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PubMed1999

Doctors in literature.

Both, medicine and creative literature map out the mind of mankind and expose the beauty of nature and the biological world. Literature gives insight into the inner dynamics of the human mind. Doctors of medicine know the cell-the building block of the body and mind. They can easily penetrate into the innermost sanctum of the human mind. They see things as they really are not as they themselves are. Creative writers are keen observers of everything around them. Keen observation very often tells or give clues to scientific truth. World literature offers a galaxy of those creative minds. It is a brief account of the contribution of doctors in literature over the centuries. It is, by no means, comprehensive. It is an overview.

History, Ancient↗
PubMed1997

Medical profession changes between religion, science, skill, ethics, law and economics.

How has the medical profession changed during the centuries? How has the evolution of the profession been influenced by the balance of different issues, e.g. magic, religion, philosophy, science, technology, ethics, law and/or economics? One needs to examine many historical changes leading from the hierarchized medicine of Ancient Egypt to the Asklepiadic and Hippocratic medicine at the time of Plato, from the newly organized medicine of the Renaissance to the emerging social medicine of the XIX century, from the nosological medicine centered on the evaluation of the symptoms to the medicine which explores the human body through technologies. Furthermore, an overview from the past to the future should analyze the new doctor-patient relationship in a health system of managed care, between market and solidarity, between the efficientistic guidelines of the providers (hospitals, physicians, etc.) and an anthropocentric view of the rights of the citizen-customers. These problems are presented and discussed by many Authors in three issues of Medicina nei Secoli (II/III.1997-I, 1998) as an aid to understanding what it means to be a physician today, from the past to the future.

History, Ancient↗
PubMed1998

Traditional pharmacology and medicine in Africa. Ethnopharmacological themes in sub-Saharan art objects and utensils.

Drawing from the general description that ethnopharmacology studies the human use of crude drugs and poisons in a traditional context, ethnopharmacological themes in native art can be defined as themes visualizing different features of traditional medicines and poisons, such as natural sources, methods of preparation, containers, usage and implements, target diseases and effects. This review documents that native African art objects and utensils are a goldmine of such ethnopharmacological themes by focusing on the following subjects: (a) objects related to the use of medicines (sources as well as tools for their collection, preparation and keeping); (b) objects related to the use of poisons (e.g. for ordeals, hunting and fishing); (c) objects related to the use of psychotropic agents (e.g. alcoholic beverages, kola nuts, smoking and snuffing materials); (d) pathological representations (e.g. treponematoses, leprosy, smallpox, swollen abdomen, scrotal enlargement, goiter and distorted faces); and (e) portrayals of certain types of treatment (e.g. topical instillations, perinatal care, and surgery). To avoid the impression that ethnopharmacology has little else to offer than armchair amusement, an epilogue outlines the medical relevance of this interdisciplinary science for Western and African societies.

Africa↗
PubMed2002

[Textual research and explanation of "Qi - Huang"].

Since the main contents of the Huang di nei jing (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon) was completed in the Warring States, in the form of questions and answers between Huang Di and Qi Bo, Qi - Huang is used as the appellation for Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon in later generation. As the Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon laid the foundation for the development of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), in the Song Dynasty, Qi Bo and Huang Di was jointly called Qi - Huang for the first time in Bian que xin shu (Medical Understanding of Bian Que) by Dou Cai. And they were also worshipped as the orthodox ancestors of medicine in the shrine with new implication. Since then, Qi - Huang had an extended meanings for orthodox TCM or TCM science. However, in most cases, Qi - Huang was the appellation of TCM and TCM science. Meanwhile, new words derived from Qi - Huang have their respective meanings, such as "the art of Qi - Huang" and "the theoretical principles of Qi - Huang" standing for the science of TCM or the art of healing, and the theoretical principles. As for the "Qi - Huang physicians", it represents the TCM doctors and specialists. Dan xi shou jing (Medical Mirror of Danxi) by Wu Shangmo in the Ming Dynasty says that "meeting Qi - Huang specialists". "Qi - Huang books" means TCM books. And Qi - Huang profession refers to TCM profession, etc. It can be seen that the term Qi - Huang does have a rich content of Chinese traditional culture.

China↗
PubMed2002

[An analysis of the frequency of formulations and crude drugs described in Shan-Han-Lun].

A systematic database was constructed to investigate the frequency of reporting formulations and crude drugs described in Shang-Han-Lun, a famous formulary in traditional Chinese medicine. It contains 112 kinds of genuine formulations, but because of overlapping or repetition, the number of formulations total as many as 430. The best two frequently mentioned in the formulary were Da-cheng-qi-tang and Guizhi-tang. Da-cheng-qi-tang, which is Dai-joki-to in Japanese, is a formulation composed mainly of Rhizoma Rhei and Cortex Magnoliae used for the treatment of interior heat- and excess-syndrome. Guizhi-tang, Keishi-to, contains Radix Glycyrrhizae, Ramulus Cinnamoni, and Radix Paeoniae as major crude drugs and is used for the treatment of exterior cold- and deficiency-syndrome. It was revealed that Shang-Han-Lun explained directions for using 112 formulations prescribed for acute febrile diseases and the associated syndromes by revealed clinical cases treated with Da-cheng-qi-tang and Guizhi-tang.

China↗
PubMed1998

[The national biography - a comprehensive research project].

This project was initiated by the Finnish Historical Society in 1993. The reason was an increasing interest in biographies. The aim is to write 6000 Finnish biographies in 11-12 volumes. The articles are planned to be published in the beginning of the year 2000. Selected historical characters from the Middle Ages to the present day are to be described. The most influential persons in politics, economy and the church as well as in art and sport are presented in articles of 20-30 pages. Certain persons representing the economy of life of previous times are presented in shorter articles as examples of the circumstances of their days. In addition extraordinary characters considered to be of special interest to the readers are introduced. The border between the groups is indistinct. The witches from the 17th Century are, for example, both typical representatives of their time and exceptional persons as seen by modern people. Similarities between old magic and modern "alternative" medicine are also obvious. An object of special interest is women's history, which previously has been almost overlooked. Female biographies now constitute about 15% of the articles. The National Biography is also available as a net version. The first articles were opened in late 1997 in the Internet. In the field of medical science, all the most prominent persons in the history of medicine and related professions are included, beginning from the king's physician Johan Copp in the 16th century. The medical profession is extended so as to consist of university professors and scientists, practitioners and promotors of administration as well as healers.

Biographies as Topic↗
PubMed2003

[Pharmacy as a means of propagating the Lutherian doctrine of justification].

Pharmacy serving to propagate the Lutherian doctrine of justification: "Christus as a pharmacist" is an interconfessional, but confessionally differentiated symbolic motif (Sinnbildmotiv) of Christian folklore art in German-speaking countries. The article investigates the sociocultural conditions and prerequisites (German bible translation, religion and confession, piety, pharmacy, chymiatry, chemistry, apothecary training and status) for transfering the old metaphor and idea of Christ as a physician to the new vision of Christ as a apothecary who prepares and dispenses his heavenly medicine all by himself. In the early 17th century (especially in the 1610's) these requirements were fulfilled, so that the oldest known witness to this motif transfer (picturing the so-called Heilandsruf of Matthew 11, 28), a genre picture of 1619, will be the first pictural version of this motif in general. It was created by the protestant Painter Mich(a)el Herr of Nuremberg. In the abstract and reduced form of a devotional picture this motif then became widespread in churches and vicarages, in monasteries and their apothecaries as well as in private houses (with small altars: Herrgottswinkel). The oldest yet known examples are works from around 1630. For the first time during the Thirty Year's War, it served in this form for propagating the Lutherian justification doctrine (now referring to Jesaja 55, 1), saying that the belief in Christ is enough to be released from all sins (sola fide). Around 1650, as a reaction to that, a catholic version of the devotional picture was created, claiming and picturing that in contrast eucharist is the highest and real, healing medium' of Christ to redemption. All pictures of this version avoid quoting Jesaja 55, 1, whereas all protestant pictures quote this verse from the Bible word-for-word.

Germany↗
PubMed1978

[Not Available].

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History, Modern 1601-↗
PubMed1986

[Not Available].

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Germany↗