0.01) compared with forwards and guards. In addition, the highest heart rate frequencies during the last minute of the shuttle run test were lower in guards (p < 0.01) as compared with forwards and centers. Vertical jump power was significantly higher in centers (p < 0.01) as compared with guards. The results of the present study demonstrate that a strong relationship exists between body composition, aerobic fitness, anaerobic power, and positional roles in elite basketball.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The anatomical and physiological characteristics of pre-adolescent males and females.

Two hundred and two pre-adolescent subjects aged 7-12 years were examined on a battery of anatomical and physiological tests. The total sample comprised non-competitive children, and those involved in training for swimming or tennis. A series of analyses of variance were applied to the data to determine whether any differences existed between preadolescent males and females. No significant interaction between age, sex and sporting involvement was found which indicated sex differences to be independent of age and training group. The results revealed that males were superior to females in physical exercise capacity, PWC170, forced vital capacity, and hand grip strength. Males also demonstrated a lesser proportion of body fat than females but were more mesomorphic. No significant differences existed in any of the other tests.

Anthropometry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anatomical and physiologic characteristics to predict football ability. Report of study methods and correlations, University of Arkansas, 1976.

In a prospective study of 56 scholarship players at the University of Arkansas in 1976, 14 anatomical and physiologic measurements were carried out on each of the 56 players, to include certain orthopaedic strength, power, and balance tests, and compared to the coaches' subjective ratings of football ability in an effort to determine which characteristics best correlate to the athlete's true performance. The correlation matrix for the criterion measure and the predictor variables of selected anatomical strength, balance, and power measures are presented, and the results of the study indicate that genu varum (0.445) and tibial torsion (-0.33) had the highest correlation with the coaching criterion variable. The average tibial torsion was 42.6 for these scholarship athletes, while normal average tibial torsion among a nonscholarship group was 27.40 degrees. Other anatomical characteristics measured, as well as strength and power measure, could not reach the critical level of +/- 0.263 to be significant at the 0.05 level, although horsepower was close (0.255). The Margaria-Kalamen power test was significantly related to the 40-yard dash, and a moderately good measure of football ability.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1993

Physiological characteristics related to endurance running performance in female distance runners.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationships between running velocity (v) in a 3000-m race and various physiological parameters. The parameters measured among 57 female distance runners during a treadmill running test were v at the lactate threshold (v-Tlac), oxygen uptake (VO2) at the lactate threshold (VO2 at Tlac), v at the onset of blood lactate accumulation (v-OBLA), VO2 at OBLA, running economy (steady-state VO2 at a standard v of 4 m s-1), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) and v at VO2 max (v-VO2 max). The v-OBLA was the blood lactate variable with the strongest correlation with v in a 3000-m race (r = 0.78, P < 0.001). The second strongest correlation was with v-Tlac (r = 0.77, P < 0.001). Although v-VO2 max was strongly correlated with v over 3000 m (r = 0.75, P < 0.001), further analysis by stepwise multiple regression indicated that a combination of v-OBLA, VO2 at Tlac and v-Tlac could account for 73.2% of the variability in v over 3000 m, whereas v-OBLA on its own explained 61.5%. Blood lactate variables can account for a reasonably large part of the variance in v over 3000 m. Also, v-VO2 max can be used as a non-invasive predictor of distance running performance.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Physiological characteristics of NG2-expressing glial cells.

Antibodies against the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan NG2 label a subpopulation of glial cells within the CNS, which have a small cell body and thin radiating processes. Physiological recordings from these small cells in acute brain slices have revealed that they possess unique properties, suggesting that they may comprise a class of glial cells distinct from astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, or microglia. NG2-expressing glial cells (abbreviated as "NG2 cells" here) have a moderate input resistance and are not dye- or tracer-coupled to adjacent cells. They express voltage-gated Na+, K+ and Ca2+ conductances, though they do not exhibit regenerative Na+ or Ca2+ action potentials due to the much larger K+ conductances present. In addition to voltage-gated conductances, they express receptors for various neurotransmitters. In the hippocampus, AMPA and GABAA receptors on these cells are activated by release of transmitter from neurons at defined synaptic junctions that are formed with CA3 pyramidal neurons and GABAergic interneurons. These rapid forms of neuron-glial communication may regulate the proliferation rate of NG2 cells or their development into mature oligodendrocytes. These depolarizing inputs may also trigger the release of neuroactive substances from NG2 cells, providing feedback regulation of signaling at neuronal synapses. Although the presence of Ca2+ permeable AMPA receptors provides a pathway to link neuronal activity to Ca2+ dependent processes within the NG2 cells, these receptors also put these cells at risk for glutamate-associated excitotoxicity. This vulnerability to the sustained elevation of glutamate may underlie ischemic induced damage to white matter tracts and contribute to cerebral palsy in premature infants.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Presynaptic NMDA receptors display physiological characteristics of homomeric complexes of NR1 subunits that contain the exon 5 insert in the N-terminal domain.

The subunit composition of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor affects both its channel activity and its sensitivity to modulation by a wide variety of substances. Expression studies in oocytes and physiological studies in neurons indicate that endogenous postsynaptic NMDA receptors are heterooligomeric complexes of NR1 and NR2 subunits. To deduce the subunit composition of the presynaptic NMDA receptor on noradrenergic nerve terminals, we examined the modulation of NMDA-evoked norepinephrine (NE) release from hippocampal synaptosomes. At high glycine concentrations, the NMDA-evoked release was not potentiated by reducing reagents, low micromolar Zn2+ or Ni2+, polyamines, or 100 microM histamine. It was also not inhibited by oxidizing agents or physiological concentrations of protons but was inhibited by high micromolar Co2+, Zn2+, and Ni2+, but not Fe3+, by high micromolar ifenprodil, and by 1 mM histamine. At low glycine concentrations, it was potentiated by spermine. These characteristics are similar to those displayed by homooligomeric complexes of NR1 subunits that contain in the N-terminal domain the 21-amino-acid insert encoded by exon 5. These data provide physiological evidence that some endogenous NMDA receptor complexes may contain only the NR1 (+ exon 5) subunits.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Environmental and physiological characteristics in adolescents genetically predisposed to hypertension.

To clarify the possible risk factors for the development of hypertension, we examined the influences of heredity and environment on blood pressure regulation and whether or not the physiological condition differed in high school students with different levels of blood pressure. A borderline hypertensive (BH) group, consisting of 75 male students with systolic blood pressure (SBP) consistently above 140 mmHg on two separate occasions, was compared to a normotensive (N) group of 84 male students with SBP below 130 mmHg. In the BH group, 43% of students had a family history of hypertension within two generations of relatives, while 18% had one in the N group (p less than 0.05). The BH group was characterized by a gain in weight, a slight increase in 24-hour urinary sodium excretion, a higher heart rate, elevated values of plasma renin and urinary aldosterone, and an elevated sodium concentration in erythrocytes. Nevertheless, urinary excretion of potassium and kallikrein did not differ between the two groups. In each group, students with familial hypertension had a significantly (p less than 0.05) lower 24-hour urinary kallikrein excretion than those without it. Although kallikrein excretion correlated fairly well with aldosterone excretion (r = 0.47, p less than 0.01) or creatinine clearance (r = 0.59, p less than 0.01) in the BH students without familial hypertension, no such correlations were found in those with familial hypertension. These results indicate that the abnormal relationships of aldosterone to kallikrein metabolism and of kallikrein to renal function control may be involved as hereditary factors in the development of hypertension.

Adolescent↗