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PubMed1999

Development and validation of the Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale.

The accurate assessment of nicotine withdrawal is important theoretically and clinically. A 28-item scale, the Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale, was developed that contains 7 reliable subscales tapping the major symptom elements of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome. Coefficients alpha for the subscales range from .75 to .93. This scale is sensitive to smoking withdrawal, is predictive of smoking cessation outcomes, and yields data that conform to a 7-factor structure. The 7 scales predicted intratreatment smoking, chi2(7, N = 163) = 15.19, p = .034. Moreover, the questionnaire is sufficiently brief so that it can be used in both clinical and research contexts.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

[Development of the general affect scales].

This study aimed at developing a self-report instrument of general mood states which was brief and easy to administer for Japanese respondents. Four studies were conducted. In Study 1, we administered some existing mood questionnaires in order to select appropriate items from them. Factor analysis using oblique rotation yielded eight factors. Following Study 2 and 3, we developed an instrument called the General Affect Scales with three 8-item subscales: positive affect (PA), negative affect (NA), and calmness (CA). The reliability and the validity of each scale were then investigated. It was shown that the subscales except the CA are highly internally consistent and factorially valid. Finally, these subscales were compared with other mood scales in Study 4.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

[Development of internet addiction measurement scales and Korean internet addiction index].

OBJECTIVES: To develop measurement scales of Internet addiction, and propose a Korean Internet Addiction Index (K-IAI) and classification criteria for Internet addiction from the threshold scores developed. METHODS: The identification of the concept of "Internet addiction" was based on the literature review. To select the scales, an exploratory factor analysis was applied. A construct validation was tested by a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with a structured equation model (SEM). In testing the validity of the classification criteria, ANOVA and non-recursive models with SEM were applied. RESULTS: Out of 1,080 questionnaires distributed, 1,037 were returned,; a response rate of 96%. The Cronbach-alpha of all items was over 0.75. Using an exploratory factor analysis in the condition of a 6 factor constrain as the study model proposed, 23 of the initial 28 items were identified. In testing the discriminant and convergent validity of the selected 23 scales using CFA with SEM, the Internet addiction model explained about 93% of all variances of the data collected, and all the latent variables significantly explained the designated scales. A K-IAI was proposed using the T-scores of the sum of all factor averages. In the classification of users, the basic concept was a two-standard deviation approach of the K-IAI as the criteria of MMPI. The addiction group had a score > or =70 in the K-IAI, the pre-addiction group between > or =50 and <70, and the average user group <50. The Internet use times of the classified groups were statistically different in the ANOVA and multiple comparisons. CONCLUSIONS: The K-IAI is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring Internet addiction. Moreover, the taxonomy of the groups was also verified using various methods.

Behavior, Addictive↗

PubMed1996

Development of a stress scale for mental health professionals.

This paper describes the development of the Mental Health Professionals Stress Scale (MHPSS): a self-report method of identifying sources of stress for mental health professionals. The 42-item scale, which includes seven subscales, was administered to 154 clinical psychologists and 111 mental health nurses. The MHPSS was found to have good internal consistency (alpha = .87 for clinical psychologists; alpha = .94 for mental health nurses). The preliminary evidence suggests that the concurrent validity of the MHPSS is good. The expected relationships between the scale and between the criterion measures--General Health Questionnaire, a symptom check list, job satisfaction, self-reported stress level and quality of social support--were demonstrated. The results also provide evidence for the discriminant validity of the subscales to measure different aspects of the stress experience. The MHPSS was shown to discriminate between two groups of health professionals who might be expected to differ in their sources of stress. For clinical psychologists the most important source of stress was 'professional self-doubt' whereas the major source of stress for mental health nurses was found to be the difficulty of handling potentially violent or difficult patients in the context of scarce staff resources. For both groups, however, 'home-work conflict' was the subscale most strongly and consistently associated with mental health outcome. It is concluded that the preliminary evidence regarding the utility of the MHPSS is encouraging, although further data are clearly needed.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

[Development of meaning in life scale II].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop a meaning of life scale with high validity and reliability. METHOD: A conceptual framework composed of 4 phases of meanings of life was identified. And 49 preliminary items on a 4-points scale were developed through content validity. A reliability and validity test of the 49 items was conducted on 564 adults. By means of internal consistency of the 49 items, 1 item was deleted. To verify the 48 items, factor analysis, reliability test, and LISEREL were done. RESULT: Through exploratory factor analysis of the 48 items, 8 factors were extracted. These factors were labeled as 'self- awareness and self-acceptance', 'hope', 'responsibility awareness', 'love experience', 'self transcendence', 'relation experience', 'self contentedness', and 'Commitment'. Through LISEREL of the 48 items, 2 items were excluded and finally 46 items remained. Cronbach's Alpha of the 46 items was .94. The correlation coefficient of the Self-esteem scale was .79. CONCLUSION: By the above results, the researchers recommend the following: An exploratory study on the variables related to the meaning of life are needed for criterion validity of this scale. Studies on meaning of life of different group, and subjects are needed for reverification.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Development of the Infant Tenderness Scale.

This article describes the development of a new instrument, the Blank Infant Tenderness Scale (BITS), designed to measure mothers' perceptions of infant tenderness needs. These infant needs include physiological requirements, such as nourishment and adequate body temperature, and contact requirements, such as physical closeness and manipulation. Guided by Sullivan's (1953) theorem of tenderness, a 36-item instrument was constructed. To assess reliability and validity of the BITS and to develop a beginning data base with new mothers, 65 healthy postpartum mothers participated in the study. The results demonstrated that the BITS has high internal consistency and construct validity, and sufficient split-half reliability. Parity was found to affect mothers' perceptions, with multiparous mothers differentiating more among infant tenderness needs than primiparous mothers. Although maternal age did not significantly influence mothers' perceptions, a graded effect was noted. The results further support the view that both physiological and contact needs are important in providing an infant with tenderness.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

A population-based study to determine the performance of the Cognitive Adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale to Predict the Mental Developmental Index at 18 Months on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II in very preterm infants.

OBJECTIVES: To determine optimal ages to perform the Cognitive Adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale (CAT/CLAMS) and optimal "cutoff" score of the CAT/CLAMS to screen very preterm infants (<31 weeks) for severe cognitive-adaptive delay and to ascertain the sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios using optimal cutoff scores compared with the Mental Developmental Index (MDI) of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II. METHODS: A population-based cohort of very preterm infants who were born to mothers who resided in Nova Scotia or Prince Edward Island were evaluated at 4, 8, 12, and 18 months' corrected gestational age, which included a CAT/CLAMS by a physician. At 18 months' corrected gestational age, each child was assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II, the "gold standard" for developmental delay in young infants. The results of each CAT/CLAMS was compared with the 18-month MDI to identify significant developmental delay (MDI <70). RESULTS: Optimal scores on the CAT/CLAMS to identify correctly MDI <70 were determined by using the kappa statistic for chance independent agreement. Sensitivities and specificities for optimal cutoff scores were as follows: 4-month score <109 (88% and 37%), 8-month score <98 (75% and 82%), 12-month score <81 (63% and 99%), and 18-month score <83 (88% and 98%). CONCLUSION: Sensitivity and specificity of the CAT/CLAMS are high in very preterm infants at identifying major developmental delay at 12 and 18 months. For follow-up programs without psychology services, the CAT/CLAMS at 12 and 18 months is a reasonable screening tool to determine which children need expedited psychology referral for cognitive delay.

Child Development↗

PubMed1995

Rasch analysis in the development of a rating scale for assessment of mobility after stroke.

The study describes the development of a rating scale for assessment of mobility after stroke. It was based on 74 first-stroke patients, 40 men and 34 women, each assessed three times during rehabilitation. Their median age was 69 years, and they represented all degrees of severity of paresis. Content, construct, criterion and convergent validity were examined, as well as the inter-rater reliability. The final rating scale has three special characteristics: 1) it reflects the regularity in the recovery of mobility after stroke; 2) the sum of item scores comprises the information contained in the 10-item subscores; 3) the score sum is independent of age, side of hemiparesis, and gender of the patient. Latent trait analysis (Rasch) was found to be an ideal model for statistical investigation of these properties.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1991

[Development of behavior rating scale for the elderly].

The purpose of this study was to develop a behavior rating scale to measure adaptation of the elderly using care staff as evaluators and to examine the reliability and validity of the scale. The behavior rating scale consists of 51 items and 5 subscales to measure areas of ADL, activity, interpersonal relationships, dementia syndromes, and socially irritating behavior. The scale was administered to 280 elderly residing in 4 nursing homes. Each reliability index, including internal consistency, test-retest, and inter-rater agreement was satisfactory. Validity was examined by relating total score or each subscale score to 19 external variables including physical condition, state of daily living, cognitive ability and personality. The correlations between external variables and the scale scores indicated that the behavior rating scale was valid.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1991

Development and evaluation of the Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale.

The Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale was developed to measure health beliefs related to osteoporosis. It is a 35-item self-report questionnaire based on the Health Belief Model which is specifically designed to assess beliefs related to exercise behaviors and calcium intake of elderly subjects. The instrument consists of seven subscales: Seriousness, Susceptibility, Health Motivation, Calcium Benefits, Calcium Barriers, Exercise Benefits, and Exercise Barriers. The instrument was tested on a sample of 150 elderly individuals. The psychometric properties of the scales are discussed along with recommendations for its use in research and practice.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

[Development of a rating scale for self-efficacy of physical activity in frail elderly people].

AIM: The purpose of the present study was to 1) development the scale of the self-efficacy of physical activity in frail elderly people (SEPAF), 2) investigate the relationship of physical functions and instrumental activity of daily living (IADL). METHODS: The study included 187 community-dwelling elderly people. Subject's SEPAF (walking, stair-climbing, lifting a weight), physical functions (usual gait speed, maximum gait speed, knee extension muscle strength, hand grip) and IADL according to the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence (TMIG Index of Competence) were measured. The reliability of this scale was examined using Cronbach's alpha, and test-retest correlation. The criterion-related validity and the construct validity were evaluated relatively using physical functions and factor analysis. The score was compared between young-old and old-old and gender. The correlation between SEPAF and TMIG Index of Competence was examined. RESULTS: Cronbach's a showing internal consistency for these scales were 0.78-0.82. The score showed significant differences in gender and age group. There were significant relationships between SEPAF and physical functions, and the TMIG Index of Competence. CONCLUSION: The SEPAF was shown to be highly reliable. Few scale for frail elderly people exist, and it is useful to assess the self-efficacy of physical activities in frail and community-dwelling elderly people.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2025

Fluctuating DNA methylation tracks cancer evolution at clinical scale.

Cancer development and response to treatment are evolutionary processes1,2, but characterizing evolutionary dynamics at a clinically meaningful scale has remained challenging3. Here we develop a new methodology called EVOFLUx, based on natural DNA methylation barcodes fluctuating over time4, that quantitatively infers evolutionary dynamics using only a bulk tumour methylation profile as input. We apply EVOFLUx to 1,976 well-characterized lymphoid cancer samples spanning a broad spectrum of diseases and show that initial tumour growth rate, malignancy age and epimutation rates vary by orders of magnitude across disease types. We measure that subclonal selection occurs only infrequently within bulk samples and detect occasional examples of multiple independent primary tumours. Clinically, we observe faster initial tumour growth in more aggressive disease subtypes, and that evolutionary histories are strong independent prognostic factors in two series of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Using EVOFLUx for phylogenetic analyses of aggressive Richter-transformed chronic lymphocytic leukaemia samples detected that the seed of the transformed clone existed decades before presentation. Orthogonal verification of EVOFLUx inferences is provided using additional genetic data, including long-read nanopore sequencing, and clinical variables. Collectively, we show how widely available, low-cost bulk DNA methylation data precisely measure cancer evolutionary dynamics, and provides new insights into cancer biology and clinical behaviour.

Humans↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Development of the Misener Nurse Practitioner Job Satisfaction Scale.

The purpose of this study was to construct a reliable and valid instrument to measure job satisfaction among nurse practitioners (NP). The methodological approach consisted of a literature review and modification of an extant instrument (Mueller/McCloskey, 1990) to reflect primary care, followed by augmentation and validation of the items suggested by nurse practitioner faculty members and Master's prepared nurse practitioners. A 77-item scale was developed and mailed to 413 NPs recognized by the state boards of nursing in two states. Usable returns were received from 342 (83%) NPs. Items were reviewed for validity prior to field-testing the instrument. The 77 items were subjected to exploratory factor analysis to support construct explication using the maximum likelihood method of extraction and a promax rotation. An eigenvalue cutoff of 1.0 and item-to-factor loadings of at least .35 were criteria that guided item retention. Thirty-three items were deleted. The resultant six factors were named: (a) intra-practice partnership/collegiality; (b) challenge/autonomy; (c) professional, social, and community interaction; (d) professional growth; (e) time; and (f) benefits. The six factors (subscales) produced internal consistency reliability estimates of .94, .89, .84, .86, .83, and .79, respectively. The 44 retained items were used to create the final version of the Misener Nurse Practitioner Job Satisfaction Scale (MNPJSS), with a possible maximum score of 264 using a 6-point Likert-type scale.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Assessment of the work environment of multidisciplinary hospital staff.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to investigate the performance of scales to assess the work environment of hospital professional staff, other than nurses or physicians. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A survey was conducted among professional (non-nursing or medical) staff at a 300-bed urban, university-affiliated Canadian hospital. A total of 24 work environment items were adapted from a scale previously validated among nursing staff. Scales were developed based on a principal components analysis, and were compared among four groups of staff. The relationships between the scales and the following measures were then explored using univariate and multivariate analyses: satisfaction with the work environment, perceived quality of patient care, perceived frequency of patient/family complaints, work-related injuries, and verbal abuse of staff. FINDINGS: The survey response rate was 154/200 (76.6 percent). Four scales were identified (with corresponding Cronbach's alpha), assessing the following aspects of the work environment: supervisory support (0.88), team-work (0.84), professionalism (0.77), and interdisciplinary relations (0.64). In multivariate analyses, there were significant differences between the job groups in all four scales. One or more of the scales was significantly associated with overall satisfaction, perceived quality, and adverse incidents, even after adjustment for other staff characteristics. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS: Limitations include: the cross-sectional design, subjective measurement of quality of care, small sample sizes in some groups of staff, and the single study site. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The scales developed in this study may be used by managers to assess hospital staff perceptions of the work environment. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The four proposed scales appear to measure meaningful aspects of the working environment that are important in determining overall satisfaction with the work environment and are related to quality of care.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗

PubMed2001

Facilitation of patient involvement in care: development and validation of a scale.

The authors describe the development and validation of the Facilitation of Patient Involvement Scale, a 9-item measure of the degree to which patients perceive that their physicians actively facilitate or encourage them to be involved in their own healthcare. They first assessed the unidimensionality of the measure, conducting factor analysis in a pilot study of 236 individuals. Subsequently, they assessed the scale's reliability and validity with additional samples of 333, 338, 44, and 84 participants. Reliability of the scale was very high, with average Cronbach's alpha levels of .91. To test the validity of the scale, they used correlational and multiple regression analyses. The findings indicated that patients' satisfaction with their medical encounters was associated with patients' perceptions of facilitation; that perceptions of facilitation were also moderately correlated with general adherence patterns and preferred communication styles; and that patient age, gender, and education level were not relevant to perceptions that healthcare professionals promote patients' involvement in their own care.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Development and validation of a self-rating scale for positive- and negative-reinforcement smoking: The Michigan Nicotine Reinforcement Questionnaire.

Positive- and negative-reinforcement consequences of smoking were assessed using a self-report inventory. Data from 429 current smokers (348 women, 81 men) were subjected to an exploratory factor analysis, with concurrent validation of resulting scales in 288 current smokers (235 women, 53 men), controlling for sex and age. The solution with three factors--positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and smoking patterns--provided the clearest and most interpretable factor solution. The Michigan Nicotine Reinforcement Questionnaire (M-NRQ), which yields positive- and negative-reinforcement scales, was developed based on these results. Positive-reinforcement smoking was associated with higher scores on novelty seeking, reward dependence, alcohol dependence, and pleasurable sensations upon early smoking experimentation, and with lower scores on displeasurable sensations and nausea upon early smoking experimentation. Negative-reinforcement smoking was associated with higher scores for nicotine dependence, depression, anxiety, and harm avoidance. The M-NRQ has potential as a diagnostic tool for individualizing behavioral intervention and pharmacotherapy and also may be useful in identifying new phenotypes for genetic research on smoking.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Perceived benefits and barriers of increased fruit and vegetable consumption: validation of a decisional balance scale.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate scales to assess perceived benefits and barriers (decisional balance) for increasing fruit and vegetable consumption. DESIGN: A cross-sectional mail and telephone survey was conducted. SUBJECTS/SETTINGS: A total of 1200 Chinese households were randomly selected from the Singapore residential telephone listings, and 71% responded to the mail survey; 390 males and 406 females participated (mean age = 39.3). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Decisional balance, stage of change, and fruit and vegetable consumption were measured. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Using a split-half sample approach, developmental sample responses were analyzed by principal-components analysis and validation sample responses by confirmatory factor analysis. Analyses of variance were used to examine stage differences in decisional balance. RESULTS: Principal-components analysis indicated two components representing benefits (or pros) (Cronbach's alpha = 0.86) and barriers (or cons) (alpha 0.79) of change. Confirmatory factor analysis strongly supported the two-component structure (Goodness of Fit Index = 0.97). There was a shift from cons to pros being more important across the stages. The increase in pros across the stages of change (p < 0.0001) corresponded to a medium effect size, and the decrease in cons (p < 0.01) corresponded to a small effect size. IMPLICATIONS: Decisional balance scales may be used to guide interventions to influence fruit and vegetable consumption.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Assessing the impact of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Caregiver Distress Scale.

OBJECTIVES: To develop an adjunct scale to the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) for assessing the impact of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients on caregiver distress. DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive and correlational study. SETTING: University out-patient memory disorders clinics. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-five AD subjects and their caregivers (54 spouses, 31 children). MEASUREMENTS: The NPI and NPI Caregiver Distress Scale (NPI-D) were used to assess neuropsychiatric symptoms in AD patients and related caregiver distress, respectively. Criterion validity of the NPI-D was examined (N = 69) by comparison with an abridged version of the Relatives' Stress Scale (RSS'), a general measure of caregiver stress, using item clusters that had previously been correlated to behavioral disturbances in demented patients. Test-retest (n = 20) and inter-rater reliability (n = 16) of the NPI-D were also assessed. RESULTS: Test-retest and interrater reliability of the NPI-D were both adequate. Overall, caregiver NPI-D distress ratings were correlated significantly with the RSS' (r = .60, P < .001). RSS' ratings correlated strongly with NPI scores (r = .64, P < .001), even after controlling for degree of cognitive impairment based on the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) score (r = .61). MMSE scores showed a moderate correlation to RSS' ratings (-.30, P = .02), but this association was markedly attenuated when controlling for the degree of neuropsychiatric disturbance based on the NPI score (r = -. 14). NPI-D ratings for 9 of 10 NPI symptom domains correlated most strongly with either NPI symptom severity or total (frequency x severity) scores. Agitation, dysphoria, irritability, delusions, and apathy were the symptoms most often reported to be severely distressing to caregivers. CONCLUSIONS: The NPI-D provides a reliable and valid measure of subjective caregiver distress in relation to neuropsychiatric symptoms measured by the NPI. Neuropsychiatric alterations are more strongly associated than cognitive symptoms to caregiver distress. The NPI-D may be useful in both clinical and research settings for assessing the contribution to caregiver distress of neuropsychiatric symptoms in AD patients.

Aged↗