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PubMed2006

Effects of topical administration of an aldose reductase inhibitor on cataract formation in dogs fed a diet high in galactose.

OBJECTIVE: To determine effects of a topical formulation of an aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI) on the development of sugar cataracts in dogs fed a diet high in galactose. Animals-Ten 6-month old Beagles. PROCEDURES: Dogs were fed a diet containing 30% galactose, and after 16 weeks, 6 dogs were treated topically with a proprietary ARI formulation and 4 dogs were treated with a placebo. Cataract formation was monitored by means of slit-lamp biomicroscopy and fundus photography. Dogs were euthanized after 10 weeks of treatment, and lenses were evaluated for degree of opacity, myo-inositol and galactitol concentrations, and concentration of the ARI. RESULTS: All dogs developed bilateral cortical opacities dense enough to result in a decrease in the tapetal reflex after being fed the galactose-containing diet for 16 weeks. Administration of the ARI arrested further development of cataract formation. In contrast, cataracts in the vehicle-treated dogs progressed over the 10-week period to the mature stage. Evaluation of the isolated lenses after 26 weeks of galactose feeding indicated that lenses from treated dogs were significantly less optically dense than lenses from control dogs. Lenticular myo-inositol concentration was significantly higher in the treated than in the control dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that topical application of a proprietary ARI formulation may arrest or reverse the development of sugar cataracts in dogs fed a diet high in galactose. This suggests that this ARI formulation may be beneficial in maintaining or improving functional vision in diabetic dogs with early lens opacities.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed2000

Pulmonary function, ventilator management, and outcome of dogs with thoracic trauma and pulmonary contusions: 10 cases (1994-1998).

OBJECTIVE: To document pulmonary function, ventilator management, and outcome of dogs with thoracic trauma that required mechanical ventilation because of severe pulmonary contusions. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 10 dogs that required mechanical ventilation because of severe pulmonary contusions caused by blunt thoracic trauma. PROCEDURE: Signalment, historical data, arterial blood gas values, oxygen tension-based indices, ventilator settings, peak inspiratory pressure, positive end-expiratory pressure, tidal volume, and minute ventilation values were retrieved from medical records. RESULTS: All 10 dogs required positive-pressure ventilation because of dyspnea following trauma and had severely abnormal pulmonary function. Survival rate to discharge was 30%. Dogs were categorized into 2 groups; group A included 5 dogs in which pulmonary function improved during ventilation, whereas group B included 5 dogs that were euthanatized because of progressive lung dysfunction (n = 4) or cardiac arrest (1). Mean +/- SD body weight of group-A dogs (30.9 +/- 15.9 kg [68 +/- 35 lb]) was significantly greater than that of group-B dogs (7.6 +/- 1.8 kg [16.7 +/- 4 lb]). Dogs with improved lung function had peak inspiratory pressure that decreased progressively, whereas lung compliance deteriorated in dogs in group B. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Dyspneic dogs with severe pulmonary contusions may require and benefit from positive-pressure ventilation Prognosis is better for dogs that weigh > 25 kg (55 lb).

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Long-term risks and benefits of early-age gonadectomy in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term risks and benefits of early-age gonadectomy, compared with traditional-age gonadectomy, among dogs adopted from a large animal shelter. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. ANIMALS: 1,842 dogs. PROCEDURE: Dogs underwent gonadectomy and were adopted from an animal shelter before 1 year of age; follow-up was available for as long as 11 years after surgery. Adopters completed a questionnaire about their dogs' behavior and medical history. When possible, the dogs' veterinary records were reviewed. Associations between the occurrence of 56 medical and behavioral conditions and dogs' age at gonadectomy were evaluated. RESULTS: Among female dogs, early-age gonadectomy was associated with increased rate of cystitis and decreasing age at gonadectomy was associated with increased rate of urinary incontinence. Among male and female dogs with early-age gonadectomy, hip dysplasia, noise phobias, and sexual behaviors were increased, whereas obesity, separation anxiety, escaping behaviors, inappropriate elimination when frightened, and relinquishment for any reason were decreased. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Because early-age gonadectomy appears to offer more benefits than risks for male dogs, animal shelters can safely gonadectomize male dogs at a young age and veterinary practitioners should consider recommending routine gonadectomy for client-owned male dogs before the traditional age of 6 to 8 months. For female dogs, however, increased urinary incontinence suggests that delaying gonadectomy until at least 3 months of age may be beneficial.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2004

Sensitivities of three county health department surveillance systems for child-related dog bites: 261 cases (2000).

OBJECTIVES: To determine incidence of child-related dog bites and sensitivities of 3 county health department dog-bite surveillance systems. DESIGN: Retrospective study. STUDY POPULATION: Child-related dog-bite data obtained from surveillance systems of 3 counties in Georgia in the year 2000. PROCEDURE: To characterize the sensitivity of health department dog-bite surveillance systems, 9 other potential sources of dog-bite records that matched records by victim name, age, gender, and incident date were evaluated. The number of reported bites and the most productive sources for identifying additional cases were determined. The Chandra Sekar-Deming capture-recapture method was used to estimate the number of unreported bites, and estimates of dog-bite incidence rates were made. RESULTS: 40, 36, and 185 dog bites were reported in the 3 counties, respectively. Capture-recapture calculations estimated an additional 9, 5, and 128 dog bites in these counties, respectively. Local health departments recorded 45.5% to 82.5% of dog bites. Local hospital emergency departments, police departments, and a rabies-testing laboratory received additional reports. Among these data sources, local hospital emergency department records were the best source for identifying additional cases. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Dog bites are a preventable cause of childhood injuries, and surveillance is a critical tool for tracking childhood dog bites in the community. Counties should use combined data from local health departments, local hospital emergency departments, and police departments to implement or revise dog-bite prevention programs.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

[Dangerous dogs: application of federal regulations].

During the last years nearly in all provinces in Germany new, hotly debated rules were published in order to meet the threat dangerous dogs or so-called fighting dogs mean to animals and men. Comparing current regulations of different provinces two categories of rules can be identified: one considering particular breeds as extremely dangerous and the other defining and characterising the dangerous dog. The application of these regulations differs enormously in expenditure and procedure. Recent statistics of all registered dog-bites allow other conclusions than those which seemed to have been relevant for the elaboration of the existing legislation. This is particularly true for the breeds which are considered extremely dangerous. It seems to be more useful to use the expression dangerous dog in general. Routine application of the new regulations have, except from some cases, increased administrative input but have not improved the situation itself. Animals homes are complaining of more "fighting" dogs. The fact that it is extremely difficult to find a new owner for these dogs leads to additional animal health problems. Judgement and treatment of dogs presented to public authorities because of dog-biting has not become any easier and dogs causing severe injury are not even presented. The new regulations are not sufficiently preventive and do not really tackle the cause of the problem of dangerous dogs. The existing regulations were developed under a strong political pressure. Authorities are now calling into question the usefulness and purpose of the new legislation. In the past the problem of dangerous dogs was dealt with using general safety legislation and police regulations offering flexibility. Obviously there is an urgent need to identify countermeasures on a larger scale.

Aggression↗

PubMed1975

Cardiopulmonary effects of fentanyl-droperidol, nitrous oxide, and atropine sulfate in dogs.

The cardiopulmonary effects of droperidol-fentanyl, nitrous oxide, and atropine were evaluated in 12 adult male Beagle dogs. All dogs were surgically instrumented with a cardiac output thermistor and arterial and venous catheters and were prepared with a chronic tracheostomy. Each dog was used as its own control, and data obtained when dogs were nonanesthetized and nonmedicated were compared with data recorded after the test drugs were administered. The dogs were randomly allotted to 3 groups of 4 dogs each. Group I dogs were given droperidol-fentanyl alone intravenously (IV); group II dogs were given droperidol-fentanyl IV with 67% nitrous oxide; and group III dogs were given atropine sulfate intramuscularly followed by droperidol-fentanyl IV with 67% nitrous oxide. Minute volume was decreased in the 3 groups of dogs for 3 to 5 minutes after droperidol-fentanyl was injected. This resulted in respiratory and metabolic acidosis in all dogs, as indicated by increased arterial carbon dioxide tension, decreased pH, and increased base deficit. In addition, droperidol-fentanyl given alone caused a decrease in systolic pressure and a slight decrease in heart rate. Group 1 dogs were sensitive to auditory stimulation. Cardiovascular changes were not seen when nitrous oxide was added; however, analgesia and muscle relaxation were improved. Premedication with atropine sulfate resulted in increased cardiac output, heart rate, and diastolic pressure, and subsequent administration of droperidol-fentanyl with nitrous oxide caused a transient increase in mean arterial and systolic pressure. This last anesthetic regimen, along with assisted or controlled respiration, seems to provide an excellent anesthetic state with minimal cardiopulmonary depression.

Analgesia↗

PubMed1999

Experimental observation of effects of triclabendazole on Paragonimus westermani infection in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the therapeutic effects of triclabendazole in the treatment of dogs with Paragonimiasis westermani. METHODS: Six dogs were experimentally infected, each with 100 metacercariae of Paragonimus westermani intraperitoneally and divided into untreated and treated groups, 3 dogs were treated orally with triclabendazole 100 mg/kg.d-1 for 2 consecutive days on day 170 after infection. Stool egg count was done by Stoll method. All dogs were killed on day 38 after treatment and the number of worm cysts and worms in the lungs were examined by naked eye and microscopically. RESULTS: Stool eggs became negative from day 7 to day 14 after starting chemotherapy in treated dogs. The numbers of worm cysts in the lungs of untreated dogs were 18, 24 and 24 on necropsy, while those in the treated dogs were 10, 7 and 4, respectively. The numbers of adult worms in the untreated dogs were 38, 51 and 42, while in the treated dogs only 2 small adult worms were found in one dog and no worm was found in the other two dogs. The mean worm reduction rate was 98.5%. CONCLUSION: Triclabendazole is highly effective against Paragonimus westermani in experimentally infected dogs.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Effects of limited food consumption on the incidence of hip dysplasia in growing dogs.

Forty-eight 8-week-old Labrador Retrievers were allotted to 2 groups of 24 dogs each; 1 group was fed ad libitum and the other group was given 25% less of the same feed until the dogs were 2 years old. Radiography of the hip joints was done when the dogs were 30, 42, 54, 78, and 104 weeks old. Subluxation was measured by the Norberg angle on radiographs made with the dog in the standard (extended limb) position. Independent of age at which the radiography was done, there was less subluxation of the femoral heads in the limit-fed dogs. Using the Swedish method of hip joint evaluation on the same radiographs, it was found that fewer dogs on limited food intake had signs of hip dysplasia. Radiographs done when dogs were 2 years old, for all the methods used (Norberg angle in standard and frog-limb position, the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals [OFA] score, and the Swedish score), revealed less hip dysplasia (less joint subluxation and less degenerative joint disease) in the limit-fed dogs. Using the OFA method, 7 of the 24 limit-fed dogs and 16 of the 24 ad libitum-fed dogs were diagnosed as having hip dysplasia. Similarly, using the Swedish method, 5 of the 24 limit-fed dogs and 18 of the 24 ad libitum-fed dogs were diagnosed as having hip dysplasia. The food-intake-related differences were significant both for the OFA score and for the Swedish score.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1992

Renal response to atrial natriuretic peptide in nonedematous sodium-retaining dogs.

ANP administered to cirrhotic dogs or chronic caval dogs with ascites and urinary sodium retention (USR) usually causes heterogeneity of natriuretic response. To assess whether this same phenomenon would occur in the absence of edema, ANP at 100 ng/kg/min was given to dogs before and after the induction of USR by a variety of techniques. Eight dogs were over-diuresed with furosemide over a 2-day period, and 9 dogs were subjected to subacute hemorrhage over a similar period. These dogs were retested with ANP one day later. All 8 dogs given furosemide showed no response to ANP (delta UNa V = 7.4 +/- 4.8 microEq/min), compared to a normal response prior to the diuretic (delta UNa V = 128 +/- 34 microEq/min). The 9 hemorrhaged dogs also responded normally to ANP prior to this manipulation (delta UNa V = 74 +/- 14 microEq/min), but a blunted response post-hemorrhage (delta UNa V = 35 +/- 13 microEq/min). This profile was made up of 5 dogs who responded to ANP (delta UNaV = 62 microEq/min) and 4 who had no response whatsoever (delta UNa V = 3 microEq/min). When 8 dogs were given USR because of continuous mineralocorticoid administration, none responded, but all had a magnified natriuretic response to ANP during the 'escape' phase. Eight dogs were administered minoxidil (10 mg) by mouth daily to induce USR. All 8 dogs responded to ANP (delta UNa V = 93 +/- 6 microEq/min) which was no different from the pretreatment response (delta UNa V = 65 +/- 3 microEq/min).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed2004

[Effects of prone position ventilation on inflammatory factors in blood and bronchial alveolar lavage fluid of acute respiratory distress syndrome dogs caused by pulmonary and extrapulmonary insults].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the changes of inflammatory factors in blood and bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of different lung areas of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) dogs caused by pulmonary and extra-pulmonary causes with low tidal volume and positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) treatment under prone position ventilation. METHODS: 24 male mongrel dogs were randomly divided into 4 equal groups:ARDSp (ARDS caused by pulmonary causes) experimental group, ARDSp control group, ARDSexp (ARDS caused by extra-pulmonary causes) experimental group, and ARDSexp control group. The ARDSp dogs inspired detergent to cause lung injury, and the ARDSexp dogs were injected with oleic acid through central vein. The results of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 of blood and BALF in different areas of dog's lung (upper lobe, heart lobe, and diaphragm lobe) and arterial blood gas under lung protective ventilation treatment were measured. RESULTS: After lung injury, the arterial oxygenation index as decreased, and the values of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 in plasma were obviously getting higher in all groups. The values of inflammatory factors in the BALF from upper lobe and heart lobe of ARDSp dogs were significantly higher than those of the ARDSexp dogs. After receiving low tidal volume and PEEP ventilation under prone position, all dogs were gradually getting ameliorated. CONCLUSION: There are statistically those of the differences in inflammatory factor releasing in different lung areas between the ARDSp dogs and ARDSexp dogs, and low tidal volume and PEEP treatment under prone position ventilation shows good effects both on ARDSexp dogs and ARDSp dogs.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Diagnosis and treatment of hind limb muscle strain injuries in 22 dogs.

The anamnesis was obtained from the medical records of 22 dogs diagnosed with hind limb muscle strain injury over a four-year period. The signalment, history, diagnostic imaging and clinical findings, treatment and outcome are described. The affected dogs were primarily from large breeds. Although only a few clients reported a specific injury, 11 dogs were admitted for an acute onset of lameness of unknown origin. The hip adductor muscles were affected in 21 dogs, and 11 dogs had previously undergone orthopaedic surgery of the affected limb. The dogs were primarily diagnosed by physical examination, although the diagnosis was confirmed with ultrasound imaging in the two most recent cases. Neither concurrent orthopoedic nor neurological disease was found during the study period in four of 22 dogs, and another three dogs had only mild radiographic coxofemoral osteoarthritis that did not cause any clinical signs during the study period. All of the dogs were treated medically with some combination of rest, physical therapy, methocarbamol, and a non-steroidol anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). The injury-associated lameness improved, or completely resolved, with conservative, non-surgical therapy in most dogs. Of the 15 dogs available for follow-up (mean 577 days), eight had complete resolution of their clinical signs, two showed significant improvement, and one showed some improvement. Muscle strain injury may be an under-diagnosed cause or contributor to acute hind limb lameness in large breed dogs, either alone or following orthopoedic surgery.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Ultraviolet radiation, solar dermatosis, and cutaneous neoplasia in beagle dogs.

Beagle dogs that were part of a life span study of the effects of low-level ionizing radiation during development were evaluated for the incidence of skin neoplasia and solar dermatosis. A total of 991 dogs up to 14 years of age were examined. The dogs were housed in gravel-based, outdoor pens with doghouses in a high-altitude, high-sunshine level environment. Solar dermatosis was restricted to the sparsely haired, nonpigmented abdominal skin. Skin neoplasms were either removed surgically or found at necropsy. Solar dermatosis was diagnosed in 363 of the 991 dogs, an incidence of 36.6%. There were 175 hemangiomas, hemangiosarcomas, or squamous cell carcinomas of the skin in the 991 dogs. Of these, 129 tumors occurred in dogs with, and only 46 in dogs without, solar dermatosis. Of the dogs with solar dermatosis, 93 (26%) had at least one of the three tumor types, compared to only 44 (7%) of dogs without solar dermatosis. Thirty-two dogs had multiple tumor types and solar dermatosis, compared to only two dogs with multiple tumor types and no solar dermatosis. There was a highly significant correlation (P less than 0.001) between the occurrence of these tumor types and solar dermatosis in the unpigmented abdominal skin. This correlation was strongest for the malignant neoplasms. Whole-body gamma-radiation exposures were delivered at one of three prenatal or three postnatal ages up to 1 year of age. There appeared to be an increased risk for hemangiosarcomas and squamous cell carcinomas in dogs with solar dermatosis and given gamma-ray exposures at 1 year of age. This suggests an interaction between exposures to ionizing and ultraviolet radiation.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Autotransplantation of pancreatic islets without separation of exocrine and endocrine tissue in totally pancreatectomized dogs.

The aims of this study were to determine whether diabetes could be ameliorated in dogs by autotransplantation of pancreatic fragments to the spleen and to determine the optimal time of collagenase digestion for pancreatic tissue dispersal. Forty-eight dogs were made diabetic by total pancreatectomy. Fifteen dogs not further treated survived 7.0+/-1.1 (SE) days with a mean plasma glucose of 401+/-5 (SE) mg/100 ml 2 days after pancreatectomy. The pancreases of 33 dogs were distended with Hanks' solution, minced, digested with collagenase (600 microns/ml of tissue), for 0 to 25 minutes, and autotransplanted to the splenic pulp. The incidence of permanent normoglycemia (fasting plasma glucose less than 150 mg/100 ml) and the K value of glucose tolerance tests (GTT) performed 2 and 10 weeks after transplant were determined in experimental groups divided according to the length of collagenase digestion. All five dogs receiving undigested tissue remained hyperglycemic. One of seven dogs receiving tissue digested for 10 minutes became normoglycemic. In contrast, seven of eight, seven of seven, and six of six dogs receiving tissue digested for 15, 20, and 25 minutes, respectively, became normoglycemic (followed for 6 months). K values at 2 weeks were 1.20+/-1.19 (SE)% 1.60+/-0.25 (SE)%, and 0.78+/-0.08 (SE)% in the normolgycemic dogs of the 15, 20, and 25 minute digestion groups, respectively. The K value of normal dogs was 3.30+/-0.27 (SE)%. The glucose tolerance curves of the 20 minute group at 2 and 10 weeks most nearly approximated the curves of normal dogs. K values improved in all recipient dogs. Diabetes recurred immediately and death occurred at a mean of 4.8+/-1.5 days in 12 recipient dogs following splenectomy. We conclude that pancreatic fragments can be successfully autotransplanted to the spleen without separation of endocrine and exocrine tissue and that 20 minutes is the optimal period of collagenase digestion for tissue preparation.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Histopathological and immunopathological evaluation of filarial glomerulonephritis in Dirofilaria immitis infected dogs.

Filarial glomerulonephritis was studied using Dirofilaria immitis infected dogs. Of 34 infected dogs examined, 15 dogs (44.1%) had histopathological lesions in the kidney. These lesions included an increased number of mesangial cells and increased thickness of the matrix, the infiltration of the small round and plasma cells into the interstitium and thickening of the basement membrane. Deposits of IgG were demonstrated in the infected dogs, whereas C3 deposits were found in all dogs. Combined immunoglobulin and complement deposits were not always found in the dogs with histopathological lesions. The mean concentration (expressed as absorbance) of circulating immune complexes (CIC) was 0.675 +/- 0.517 in infected dogs, and 0.132 +/- 0.092 in uninfected dogs. Although there was significant difference in the level of CIC between infected and uninfected dogs (P less than 0.001), 11 dogs (32.4%) in infected group were negative. Otherwise, the CIC levels were correlated to the adult worm burden (r = 0.848; P less than 0.001) but not to the number of circulating microfilariae (mf) (r = 0.398; P less than 0.05). Transfer of mf to 7 naive dogs was performed to clarify the role of mf in the pathogenesis of filariasis. Antibodies to crude mf antigen became detectable two weeks after the transfer. Neither pathologic findings nor deposits of IgG and C3 in the kidney were found in dogs examined 20 days or 70 days after transfer. There was no evidence that histopathological lesions were induced by live mf, suggesting that adult worm burdens may be more closely related to filarial nephropathy.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Effects of milbemycin oxime on adult hookworms in dogs with naturally acquired infections.

Previous work indicated that adult Ancylostoma caninum can be removed from experimentally infected dogs, using a formulation of milbemycin oxime at dosage of 0.5 mg/kg of body weight. To determine the efficacy of this treatment in dogs naturally infected with adult hookworms, 24 mixed-breed dogs with patent hookworm infections were purchased from an out-of-state vendor, and 6 male and 6 female dogs were assigned to either a control group or a group that would be treated. Dogs were treated 10 days after their arrival and were euthanatized 1 week after treatment. Beginning 3 days before treatment, fecal samples were collected daily from all dogs, and the number of Ancylostoma eggs per gram of dry weight of feces was determined from each sample. By 1 week after treatment, the mean number of eggs being passed by the treated dogs had dropped from 12,700 to 10 eggs/g of dried feces; there was no apparent change in fecal egg counts for dogs of the control group. At necropsy, the mean number of adult A caninum in dogs of the treated and control groups was 1.3 and 56, respectively; in these naturally infected dogs, efficacy of treatment was calculated to be 97.8%. The mean number of adult Trichuris vulpis recovered in dogs of the control and treated groups at necropsy was 24 and 0, respectively, which yielded treatment efficacy of 100%. Although Uncinaria stenocephala and Toxocara canis appeared also to be removed by use of this dosage, too few dogs were in the study to calculate meaningful efficacies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Ancylostomiasis↗

PubMed1990

Influence of induced cholestasis on pharmacokinetics of digoxin and digitoxin in dogs.

Dogs with ligated common bile ducts were used to determine effects of cholestasis on pharmacokinetics of digoxin and digitoxin. Forty-three dogs were assigned to: group 1--sham-operated controls (n = 13); group 2--dogs with ligated common bile duct (n = 17); group 3--dogs given phenobarbital for 2 weeks before common bile duct was ligated (n = 11); or group 4--dogs with an induced biliary fistula (n = 2). Digoxin (group A) or digitoxin (group B) was given as single IV injections, and digitalis concentration in plasma was measured by radioimmunoassay. In 18 dogs given digoxin, differences in plasma digoxin concentrations among groups 1A to 3A were not significant (P greater than 0.1). Plasma elimination rate of digoxin was delayed in group 2A. Group-3A dogs had a shortened beta phase half-life (t1/2 (beta] and a decreased distribution volume. In 25 dogs given digitoxin, group-2B dogs maintained a significantly higher plasma digitoxin concentration (P less than 0.01) and had a significantly longer t1/2 (beta] than did dogs in groups 1B and 3B (P less than 0.05). In group-3B dogs, plasma digitoxin concentration was decreased and t1/2 (beta] of digitoxin was shortened. In 10 group-B dogs given 3H-digitoxin (groups 1B, 2B, and 4B), the excretion of total radioactivity in urine and bile was 15 to 20 and 7% of the dose, respectively in the first 24 hours. Most radioactivity in urine and bile was a dichloromethane-unextractable fraction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Physiological and blood biochemical responses to submaximal treadmill exercise in Canaan dogs before, during and after training.

Physiological haematological and blood biochemical parameters were studied in Canaan dogs (n = 8) as possible indices of fitness. These parameters were then used to distinguish between fit and unfit dogs and to monitor the changes in these parameters during training and detraining periods. Fitness was defined as the ability to run for one hour on a motorised treadmill (speed 8.65 km h-1, inclination 10 degrees) while maintaining rectal temperature and heart rate below 41 degrees C and 250 beats min-1 respectively. Fit dogs showed consistently lower values of heart rate and rectal temperature during exercise and recovery, and significantly lower increases for post exercise plasma creatine kinase activity and plasma lactate concentration. Significantly higher values for haemoglobin concentration were found immediately post exercise. There were no significant differences between fit and unfit dogs for post exercise plasma concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase, white blood cell count or total protein, although the unfit dogs showed a tendency towards higher values. Similarly, unfit dogs tended to have lower values for plasma glucose concentration, haematocrit and red cell count. Values for heart rate and rectal temperature during exercise differed significantly between various dogs until numbers fell, due to the inability of certain dogs to complete the exercise test. Dogs were consistent according to whether their values lay above or below the mean value for all dogs. These differences disappeared after 8 weeks of training. Fitness deteriorated after 3 to 5 weeks of detraining. According to these results, heart rate and rectal temperature appear to be the most suitable and sensitive indicators of fitness in tracking dogs. The haematological and blood biochemical parameters tested were found to be of limited use. It is suggested that apparent inherent superiority of dogs should be accounted for in prospective breeding programmes.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Development of renal lesions in dogs after 11/12 reduction of renal mass. Influences of dietary protein intake.

Renal failure was induced in 15 normal Beagle dogs by ligation of approximately 5/6 of the renal arteries of the left kidney and contralateral nephrectomy in order to determine how: (a) 11/12 reduction in total renal mass influences urine protein excretion and renal morphology in dogs, and (b) dietary protein intake influences renal function, urine protein excretion, and renal morphology in canine renal failure. Dogs were fed a reduced protein diet for 12 weeks after induction of renal failure, while compensatory renal hypertrophy developed. Renal function was then evaluated and dogs were distributed into 2 groups with approximately equal degrees of renal dysfunction. One group was fed a high protein diet (42% protein) and a second group was fed moderately restricted protein diets (18% protein). After 8 weeks, renal function, magnitude of proteinuria, and renal morphology were re-evaluated. Inulin clearance increased in all dogs fed the 42% protein diet and 3 of 10 dogs fed the 18% protein diets. Proteinuria was significantly greater in dogs fed the high protein diet than dogs fed the reduced protein diets. Compared with previously nephrectomized contralateral control kidneys, glomerular sclerosis and renal interstitial lesions had developed in all dogs, regardless of severity of renal dysfunction or diet fed. Although reduced dietary protein intake did not prevent development of renal lesions, renal lesions were significantly more severe in the 5 dogs fed the 42% protein diet and 3 dogs fed the 18% protein diets in which inulin clearance increased, than in 7 dogs fed the reduced protein diets in which inulin clearance did not increase.

Animals↗