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PubMed1983

Population analysis of susceptibility to methicillin, vancomycin, and three cephalosporines in two methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Population analyses of susceptibility to methicillin, vancomycin, cephalothin, cefamandole, and cefoxitin were carried out with two strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) resistant to penicillin, streptomycin, and methicillin. Two strains of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), one sensitive to penicillin the other resistant, were used as controls. All strains were clinical isolates. From the strains of S. epidermidis it was possible to select sub-populations highly resistant to methicillin, cephalothin, cefamandole, and cefoxitin. The mutation-rate varied between c. 10(-3) and 10(-7). The two strains were homogeneous as regards vancomycin susceptibility. Methicillin was shown to be more penicillinase-stable than the cephalosporines. Treatment in vivo, with cephalothin and vancomycin did not increase the frequency of highly resistant bacteria against any of the antibiotics, but during treatment with cephalothin the majority-population became eight times more resistant to vancomycin and may explain why the treatment in vivo was not successful.

Cephalosporins↗

PubMed1984

Tumor growth inhibition by protein A and non-protein A containing Staphylococcus aureus in a mouse mammary carcinoma model.

Reinfusion of tumor-bearer plasma after absorption with killed Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan I may be followed by inhibition or even acute necrosis of animal and human tumors. The effect has been attributed to protein A produced in large amounts by this staphylococcus. We have examined the effect upon the growth of a transplanted GR mouse mammary tumor of intraperitoneal inoculation of three strains of S. aureus characterized by being either protein A-rich or protein A-free. A significant tumor growth inhibition was found with all three strains of S. aureus. Serum levels of IgG1, IgG2 and IgM were found to be substantially increased. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis revealed increased numbers and titres of precipitins against staphylococcal antigens. It is concluded that staphylococcal moieties other than protein A may be involved in the tumor growth inhibition. The possibility and role of complement activation by protein A-like molecules through the alternative F(ab)2 reactivity is discussed.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1985

Binding of human serum high density lipoprotein to Staphylococcus capitis.

Of twelve different staphylococcal species tested, Staphylococcus capitis and Staphylococcus warneri bound human serum high density lipoprotein (HDL). The binding of HDL was observed with bacteria cultivated of brain-heart infusion broth agar, but not on nutrient broth agar. The factor mediating the binding of HDL seems to be a bacterial component and not a component of the growth medium. Studies on the binding of HDL to S. capitis showed that a subfraction of HDL was involved in the reaction. This subfraction constituted approximately 30% of the total purified serum HDL.

Apolipoprotein A-I↗

PubMed1988

The Tween 80 reaction does not correlate to triglyceride lipase production of Staphylococcus aureus.

This comparison of Tween 80 reaction with triglyceride lipase production comprises 357 Staphylococcus aureus strains from various clinical sources. Tween 80 is a water-soluble substrate, and thus estimates esterase activity. Lipase production was assayed using water-insoluble substrates (radiolabelled triglyceride emulsions). Only a minor proportion of Tween 80-positive strains had significant triglyceride lipase production (greater than 5 mU/10(9) bacteria). The discrepancy between the two methods was most pronounced in subgroups of samples with low frequency of lipase production, e.g. from isolates from superficial locations such as nasal mucosa and impetigo. Owing to its low specificity, the Tween 80 reaction therefore seems unsuitable as a marker for lipase activity in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus.

Bacteriophage Typing↗

PubMed1989

Serum HDL2 distribution in patients with coronary heart disease and controls as estimated by a precipitation reaction between HDL2 and an extract of Staphylococcus capitis.

Serum HDL2 concentration has been shown to be lowered in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Since we previously reported that serum HDL2 can be estimated by single radial diffusion in agar containing an extract of Staphylococcus capitis, it seemed of interest to study whether serum HDL2 as estimated by this method is different in CHD patients and controls. It was shown that relative activity of HDL2, assessed by the method, was appreciably lower in 40 men with angiographically proven coronary artery disease (CAD) than in a control group of 39 men of the same age. Also apolipoprotein A (apo A) concentration was lower in the CAD group, but group difference in HDL2 activity was greater than separation based upon apoA. It is suggested that precipitation with an extract of Staphylococcus capitis might be a useful approach to estimate serum HDL2 levels.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage among the diabetic and non-diabetic haemodialysis patients.

Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of serious infections in patients undergoing long-term haemodialysis (HD). S. aureus infections in HD patients are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Especially, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains are becoming increasingly multidrug-resistant and have recently developed resistance to vancomycin, used successfully to treat MRSA for more than 30 years. In vitro determination of resistance patterns of S. aureus is critical in terms of administering suitable antimicrobial treatment. The objective of this study was to identify the frequency of S. aureus among diabetic and non-diabetic HD patients and to investigate resistance patterns against various antibiotics used broadly for treatment. This study was carried out between January 2004 and December 2004. In the present survey, 261 patients undergoing HD treatment from three HD units in Hatay were examined. A total of 148 Staphylococcus aureus strains were processed to assess their occurrence rates and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. S. aureus positivity was determined in 148 (56.7%) of the 261 HD patients and 26 (16.2%) of the 160 individuals in the control group. The difference was significant (p < 0.001). HD length was found to be 38.4 +/- 24.3 months in the patients of S. aureus carrier and 27.3 +/- 18.5 months in non-carrier patients. Significant correlation was also identified between durations those on HD and the isolation of S. aureus (p < 0.001). However, the carrier state was unrelated to the presence of diabetes mellitus (DM), age or sex. In conclusion, nasal carriage of S. aureus was found to be more prevalent in HD patients than that in those in the control group. Also, it is concluded that DM was not a risk factor for the nasal carriage of S. aureus. In addition, the rates of antibiotic resistance of S. aureus strains were found to be quite higher in HD patients than in the control group (p < 0.05).

Case-Control Studies↗

PubMed1996

Importance of Staphylococcus hyicus ssp hyicus as a cause of arthritis in pigs up to 12 weeks of age.

Lame pigs, up to 12 weeks of age, were necropsied to establish a diagnosis. Of 175 pigs examined, 165 were confirmed to have arthritis by histopathological examination of joint tissues. Lesions were most common in the elbow and tarsal joints and least common in the joints of the feet. Typically, there was severe fibrinopurulent inflammation of synovial membranes regardless of the bacteria isolated. A bacterial aetiology was found in 114 (69%) of the 165 pigs. In arthritic pigs in which an aetiology was established the causative agents were Staphylococcus hyicus ssp hyicus (24.6%), Streptococcus equisimilis (26.3%), Actinomyces pyogenes (13.2%), Staphylococcus aureus (7.9%) and Haemophilus parasuis (7.9%). While gender did not affect the prevalence of arthritis, there was an age influence, most of the pigs culled for arthritis being under 6 weeks of age.

Actinomyces↗

PubMed1996

Antibacterial activity of xanthones from guttiferaeous plants against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Extracts of Garcinia mangostana (Guttiferae) showing inhibitory effects against the growth of S. aureus NIHJ 209p were fractionated according to guidance obtained from bioassay and some of the components with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were characterized. One active isolate, alpha-mangostin, a xanthone derivative, had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.57-12.5 micrograms mL-1. Other related xanthones were also examined to determine their anti-MRSA activity. Rubraxanthone, which was isolated from Garcinia dioica and has a structure similar to that of alpha-mangostin, had the highest activity against staphylococcal strains (MIC = 0.31-1.25 micrograms mL-1), an activity which was greater than that of the antibiotic vancomycin (3.13-6.25 micrograms mL-1). The inhibitory effect against strains of MRSA of two of the compounds when used in conjunction with other antibiotics was also studied. The anti-MRSA activity of alpha-mangostin was clearly increased by the presence of vancomycin; this behaviour was not observed for rubraxanthone. The strong in-vitro antibacterial activity of xanthone derivatives against both methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus suggests the compounds might find wide pharmaceutical use.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1997

A xanthanolide with potent antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

This study was conducted to find constituents of an annual herb, Xanthium sibiricum Patr er Widd, with effective antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). By monitoring antibacterial activity against MRSA strains, it was shown that a sesquiterpene lactone, identified as [3aR-(3a alpha, 7 beta,8a beta)]-3,3a,4,7,8,8a-hexahydro-7- methyl-3-methylene-6-(3-oxo-1-butenyl)-2H-cyclohepta[b]furan-2-one, or xanthatin, isolated from leaves of the herb, had outstandingly potent activity against S. aureus species, including MRSA; its activity against MRSA and MSSA strains was similar. Other bacteria, e.g. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi, were also susceptible at the concentrations tested but the compound had no inhibitory effect on some other bacteria, including Escherichia coli. The results show that xanthatin has outstandingly potent activity against strains of S. aureus but that the activity of the compound is highly species-specific.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1991

[Microbiological characterization of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis].

As a result of recent development in medical practice including use of new antimicrobial agents, coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS) that were once considered nonpathogenic contaminants have captured attention as causes of disease. The 43 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis sensu stricto and 7 isolates of S. epidermidis from the medical staffs were characterized with regard to (1) their biochemical profiles, (2) slime productivity, (3) beta-lactamase productivity and (4) plasmid patterns. Most of the isolates have an identical biochemical profile code. The slime production was observed in the 9 strains isolated from pleural effusions or the tubes used for pleural drainage. These strains had a similar antimicrobial susceptibility profile that are commonly seen in multi-resistant strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In addition, most of these strains produced beta-lactamase. For the plasmid profiling, we selected 12 isolates that possessed 5 distinct antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. Upon agarose gel electrophoresis, 8 isolates were shown to possess a 1.9 kb plasmid. These 8 isolates had resistance against tobramycin (TOB) and erythromycin (EM). Emergence of S. epidermidis as causes of disease will increasingly necessitate the detailed microbiological characterization of the clinical isolates.

DNA, Bacterial↗

PubMed1992

[Epidemiological study of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the Japanese National University and Medical College Hospitals with coagulase typing, and production of enterotoxins and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1].

Coagulase typing, staphylococcus enterotoxins (SE) A to E or toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST = 1) production, and susceptibility to Oxacillin (MPIPC) were examined in 430 strains of S. aureus, which were isolated from clinical specimen of 43 Japanese National University or Medical College Hospitals during the one month period of August in 1990. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): more than 4 mmg/ml of minimum inhibitory concentration for MPIPC in Mueller-Hinton broth containing 2% NaCl, occupied 58.6% of all the S. aureus, and more than 60% of the strains from admitted patients in all the areas of Japan except Hokkaidoh. Coagulase type II, SEC and TSST-1 producing strains were most frequently detected, 34.5% of all the MRSA. This kind of strain was distributed mainly in the eastern part of the Honshyu island, and showed high percentage especially in the Tohhoku and the Chyubu area. The second most frequent kind of MRSA was coagulase type II, no SE nor TSST-1 producing one, 15.4%, which was distributed mainly in the western part of Japan. Coagulase type IV, SEA producing MRSA strains and Coagulase type II, SEA, SEC and TSST-1 producing strains were detected in relatively high incidence, 10.3% and 8.7% respectively. Coagulase type III, no SE nor TSST-1 producing MRSAs demonstrated characteristic distribution, and were detected only in the western part of Japan, presenting the highest incidence in the Shikoku Island.

Bacterial Toxins↗

PubMed1992

[Growth inhibitory activity of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa against Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA and MSSA)].

Anti staphylococcal activity by clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was tested by the reversed agar plate and the filter paper stamp methods. Almost 40% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibited the growth of both Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Green pigment (Pyocyanin) produced strains showed a strong inhibitory effect against MRSA and MSSA respectively. But some other pigment (Yellow, Red) strains also showed anti staphylococcal activity. These data suggest the colonization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with anti staphylococcal activity may not be eradicated by the anti pseudomonic antibiotics.

Antibiosis↗

PubMed1993

[Relationship between coagulase toxin-type and drug susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in all the Japanese National University Hospitals].

Drug susceptibility of 430 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in 1991 from clinical specimens at all of the Japanese national university hospitals was evaluated in relationship with the epidemiological markers, namely, coagulase typing, and staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) production. There were five major methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) groups in all the 252 MRSA strains: coagulase-type II-SEC + TSST-1- producing strains (II-SEC + TSST-1): 34.5%; coagulase-type II-no toxin-producing strains (II-): 15.4%; coagulase-type IV-SEA-producing strains (IV-SEA): 10.3%; coagulase-type II-SEA + SEC + TSST-1- producing strains (II-SEA + SEC + TSST-1): 8.7%; and coagulase-type III-no toxin-producing strains (III-): 7.1%. II-SEA + SEC + TSST-1 group was highly resistant to OFLX, whereas half of the other strain groups were sensitive to OFLX. Seventy-eight percent of the IV-SEA group was sensitive to FMOX, but there was no sensitive strain to FMOX in the II-SEA + SEC + TSST-1 group. More than 50% of the IV-SEA, III- and II-groups were sensitive to IPM, while the II-SEC + TSST-1 and II-SEA + SEC + TSST-1 groups were highly resistant to IPM. The III- and II-groups showed very good sensitivity to MINO, but the sensitivity to it of the II-SEA + SEC + TSST-1 group was very low. All of the strain groups were sensitive to ST except for the IV-SEA group. These results may provide useful information in the choice of antibacterial agents for MRSA infection.

Bacterial Toxins↗

PubMed1993

Nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus among healthy individuals.

Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus spp. were isolated from healthy students and their drug resistance was investigated. S. aureus was isolated from 17 of 70 persons (24.3%). Fourteen strains of 22 isolates of S. aureus were ampicillin-resistant. Two strains each were cefmetazole-resistant and gentamicin-resistant. None of the strains was found to be methicillin-resistant. Compared with the strains isolated from the hospital ward environment, S. aureus in healthy individuals was relatively sensitive to antibiotics.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

[A prospective study of septic episodes due to Staphylococcus aureus and the background of the patients].

From January 1983 to December 1991, 94 cases of Staphylococcus aureus septicemia were identified at Matsue Red Cross Hospital and were evaluated. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococci aureus counted 49%. Seventy two percent of the patients were 60 years or over in age. Intravascular catheters were the most common foci (33%), respiratory infections in 25% and so on. Administration of antibiotics before isolation of Staphylococcus aureus were thought to be the most significant factor in producing the methicillin-resistant septicemia, used in 41% of MSSA and 91.3% of MRSA cases. Especially, the trend of unproper usage of the 3rd generation cephems derivative antibiotics had a major role in producing multi-drug resistant bacteria. No significance was seen in the clinical background, underlying diseases, primary site of infection in between the two groups of methicillin resistant and sensitive cases. Mortality due to septicemia was 47.9% in the MSSA group of patients, while it was much higher in cases of MRSA (73.9%). In conclusion, as the administration of antibiotics even in non-infectious episodes is common in daily clinical activities in some out-patient clinics, the indications should be restricted, in order to prevent the further MRSA infections.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

[Relation between nutrition of patients and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)].

We respectively evaluated the nutritional state of 31 patients who isolated Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was isolated from January to November in 1993. Because 4 of 31 isolates were not considered to be a causative bacteria, we evaluated the rest 27 cases. Fifteen of 27 cases were diagnosed as MRSA infection and 12 (44%) MRSA colonization. We evaluated the nutritional state of patients with infection and colonization. There was significance (p < 0.01) between two groups as for serum total protein were 5.52 g/dl in infection group and 6.65 g/dl in colonization group. Furthermore there were significance (p < 0.05) for mean serum albumin were 3.04 g/dl v.s. 3.58 g/dl and total cholesterol were 122.3 mg/dl v.s. 162.5 mg/dl. Thus, MRSA was colonized in respiratory patients who were in better nutritional state, suggesting that importance of nutritional improvement for prevention and therapy against MRSA infection. We obtained similar results on Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

Aged↗

PubMed2000

[Pacemaker infection caused by Staphylococcus schleiferi].

Pacemaker infection is one of the severe complication of pacemaker implantation. We report a case of pacemaker infection caused by Staphylococcus schleiferi which is a coagulase-negative staphylococcus, and its relation with human infection is not well characterized. In 1994, a 80-year-old male presented with a pacemaker pocket infection, cutaneous inflammation but no fever 2 months after insertion of a pacemaker. S. schleiferi was isolated from the pus. The patient was given cefazolin for 5 days. One month later he was readmitted because of cutaneous inflammation and the extruded generator was removed. S. schleiferi was isolated from the generator. After the patient was treated with cefazolin for 3 weeks, four consecutive wound cultures were all negative. A new generator was inserted on the same side. One month after re-insertion, the patient again presented a cutaneous inflammation, and S. schleiferi was isolated from the pus as well as the generator and the leads on their removal. Twenty-six days later, a new pacing system was inserted on the other side. There was no further recurrence of the infection. Removal of the entire pacing system was necessary to cure the infection. We expect further information of human infections caused by S. schleiferi.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

[Drug sensitivity and teicoplanin resistance of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolated from blood culture].

Drug sensitivity and teicoplanin (TEIC) resistance of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp (CNS) isolated from blood culture in 10 years between 1992 and 2001 were investigated, and epidemiological analysis was performed using the survey of clinical backgrounds. Regarding the resistance rates of CNS to various drugs, no isolate was resistant to vancomycin (VCM), arbekacin (ABK), and linezolid (LZD), but the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of TEIC was 16 micrograms/ml or higher in 10.3% of isolates. The isolates include 56 S. epidermidis strains, 1 S. capitis strain and 4 S. haemolyticus strains. As for other drugs, the minocycline (MINO) resistance rate was relatively low (6.1%), and methicillin-resistant CNS (MRCNS) accounted for 67.1%. The resistance rate was high for many drugs between 1995 and 1997. MIC50/90 of drugs considered to be anti-Staphylococcus were 1/2 microgram/ml (VCM), 1/16 microgram/ml (TEIC), 0.25/1 microgram/ml (ABK) and 1/2 microgram/ml (LZD), showing that both MIC 50 and MIC90 of ABK were the lowest. Regarding cross-resistance to TEIC, the resistant group (MIC: 16 micrograms/ml or higher) exhibited cross-resistance to all drugs excluding MINO. Particularly, 90.2% of the TEIC resistant group was MRCNS. TEIC-resistant strain was most frequently (30.8%) detected in the pediatric ward. In comparison of clinical backgrounds of the TEIC-resistant and TEIC-sensitive groups, there were no significant differences in age, use of IVH, or prognosis, but a significant difference in detection of TEIC-resistant strains was noted in patients treated with the 4 th cepharosporins and carbapenems (p < 0.01). This survey clarified the presence of TEIC-resistant CNS strains. We will continue the survey to monitor resistance conversion. Investigation of the involvement of TEIC-resistant CNS strains in hospital infection and therapeutic course is also necessary.

Blood↗