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Belief in the evil eye is one of the oldest and most widespread superstitions in the world. The concept of the evil eye has influenced present day ophthalmology, medicine, and social customs. Oculus sinister (OS), the serpent and the staff of Asclepius, the symbol of RX, and many social customs are historically related to the evil eye.
Art is an exercise of human skill - sometimes figments of imagination to express the natural world in various forms-literal and visual. Medicine and art interact in the doctor's life and work. The science and art of healing takes many forms; so does the expressive and evocative process known as art. The details are presented here.
The author gives a short survey of the beginnings of the Museum of the History of Medicine at the University of Zurich, created by Gustav Adolf Wehrli, MD (1888-1949), and of its further development. He insists on the present-day interest of such a museum: the study of ancient tools of the art of healing may elucidate complex problems that still defy the profession, and the presentation of such objects in a wide cultural and historical context may lead the attentive visitor to a better understanding of modern medicine.
The period from the Warring States to the Three Kingdoms was the stage of laying foundation preliminarily for surgical theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Observing and analyzing it from two aspects, that is development of the clinical practice of surgery and the establishment of the basic theory of surgery, it is helpful for recognizing its process of establishment, development and improvement.
Investigation has been made on the folk medicine and health care in Jingning Autonomous Prefecture of She ethnic group, the only of its kind in China. It is demonstrated that since the living condition is bad, the hygienic environment is very poor, epidemics like measle, malaria and venereal diseases are very prevalent, and a high incident area of hyperthyroidism. Since there are no special writing characters, She ethnic group spread their medical know - how by oral transmission. Collection of herbs and compounding of recipes are mainly through the family. Medicine of the She ethnic group has a long history, and the treatment of bone - injury, snake - bites and wind - pain are very unique. It has been found that there are 599 genuses, 199 families of herbs in She medicine with 1043 species; among them, 214 herbs are in common use, falling under 126 genuses. In addition, 7 new herbal plants are found, and 332 recipes collected. Currently, over 40 She physicians are practicing in the prefecture.
As a major component of diseases, "wind syndrome" in medicine of Dong nationality is closely related to the way of thinking, ecological surrounding, and culture of Dong ethnic group. This syndrome is very primitive with very extensive inclusion and ethnic uniqueness.
Facing the challenge of modern medicine, how to develop Chinese traditional surgery is a question. The tremendous heritage of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is the springhead of the development and innovation of TCM. Succession and innovation is an eternal subject for the development of Chinese traditional surgery. In order to improve Chinese traditional surgery, we should explore traditional medical literature, and carry forward the theories of Chinese traditional surgery.
As an ancient famous philosopher and a figure of encyclopedic pattern, Zhi Xi was conversant with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and the art of healthcare in addition to the knowledge of philosophical knowledge and its implication, with special understanding on medical classics and its recipes, pulse taking and drug application. He exerted significant influence on the development of ancient medicine, especially in methodology which can be summarized into 3 points. 1. Advocating seeking truth by suspicious attitude; 2. Emphasizing the combined use of simplicity and erudition and from erudition to simplicity; 3. Nature and natural law, manifesting rather high rational dialectical level. These ideas improved the medical development of later generation.
There is a basis for the comparison of pulse - taking between TCM and Tibetan Medicine. There are connections and differences as well. The history of TCM pulsology is time - honored. There were contacts between TCM and Tibetan Medicine before the founding of Tubo dynasty. Many TCM classics from inland China were brought into Tibet by Princess Whencheng. Clear influence of Chinese pulsology can be seen in Tibetan pulsology. However, Tibetan pulsology has its own uniqueness. By combining imported knowledge with the experience of Tibetan people themselves, Tibetan pulsology is thus well developed.
Georgian medicine as well as the whole culture of Georgia, is one of the oldest in the world. In more than the 500 medical manuscripts preserved and since described, there are traces of Sumerian medicine. Examples of Chinese, Indian and especially Arabic medicine are also clearly seen. At the same time close relationships with Graeco-Roman medical traditions are beyond doubt. Nursing homes established by Georgian healers, many of whom were canonized by the Orthodox Church are to be found in many churches and monasteries all over the world. They gave fruitful scientific research and practical help.
For many centuries a host of naturalists, savants, physicians and veterinarians have tried to unravel the etiology of scabies in humans and animals and to discover effective remedies to control it. After many attempts, success was achieved in the discovery of the parasitic etiology of the disease in the 15th century. Also, major advances with regard to the treatment of the disease were made during the 19th and 20th centuries. Today the prevalence of epidemic scabies in humans has diminished; on the other hand, good progress in the control of mange of livestock has been made only in a few countries including Australia, New Zealand and the U.S.A.
The beginning of Chinese medicine has been attributed to 3 mythical emperors who gathered herbs for medicines. During the 2nd century BC, Han dynasty physicians developed cranial trephining and sedation with wine and herbs for anesthesia. Chiang Chung-Ching (142-212 AD) used the appearance of rashes in diagnosis, treated infections with anthelmintics and asthma with ephedra, described the symptoms of diabetes mellitus and expanded medical ethics. The specialties of obstetrics, pediatrics, ophthalmology and dentistry were described in the records of the Han and Tang dynasties, and methods of setting fractures and treating trauma were comparable with those of Roman military doctors. Shen Tua (1031-1095 AD) compiled a pharmacopeia and studied acupuncture and the pulses. Forensic medicine was developed during the 10th century by Sung Tse, who also advocated hand washing with sulfur and vinegar to avoid infection during autopsies. The Daoist physicians used androgens and estrogens to treat hypogonadism with therapeutic preparations of placentas. They also had an advanced knowledge of alchemy, claiming to achieve 'immortality' by their preservation techniques. Qualifying examinations for physicians were conducted by the Chinese state as early as the 1st century AD, and later incorporated philosophy and art to conform with the Confucian ideal. Throughout these eras, Chinese medicine profited from contact with western Asia. In ancient Chinese medicine, the excretory function of the kidney was attributed to the bladder. 'Kidney weakness', which refers to somatized depression, was treated by acupuncture along the 'kidney channel'. Pulse examination was also used to give a measure of the imbalance of renal Yin and Yang.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
In the history of traditional Chinese medicine, some literati mastered medicine. By analyzing several typical representatives. It can be seen that the reasons for such phenomenon are: 1) the theories of medicine and literature are interlinked on the basis of literature; 2) a good doctor and good prime ministers have the same social status and reputation; 3) morally good doctors fulfill the duty of loyalty, filial piety and comfort much more than good prime ministers on ethics; 4) healthy care and health preserving are action aspiring for fundamentality of life. Thus, this is the result from literati's crudition and edification of traditional Chinese culture.
The article discusses the views of the time - space - orientation of Wuxing (Five - Evolutive Phase), Yin - yang and Sifeng (Four - Wind), and its influence on traditional Chinese medical theories. It is shown that traditional Chinese medical theories are developed and established on the basis of the science and technology and social thought of the pre - Qin period, with some contents to be further discussed, and bias would be resulted if the issue is interpreted by concepts of post - Qin period.
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Slovenes have lived in the territory of today's Slovenia for more than 14 centuries, whilst the history of its medical culture goes back for 2000 years. The advent of Christianity in Slovenia in the eighth century AD marked an important turning point in the development of its medicine. The 500 years of the Habsburg monarchy was later to have a further impact on the development of new medical ideas. During the Renaissance, the names of the Slovene doctors Mattioli, Paracelsus, Scopoli and Hacquet, who worked among Slovenians, were to become known all over Europe. Others of Slovene origin were Perlach, Santorio, Gerbezius, Carbonarius, Plenciz, and Sagar, whose work influenced European medical culture, especially in German speaking countries. However their Slovene nationality was not acknowledged until the second half of the 19th century.
Blood was mentioned as possible therapeutic measures throughout human history. However modern blood transfusion medicine has developed only during the 20th century. In Japan, blood transfusion was tried since 1919 by several surgeons who had experienced during World War I in Europe. In 1930, the Prime Minister, Osachi Hamaguchi, was shot and became shock for intra-abdominal bleeding. He was saved by the blood transfusion by his son. This affair made Japanese people know the value of blood transfusion. After World War II (1945), blood transfusion has come into wide use in Japan. But posttransfusion infections, for example, hepatitis virus and human immunodeficiency virus I infection have been big problems these 30 years. We must try to make this life-saving treatment safer whenever possible.
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