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At least 1,441 records · Page 80Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein and fetal trisomy-21 in women 35 years and older: implications for alpha-fetoprotein screening programs.

A retrospective study of 3,411 women who underwent midtrimester amniocentesis for fetal chromosome analysis between June 1979 and August 1984 was performed to evaluate an association between low maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations and Down syndrome (DS) pregnancies. A total of 71 pregnancies was found with abnormal fetal chromosomes; of these, 26 cases were trisomy-21 and 10 cases were trisomy-18. The maternal serum AFP in women with DS fetuses was relatively lower than levels in women with fetuses that had normal chromosomes. In addition, the AFP concentrations in amniotic fluid were decreased in cases involving DS fetuses. We have estimated the risks for DS pregnancy at all maternal ages and most serum AFP concentrations. Using these calculations, genetic counselors will be able to provide more accurate risk estimates for trisomy-21 following maternal serum AFP testing.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Problems associated with the application of short-term tests for mutagenicity in mass-screening programs.

The application of short-term tests for toxicological evaluation of environmental chemicals is certainly a reality in the near future as a result of the Toxic Substances Control Act, as well as other regulations under development [de Serres, 1977]. Many of the problems associated with this testing in the area of genetic toxicology are under study at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in our National Toxicology Program and at the Environmental Protection Agency in their Gene-Tox Program. The other problems that I have discussed in connection with standardization of protocols, protocol review and modification, and training of personnel are not being pursued aggressively. Perhaps with their definition and acceptance as meaningful problems, mechanisms will be established for their resolution. It is in these latter areas that I hope that this society can provide the forceful leadership that will result in their resolution in the near future.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Pharmacologic validation of human tumor clonogenic assays based on pleiotropic drug resistance: implications for individualized chemotherapy and new drug screening programs.

Because of the bias toward successful cloning of human tumor cells from more advanced malignancies, alternative approaches to clinical correlations of drug resistance are needed to determine the validity of the human tumor clonogenic assay (HTCA) as a clinically useful test. Capitalizing on the prevalence of clinical drug resistance among these advanced malignancies, we have taken an independent approach to testing the validity of HTCAs based upon pharmacologic principles rather than tumor response. A database of results from drug sensitivity/resistance testing in 1,777 HTCAs has been examined retrospectively for specimens exhibiting either the MDR1 or Topo-II pleiotropic drug resistance phenotype. Twenty specimens were identified as MDR1 based upon test results showing resistance to adriamycin, vinca alkaloid, and etoposide. Test results with mitomycin-c confirmed the MDR1 phenotype in eight out of nine of these specimens. Seven out of eight of the confirmed MDR1 samples were resistant to either cis-platinum or alkylating agents or to both. There was no significant difference in the 5-fluorouracil resistance of these MDR1 specimens and the database as a whole, demonstrating the specific nature of this drug resistance phenotype in vitro. One specimen, a squamous carcinoma of the lung, was mitomycin-c sensitive, even though it exhibited all the other drug resistances characteristic of the MDR1 phenotype. Six specimens with the Topo-II phenotype were identified based upon resistance to adriamycin and etoposide with sensitivity to vinca alkaloids. Surprisingly, the Topo-II phenotype showed a strong association with increased cis-platinum resistance and a weaker one with decreased 5-fluorouracil resistance. Thus, 26/30 (87%) of analyzable specimens showed some form of clinically characterized multidrug resistance, illustrating how easily one can obtain 90% accuracy in predicting clinical drug resistance with HTCAs that are heavily biased by a disproportionate number of successful cloning assays with advanced malignancies. The data analysis also shows that prediction of adriamycin resistance based on lack of Topoisomerase II expression will not be very accurate, in contrast to a previous claim. Until cell culture technology can facilitate frequent successes in the cloning of early detected, drug-sensitive lesions, this bias will remain in HTCA databases, and studies comparing HTCA results with clinical response will continue to be uninformative. However, the in vitro identification of pleiotropic drug resistance phenotypes exactly analogous to those previously observed in patients provides pharmacologic validation at least for the prediction of drug resistance as measured by current HTCAs using suprapharmacologic drug concentrations.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1975

Biochemical and physiological parameters on the skin surface of healthy test persons: a contribution towards the interpretation of the results obtained by a screening program.

Biochemical and physiological examinations were carried out on the skin surface of a total of 115 healthy persons ranging from the age of 7-79 years. In these investigations the following striking findings were made: 1. There is a significant correlation between the results obtained by the ferricyanide, the phenol sulfuric acid and the ninhydrin methods in the so called water solubles. 2. The relationship between the fraction of wax and cholesterol esters and the squalene fraction in the skin surface lipids influences the release of free fatty acids by bacterial lipases. 3. With regards to most parameters tested there are great differences between the 8-12 year age group and the older age groups. 4. There are significant differences in the 8-12 year age group between the male and female test persons. 5. With regards to the parameters tested there are also significant differences between the various test areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Home-based Health Risk Appraisal and screening program.

In an effort to improve Health Risk Appraisals and to induce individuals to change their lifestyles, comprehensive evaluations and counseling sessions were carried out for 476 participants of an experimental preventive care program (1984). Nurse practitioners interviewed participants in their homes and collected information about their lifestyle, medical history, and family history. In addition, physical examinations were performed and blood samples were obtained for laboratory analysis. This information was used to formulate health risk profiles for all participants who were then counseled on how to decrease identified health risks. Interventions included education about health risks and specific programs which were administered to help modify high-risk behaviors. At one year follow-up, significant risk reductions were reported in many areas of increased risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Efficacy of a universal screening program for the prevention of neonatal group B streptococcal disease.

Universal antepartum vaginal cultures for group B streptococcus (GBS) were initiated in a Spanish hospital in 1994 using Granada medium. Infants born to carriers were monitored closely, and blood, urine and mucocutaneous areas were cultured for GBS. Group B streptococcus was detected in 543 of 4,525 women (12%). Of these, 454 gave birth vaginally, of whom 201 (44%) received intrapartum ampicillin. Prophylaxis was not administered to 253 women (56%). In this group, infants of 120 women were colonized and 1 case of neonatal GBS disease occurred. Using this protocol, most GBS carriers with risk factors received intrapartum prophylaxis. This protocol also led to early identification of colonized newborns.

Female↗
PubMed1990

Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels in pregnancies complicated by diabetes: implications for screening programs.

Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein may be reduced in diabetic pregnancies, but the association with elevated glycosylated hemoglobin has been controversial. We tested the hypothesis that reductions in maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein may reflect the same phenomena that can also impair normal rates of embryo growth in the presence of poorly compensated maternal diabetes. If so, associations would be expected among maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein, embryo rates of growth, and levels of glycosylated hemoglobin reflective of regulation of maternal diabetes during the period of organogenesis. We found maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels in 93 pregnant patients with diabetes to be negatively associated with the earliest (4 to 12 weeks) glycosylated hemoglobin determinations. At glycosylated hemoglobin values greater than 9.6% (which approximates the upper quartile), all maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein values fell below the median for patients without diabetes (below 0.8 multiple of the median after weight adjustment). Moreover, there was a trend for pregnancies with lower maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels and higher glycosylated hemoglobin values to also demonstrate early fetal growth delay as measured by ultrasonography.

Embryo, Mammalian↗