SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “throwing”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources

PubMed2004

Biomechanics and development of the elbow in the young throwing athlete.

This article reviews basic concepts in fundamental elbow biomechanics, particularly how they relate to the skeletally immature elbow in throwing athletes. Adult phases of throwing and the forces generated in each phase are compared with the developmental phases of throwing in children. The impact of elevated forces, poor mechanics, and poor coordination are emphasized as they relate to potential areas of injury in the skeletally immature. Finally, concepts in prevention focused on biomechanics are offered.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Imaging of the painful shoulder in throwing athletes.

A wide spectrum of abnormalities can affect the throwing shoulder. The injuries are often particular to a specific phase of the throw and are well demonstrated with MR imaging. In this article, the authors review the phases of the throw, MR imaging techniques, and the MR appearances of the injuries associated with particular phases.

Arthrography↗

PubMed2005

Shoulder muscle activity during pushing, pulling, elevation and overhead throw.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the muscle activity of recreational athletes and professional javelin throwers during pull, push, and elevation of upper extremities and during overhead throw. SCOPE: Nine professional javelin throwers and 16 recreational athletes without shoulder problems were studied. Signals were recorded by surface EMG from eight different muscles. The results obtained from the muscles of upper extremities of throwers were compared with those of recreational athletes. CONCLUSION: The different neuromuscular control of professional throwers caused a more profitable muscle activity. Differences during the overhead throw were more significant. The deltoid muscle and rotator cuff of recreational athletes showed stronger activity than those of throwers during pull, push and elevation. The deltoid muscle and the rotator cuff of professional throwers showed stronger activity during overhead throw. Studying the detailed characteristics of muscle activity pattern (differences in length of activity periods, MVC% of muscles and time broadness among peak muscle activities in percent of total time of a movement cycle) may provide a basis for better understanding improved performance and help in planning proper rehabilitation protocol.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Changes of the mineralization pattern in the subchondral bone plate of the glenoid cavity in the shoulder joints of the throwing athletes.

The distribution of mineralization in the subchondral bone plate (DMSB) is used as a parameter for individual stress distribution of shoulder joints. We have analyzed 28 shoulder joints of throwing athletes by DMSB of the glenoid with computed tomography osteoabsorptiometry and described their mineralization patterns. The throwing motion imposes a heavy rotational load on the shoulder joint, and this, in turn, may lead to excessive translation of the humeral head on the glenoid. This could explain why the two most frequent density maxima were localized to the anterior and posterior portions of the glenoid. Our finding of a frequent bicentric density distribution of the shoulder joints of throwing athletes should be useful in any future analysis of the relationship between the DMSB and the bone morphology of the glenoid.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Medial epicondylitis and cubital tunnel syndrome in the throwing athlete.

Medial epicondylitis and ulnar nerve problems are common in the throwing athlete, resulting from the tremendous valgus stress that occurs during the acceleration phase of pitching. They are too often ignored as a cause of medial pain in the throwing athlete in favor of the diagnosis of ulnar collateral ligament injury. The latter seems to be in vogue, and there is a virtual epidemic of reconstructive surgery to address this diagnosis. The question is whether more medial pain is caused by the former two diagnoses than the latter. We need to have a better understanding of the natural history and differential diagnosis of medial side pain, which, I hope, will come with time. Nonetheless, medial stress injuries occur in the throwing athlete, and can cause inflammation of the adjacent anterior capsule flexor pronator mass, the ulnar collateral ligament, and the ulnar nerve. This review highlights these problems, their anatomy, diagnosis, and management.

Athletic Injuries↗

PubMed2001

A three-dimensional, six-segment chain analysis of forceful overarm throwing.

A three-dimensional, six-segment model was applied to the pitching motion of three professional pitchers to analyze the kinematics and kinetics of the hips, upper trunk, humerus and forearm plus hand of both the upper limbs. Subjects were filmed at 250 frames per second. An inverse dynamics approach and angular momentum principle with respect to the proximal endpoint of a rigid segment were employed in the analysis. Results showed considerable similarities between subjects in the kinetic control of trunk rotation about the spine's longitudinal axis, but variability in the control of trunk lean both to the side and forward. The kinetics of the throwing shoulder and elbow joint were comparable between subjects, but the contribution of the non-throwing upper limb was minimal and variable. The upper trunk rotators played a key role in accelerating the ball to an early, low velocity near stride foot contact. After a brief pause they resumed acting strongly in a positive direction, though not enough to prevent trunk angular velocity slowing, as the musculature of the arm applied a load at the throwing shoulder. The interaction moment from the proximal segments assisted the forearm extensor in slowing flexion and producing rapid elbow extension near ball release. The temporal onset of muscular torques was not in a strictly successive proximal-to-distal sequence.

Arm↗

PubMed1989

Hefting for a maximum distance throw: a smart perceptual mechanism.

Objects for throwing to a maximum distance were selected by hefting objects varying in size and weight. Preferred weights increased with size reproducing size-weight illusion scaling between weight and volume. In maximum distance throws, preferred objects were thrown the farthest. Throwing was related to hefting as a smart perceptual mechanism. Two strategies for conveying high kinetic energy to projectiles were investigated by studying the kinematics of hefting light, preferred, and heavy objects. Changes in tendon lengths occurring when objects of varying size were grasped corresponded to changes in stiffness at the wrist. Hefting with preferred objects produced an invariant phase between the wrist and elbow. This result corresponded to an optimal relation at peak kinetic energy for the hefting. A paradigm for the study of perceptual properties was compared to size-weight illusion methodology.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

The disabled throwing shoulder: spectrum of pathology Part I: pathoanatomy and biomechanics.

PROLOGUE: Several years ago, when we began to question microinstability as the universal cause of the disabled throwing shoulder, we knew that we were questioning a sacrosanct tenet of American sports medicine. However, we were comfortable in our skepticism because we were relying on arthroscopic insights, clinical observations, and biomechanical data, thereby challenging unverified opinion with science. In so doing, we assembled a unified concept of the disabled throwing shoulder that encompassed biomechanics, pathoanatomy, kinetic chain considerations, surgical treatment, and rehabilitation. In developing this unified concept, we rejected much of the conventional wisdom of microinstability-based treatment in favor of more successful techniques (as judged by comparative outcomes) that were based on sound biomechanical concepts that had been scientifically verified. Although we have reported various components of this unified concept previously, we have been urged by many of our colleagues to publish this information together in a single reference for easy access by orthopaedic surgeons who treat overhead athletes. We are grateful to the editors of Arthroscopy for allowing us to present our view of the disabled throwing shoulder. Part I: Pathoanatomy and Biomechanics is presented in this issue. Part II: Evaluation and Treatment of SLAP Lesions in Throwers will be presented in the May-June issue. Part III: The "SICK" Scapula, Scapular Dyskinesis, the Kinetic Chain, and Rehabilitation will be presented in the July-August issue. We hope you find it thought-provoking and compelling.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Compensatory coordination of release parameters in a throwing task.

The consistency and coordination of release parameters in ball-throwing movements were investigated. The authors used a newly developed index of coordination for release parameters (ICRP) that quantifies the degree of improvement of performance consistency caused by compensatory relationships among parameters (i.e., not caused by consistency of parameters). Eight participants practiced for 150 trials, with the nondominant hand, a ball-throwing task aimed at a stationary target. The magnitude of the ball-release velocity vector, among release parameters, as well as the performance was found to become consistent with practice. The ICRP score suggested that the release parameters were complementarily coordinated with one another, and that the coordination improved with practice. Those results indicate that compensatory relationships among varying release parameters contribute to reducing the variability of performance in a ball-throwing task whose goal is accuracy.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Effect of verbal instructions and image size on visual search strategies in basketball free throw shooting.

We assessed the effects on basketball free throw performance of two types of verbal directions with an external attentional focus. Novices (n = 16) were pre-tested on free throw performance and assigned to two groups of similar ability (n = 8 in each). Both groups received verbal instructions with an external focus on either movement dynamics (movement form) or movement effects (e.g. ball trajectory relative to basket). The participants also observed a skilled model performing the task on either a small or large screen monitor, to ascertain the effects of visual presentation mode on task performance. After observation of six videotaped trials, all participants were given a post-test. Visual search patterns were monitored during observation and cross-referenced with performance on the pre- and post-test. Group effects were noted for verbal instructions and image size on visual search strategies and free throw performance. The 'movement effects' group saw a significant improvement in outcome scores between the pre-test and post-test. These results supported evidence that this group spent more viewing time on information outside the body than the 'movement dynamics' group. Image size affected both groups equally with more fixations of shorter duration when viewing the small screen. The results support the benefits of instructions when observing a model with an external focus on movement effects, not dynamics.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Do handball throws always exhibit a proximal-to-distal segmental sequence?

Previous studies on overarm throwing have described a proximal-to-distal segmental sequence. The proximal segments reached their maximal linear velocities before the distal ones. In handball, no study has demonstrated this sequence from the upper torso to the wrist, although a recent study did present a different organization. The aim of this study was to analyse the throwing arm segmental organization during handball throwing. We found that the maximal linear velocity of the shoulder occurred after the maximal linear velocity of the elbow. Moreover, the maximal angular velocity of the upper torso occurred later than that of the elbow. Hence, contrary to other disciplines, the rotation of the upper torso was not suddenly stopped just after the forward arm motion was initiated. These results may apply to handball in general or be specific to the population of handball players studied. It may be advisable in future studies to include international players.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Timing of ball release in overarm throws affects ball speed in unskilled but not skilled individuals.

We tested the hypothesis that variability in the timing of ball release in overarm throws affects ball speed. Nine unskilled and six skilled throwers made 30 throws fast and accurately from a sitting and standing position. Angular positions of finger and arm segments were recorded with search-coils at 1000 Hz; ball speed was measured with a radar gun. The time of ball release from the fingertips was measured with respect to seven arm kinematic reference points. Mean timing windows for ball release were 28 ms for unskilled throwers and 7 ms for skilled throwers. Mixed-model analyses of variance showed that a there was a statistically significant relationship between ball speed and the timing of ball release in unskilled throwers, but not in skilled throwers. This was presumably due to the difference in variability of the timing of ball release between the two groups. In contrast, skilled throwers showed a relationship between ball speed and peak forearm angular velocity (one measure of arm speed). We conclude that although variability in the timing of ball release can affect ball speed, this is only a major factor in unskilled throwers. When skilled throwers throw fast, variability in ball speed is due to variability in arm speed.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Dynamics of the basketball shot with application to the free throw.

A completely general three-dimensional dynamic model is presented for the motion of basketball shots that may contact the rim, the backboard, the bridge between the rim and board, and possibly the board and the bridge simultaneously. Non-linear ordinary differential equations with six degrees of freedom describe the ball angular velocity and ball centre position. The model includes radial ball compliance and damping and contains five sub-models: purely gravitational flight, and ball-rim, ball-bridge, ball-board, and ball-bridge-board contact. Each contact sub-model has both slipping and non-slipping motions. Switching between the sub-models depends on the reaction force at, and velocity of, the contact point. Although the model can be used to study shots from any point on the court, we here use it to study the sets of free throw release angle, velocity, angular velocity, and lateral deviation angle that result in success (capture), as well as underhand free throws and those using an under-inflated ball. Free throw shots with larger backspin, lower inflation pressures, and underhand release conditions are shown to result in larger capture percentages.

Basketball↗

PubMed1988

The biomechanics of javelin throwing: a review.

In this paper, the scientific literature and that on the sports sciences relevant to javelin throwing is critically reviewed. This is particularly timely because of the change in the specification of the javelin for the men's event, which was introduced by the IAAF in 1986. A full discussion of the aerodynamics of the javelin is presented with due consideration of the change in pitching moment characteristics that the rules change had brought about. The uses and limitations of current computer programs for simulating javelin flight, in order to estimate optimal release parameters, are profiled. Consideration is also given to the effects of wind velocity, air density, javelin weight and the flutter and spin of the javelin on its flight. The review further considers the optimization of release parameters, drawing upon computer simulations and field-based data. The effects of release speed, release height, release angle, release angle of attack and release pitch rate are assessed. The javelin throwing technique is discussed in relation to cinematographically derived data, including an evaluation of experimental procedures. The importance to successful performance of the grip, the run-up and transition phases, the cross over and delivery strides are each reviewed. Finally, some prognoses as to the direction of future research into this complex throwing skill are offered.

Air Movements↗

PubMed1993

A three-dimensional analysis of javelin throwing technique.

This paper reports a three-dimensional kinematic analysis of the best throws from the women's and men's javelin competitions at the 1991 World Student Games in Sheffield. This was undertaken to obtain accurate three-dimensional release parameter values for elite javelin throwers in a top competition, to relate the release parameters to important temporal and kinematic features of the javelin throwing technique and to carry out an assessment of the adequacy of two-dimensional estimates of release parameter values in comparison with those from the three-dimensional analysis. Cine-film was taken using two phase-locked Panasonic 1PL cameras running at a frame rate of 100 Hz, and every other frame was digitized. All methodologies were in accord with the guidelines of the British Association of Sports Sciences. The results indicated the possibility of two different throwing techniques, within and between individuals, relating both to the timing of hip joint actions within the kinematic chain and the trade-off between the impulse applied to the javelin and run-up speed. The results also indicated that important release parameter values assessed from the xz-plane alone differed only marginally from those from three dimensions. The extra information obtainable from three-dimensional analysis (such as angle of sideslip, incidence magnitude, azimuth angle, angle of track and yaw rate) along with the poor representation of the time-course of important variables obtained from the xz-plane makes the three-dimensional analysis of this event essential. This is further strengthened by the practical use of three-dimensional analysis in allowing coaches and throwers the opportunity to view the event from any perspective. Recommendations for future research include further three-dimensional kinematic analyses with priority being given to assessing ways of estimating wind conditions around the javelin runway and of incorporating the vibrations of the javelin within the analysis.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed1996

Stress and performance: an application of Gray's three-factor arousal theory to basketball free-throw shooting.

The suitability of Gray's (1975) three-factor arousal theory as a model of human performance under stress was investigated in a study of basketball free-throw shooting. Free-throw attempts, made by members of an NCAA Division I men's varsity team, were videotaped during one full season. On the basis of Gray's theory, we predicted that increased stress (assumed to be present in games as opposed to practices) would be associated with longer pre-shot preparations and a greater incidence of overthrow shots. The prediction was confirmed by the results. Moreover, we found that free-throws were more frequently overthrown when attempted during crucial rather than non-crucial game situations. Further tests of the utility of Gray's theory are suggested.

Arousal↗

PubMed1993

Rhythmicity, ritual, and motor performance: a study of free throw shooting in basketball.

The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of timing during an auto-communicative ritual to successful performance. Eight members of a university varsity basketball team served as subjects for this study. Each subject performed 15 free throws in each of four different conditions. Condition 1 required subjects to use their standard free throw ritual prior to shooting. Condition 2 required subjects to maintain the relative timing of ritual behaviors but reduce the absolute time of the ritual by one-half. Condition 3 required that relative timing be maintained but that the absolute time of the ritual be doubled. Condition 4 required the same behaviors and the same absolute time as the standard ritual but that the relative time of the ritual be altered. Data were collected with a 16-mm high-speed camera. Types of behaviors, timing aspects of the ritual, successful attempts, and shot mechanics were dependent measures. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of dependent measures and Fisher's scores from correlation coefficients of dependent measures indicate that relative timing of behaviors (rhythmicity) is more important to success than the absolute time of rituals. Behaviors most important to free throw success are those that may be totally controlled by the subject and yet remain stable with changing conditions.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Throwing patterns used by collegiate baseball players in actual games.

The form of 3,684 throws made by 100 players in 7 collegiate baseball games was examined in relation to position, distance, and active and inactive situations. All throws made from the first pitch to the last out for 94 half innings were videotaped from the stands. The results showed that the interrater reliability of task, environment, and performance measures were all acceptable to excellent (percentage of agreement was at least 80%), indicating that qualitative aspects of throwing can be reliably measured in an actual sport context. Alternatives to the most advanced pattern were observed at least half the time for catchers and infielders at most distances in both active and inactive situations andfor pitchers and outfielders only in inactive situations.

Adolescent↗