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PubMed1975

A microprecipitation test for rapid detection and identification of Venezuelan, eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis viruses.

The development of a new diagnostic procedure for the identification of Venezvelan, eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis (VEE, EEE, WEE) viruses is described. The procedure utilizes virus precipitation with reference fluorescein-conjugated gamma globulin, followed by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Clinical specimens containing varying concentrations of virus yielded, in primary duck embryo cell culture, sufficient virus for detection within 22 to 44 hours. Identification of VEE, EEE and WEE virus in specimens was accomplished by microprecipitation within this time. In contrast to conventional identification methods, our procedure eliminates the cost of utilizing laboratory animals and considerably reduces the time required for virus identification.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Use of oligonucleotide array for identification of six foodborne pathogens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown on selective media.

Identification of presumptive foodborne pathogens grown on selective media may take one to several days and requires a different battery of biochemical tests for each microorganism. A molecular identification method was developed in which universal primers were used to amplify the 16S to 23S rDNA intergenic spacer of target microorganisms, and PCR products were hybridized to a panel of species-specific oligonucleotides that were immobilized on a nylon membrane. The seven target microorganisms were Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. After testing a large collection of target bacteria (29 to 51 strains) and nontarget bacteria (> 500 strains), the performances (sensitivity and specificity) of the oligonucleotide array were as follows: B. cereus (100 and 77%), E. coli (100 and 100%), L. monocytogenes (100 and 90%), P. aeruginosa (100 and 100%), Salmonella (100 and 100%), S. aureus (100 and 100%), and V. parahaemolyticus (100 and 94.2%). Other species in the B. cereus group cross-hybridized to the probes used for identification of B. cereus, and positive results should be confirmed by additional morphological observation of colonies. Listeria innocua cross-reacted with probes used to identify L. monocytogenes, but a simple hemolysis test was used to differentiate the two species. Some strains of Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio mimicus cross-hybridized with probes used for identification of V. parahaemolyticus and caused false-positive reactions. The advantage of the array is that a common protocol was used to identify the seven target microorganisms and multiple different microorganisms could be simultaneously identified on a single array.

Bacillus cereus↗

PubMed1981

The emotion identification group.

Emotion identification is an individual's ability to be aware of affective responses that occur during varied daily interactions. Through a review of the literature, how patients often seem unclear about the relevance of "doing" therapy to "talking/feeling" therapy is documented, an then an attempt is made to show how the occupational therapy emotion identification group can reinforce the patients' real-life connection between doing, talking or feeling. The basic premises formulated for establishing a method to promote emotion identification, the group format that incorporates this method, and patient responses to the method are presented. How occupational therapy interfaces with Gestalt therapy and therapeutic community philosophies is shown and methods are described to apply the Gestalt process of one's getting in touch with and taking ownership for both needs and feelings in the emotion identification group and in occupational therapy task groups.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed2000

Isolation and identification of male and female DNA on a postcoital condom.

BACKGROUND: Identification of male perpetrators of sexual assault may be made from cells and fluids recovered from postcoital condoms. To date, the focus has been on identifying the person who had worn the condom. OBJECTIVE: To describe a method for scientifically identifying both the male and female participants in a sex act by employing polymerase chain reaction-based technology on swabs taken from the internal and external surfaces of a condom. Fluorescence in situ hybridization may be used to screen for the presence of female cells on a condom. METHODS: Swabs were taken from the internal and external surfaces of a condom 8 hours postcoitus. DNA was isolated from each swab through standard organic extraction. Extracted DNA was amplified for 8 different genetic loci using the Promega PowerPlex kit and the sex identification amelogenin marker. Amplified samples were electrophoresed on precast sequencing gels and analyzed fluorescently using a Hitachi FMBIO 2 fluorescent scanner and software. Each DNA sample obtained from the condom was compared with male and female buccal controls. At the time of collection, air-dried slides were prepared from the swabs for subsequent multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization using dual X- and Y-chromosome probes with 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) counterstaining. RESULTS: A pure sample of female DNA was isolated from the external surface of the condom as determined by exclusive amplification of the X-chromosome-specific 212-base pair amelogenin marker. Swabs taken from the internal surface yielded DNA originating from the male participant. Identification was conclusive at 8 of 8 genetic loci. Fluorescence in situ hybridization identified pure populations of male epithelial cells from the internal surface of the condom and female cells from the external surface. CONCLUSIONS: Cells shed from a female during sexual intercourse can be retrieved from the external surface of a condom following sexual intercourse. Fluorescence in situ hybridization can be used to screen for the presence of female cells, and positive identification of the female sexual partner can then be made using polymerase chain reaction-based methods. We suggest that swabs taken from both surfaces of a condom used during sexual assault may be used to provide information that will definitively link the victim to the suspect.

Coitus↗

PubMed1999

Methods for identification of 28 burn victims following a 1996 bus accident in Spain.

A car collided head-on with a bus containing 56 passengers plus the driver. A few seconds after the crash, the bus caught fire and 28 persons (15 male and 13 female) lost their lives. All the deceased were almost completely incinerated. To establish the identity of the victims, the judge in charge of the case designated a multidisciplinary Identification Commission. Postmortem procedures included a general external examination, routine photographs, dental examination, dental (intraoral and extraoral) and general radiographs (chest, ankle, etc.), and complementary biological methods for identification (e.g., DNA analysis). The antemortem information, including dental and medical records available, were transcribed onto the INTERPOL disaster victim identification forms. The detailed ante- and postmortem information were compared manually. In this disaster dental identity could be established in 57% of the victims, whereas dental evidence did not allow by itself the identification of 12 burned victims. Odontological examination and complementary radiographic procedures were found to be accurate, economic and rapid methods of identifying badly burned victims in this bus accident.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Identification of Staphylococcus aureus within 2 hours in blood culture broths].

Staphylococcus aureus identification is one of the priorities of the microbiological diagnosis of the staphylococcal infections. Current identification methods are carried out after a first step of colony isolation on agar media. We describe a fluorogenic method for S. aureus identification, which is directly applied to blood culture broths. This method uses a gel tube which allows an optimized microculture of the bacteria. 129 clinical samples of blood cultures (HEC) containing gram positive cocci in grapelike clusters (35 Vital bottles, 94 Bactec bottles), and 77 inoculated blood culture (HE) with collection strains of S. aureus are included in the study. Bacteria are concentrated and separated from other components of sample in the gel tube. Staphylococci are revealed during a microculture in the gel phase, by using a colorimetric substrate of their dehydrogenases. Then, staphylococci are recovered in an adapted culture medium containing human prothrombin and a fluorogenic substrate, which is specific for the staphylocoagulase. After 1 to 2 h incubation at 37 degrees C, a blue fluorescence shows the presence of S. aureus. Among the 40 HEC containing S. aureus the test is positive for 37 samples. For 3 cases, the test is not interpretable, due to non lysis red blood cells in the gel phase of the tube. No false positive result is observed for the HEC containing coagulase-negative staphylococci. Moreover, our method is positive with the 77 HE. 94.7% of tested samples (HEC and HE) show a fluorescence after only one hour and half. Sensibility and specificity are both 100%. We propose a rapid method for S. aureus identification directly applied to blood culture broths. This method saves 24 h, avoiding the isolation step on agar. Therefore, the treatment of staphylococcal infections and possible isolation measures could earlier set up.

Agar↗

PubMed1998

[Evaluation of the usefulness of selected commercial systems for identification of Streptococcus species].

The usefulness was assessed of three commercially available systems for rapid identification of streptococcal strains. The studied material comprised 68 strains of streptococci and enterococci (including 24 standard strains) belonging to serological groups: A (14 strains), B (10), C (11), D (10), F (3) and G (10), as well as 10 S. pneumoniae strains. The strains were isolated from throat, nasal, wound swabs, blood, pus of inpatients and throat and nasal swabs of outpatients. For the identification of streptococci 3 commercially available systems were used: API 20 STREP (bioMerieux, France), rapid ID 32 Strep (bioMerieux, France), Streptoplast PPL 18 (HTL, Poland). The determinations were done according to producer's instructions. The highest percent of correctly identified strains was obtained with the rapid ID 32 Strep--80.9%, with the API 20 STREP--76.4% strains were identified correctly and with the PPL 18--61.8%. The study showed that the API 20 STREP and rapid ID 32 STREP are suitable for the identification of streptococcal strains from groups: A, B, C, D, F and enterococci--group D. The proportions of correctly identified strains from these groups with the Streptoplast PPL 18 were lower than those determined with the bioMerieux systems. Using of three identification systems streptococci from group G and S. pneumoniae strains cannot be identified.

Body Fluids↗

PubMed1999

[Contribution of nuclear medicine to lymphatic mapping and sentinel node identification in oncology].

An overview of the current applications of nuclear medicine for lymphatic mapping and sentinel node identification is given. The validation of the sentinel node concept in oncology has led to the rediscovery of lymphoscintigraphy. By combining preoperative lymphatic mapping with intraoperative gamma probe detection this nuclear medicine procedure is increasingly used to identify and detect the sentinel node in melanoma, breast cancer, and in other malignancies such as penile cancer and vulvar cancer. In melanoma, the adequate combination of dynamic and static gamma camera images enables lymph node visualization with identification of the sentinel node in more than 97% of the cases. The variability in drainage in areas such as trunk, head and neck makes lymphoscintigraphy indispensable in protocols of sentinel node biopsy. The reproducibility of lymphoscintigraphy for sentinel node detection varies from 85% to 88% and the method appears to have a high interobserver agreement. In contrast to the procedure of lymphoscintigraphy for melanoma, for which the only dilemma remaining is probably the choice of the tracer, in breast cancer there has not yet been reached a consensus for many topics such as tracer characteristics, injection volume, and principally the site of administration. Lymphoscintigraphy by subdermal tracer administration is able to detect axillary lymph nodes in 98% of the cases but the method is accompanied by a low visualization incidence (2%) of drainage outside the lower axilla such as the internal mammary chain. This latter aspect appears to occur in 16% to 35% in the series using peri- or intratumoural administration with an axillary rate of visualization of 75% to 98%. Although peritumoural administration is predominantly associated with late lymph node detection, the early appearance observed after subdermal and intratumoural tracer injection justifies the obtention of early gamma camera images. The strategies of identification of the sentinel node depend strongly on the results of lymphoscintigraphy. In melanoma, the rapid lymphatic drainage and the visualization of afferent lymphatic vessels enables sentinel node identification by lymphoscintigraphy in almost the totality of the cases and intraoperative probe detection may subsequently be performed. In breast cancer, the slower drainage pattern may hamper image interpretation and diagnostic conclusion. Considering the first appearing node and the visualization of an afferent lymphatic vessel as the major criteria to identify the sentinel node, scintigraphy may be considered conclusive in approximately 75% of the cases, and not conclusive in about a fourth part of the cases in which 2 or more lymph nodes appear simultaneously without lymph vessel delineation. When lymphoscintigraphy is not conclusive, additional lymphatic mapping with blue dye is recommended to definitively identify the sentinel node. The use of nuclear medicine techniques for the sentinel node procedure will become an important part of clinical work in the nuclear medicine and surgical oncology practice of the next years. Principally mammary lymphoscintigraphy demands from the nuclear medicine community and allied disciplines a prompt standardization of the technique to solving some controversial aspects such as tracer requirements, administration route and interpretation criteria.

Biopsy↗

PubMed1999

Identification of a skeleton using DNA from teeth and a PAP smear.

Identification of unknown living or deceased persons using dental treatment records is an established forensic technique. However, some cases remain unidentified, especially when antemortem dental records are not available for comparison to postmortem dental records. Cytological smears have been previously reported to be potential sources of DNA reference samples which can be compared to DNA recovered from found human remains. The case described here involves an adult skeleton which exhibited extensive, complex dental restorative treatment. A putative identification of the found skeleton as a missing woman was established using circumstantial evidence found at the scene. However, it became important to establish a positive identification using reliable scientific methods. When it was discovered that antemortem dental records were not available because the treatment was completed in another country and the treating dentist could not be found, cytological smears stained with Papanicolaou (PAP) stain obtained from the putative decedent's medical records were used as a reference DNA sample. DNA was recovered from the teeth of the skeleton using cryogenic grinding. Comparison of the genotypes resulted in the conclusion that the DNA originated from the same source. The use of PAP smears in this way is seen as a valuable resource in cases where positive identification using traditional dental and medical records is not possible.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

[Facial nerve identification in the translabyrinthine approach: an alternative method].

Since the abrupt drop in the mortality rate as a result of the introduction of microsurgical dissection techniques in the treatment of acoustic neuromas, surgeons have concentrated their efforts on preserving hearing and facial nerve function. In the translabyrinthine approach, identification of the facial nerve at the fundus of the internal auditory canal is an important step for subsequent dissection. However, the identification techniques available to date carry with them some potential risk of facial nerve injury when performed by inexperienced surgeons. In addition, they are time-consuming procedures. The authors present an alternative method for identification of the facial nerve at the fundus of the internal auditory canal during the translabyrinthine approach. The superior ampullary nerve is interrupted at the superior cribrosa area where it is not in intimate relationship with the facial nerve. Medial reflection of the superior ampullary nerve and the superior vestibular nerve facilitates identification of the facial nerve and preparation of a vestibulo-facial dissection plane.

Cranial Nerve Neoplasms↗

PubMed1999

Blood type discrepancies on military identification cards and tags: a readiness concern in the U.S. Army.

Current policy allows the use of identification cards and tags for transfusion purposes during contingency operations. The purpose of this study was to determine the percentage of soldiers having the wrong blood type on their identification card or dog tag and the effects that these findings could have during wartime. Thirty-four of 923 soldiers (3.7%) demonstrated at least one discrepancy during testing. Of these 34 discrepancies, 22 (2.3%) involved ABO group errors, 10 (1.1%) involved Rh type errors, and 2 (0.2%) involved both ABO group and Rh type errors. These errors could lead to transfusion of the wrong blood type during wartime. The interface of computer systems in the near future may decrease the blood type error rate on identification cards and dog tags. Quality improvement programs to increase the accuracy of the blood type on identification cards and dog tags are suggested.

ABO Blood-Group System↗

PubMed2000

[The use of improved commercial micro-LA-tests for the identification of different groups of microorganisms in clinical microbiology].

Lachema kits ENTEROtest 24, ENTERO-Rapid 24, ENTERO-Screen, NEFERMtest 24, STAPHYtest 16, STREPTOtest 16, En-COCCUS test were used in identification of 871 strains of microorganisms isolated from clinical material. The kits proved to be highly reliable: they identified 88.8-97.5% cultures and permitted rapid (within 4 h) identification of enterobacteria most often occurring in clinical practice. The advantages of these kits are stripped plates allowing identification of cultures in individual stripes, a wide spectrum of biochemical tests, modern composition of biosubstrates in suspension media, and rational disposition of the tests, allowing technologically simpler identification of a wider spectrum of cultures in one stage without difficult accessory tests. Comparison of the above kits with kits manufactured by bioMérieux (France) showed a 84.6-100% correlation of the results.

Bacteria↗

PubMed2000

Online identification of viruses.

A computerized animal virus information system is developed in the Sequence Retrieval System (SRS) format. This database is available on the Word Wide Web (WWW) at the site http://bioinfo.ernet.in/www/avis/avis++ +.html. The database has been used to generate large number of identification matrices for each family. The software is developed in C. Unix shell scripts and Hypertext Marked-up Language (HTML) to assign the family to an unknown virus deterministically and to identify the virus probabilistically. It has been shown that such web based virus identification approach provides results with high confidence in those cases where identification matrix uses large number of independent characters. Protein sequence data for animal viruses have been analyzed and oligopeptides specific to each virus family and also specific to each virus species are identified for several viruses. These peptides thus could be used to identify the virus and to assign the virus family with high confidence showing the usefulness of sequence data in virus identification.

Databases as Topic↗

PubMed1999

Victim identification and family support in mass casualties: the Massachusetts model.

The Aviation Disaster Family Assistance Act of 1996 requires the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), air carriers, and the American Red Cross (ARC) to provide an integrated family assistance center to offer support to family survivors of mass casualties. A central component of post-incident response is the timely identification of victims and their personal belongings. This identification process occurs through antemortem interviews with family survivors. ARC of Massachusetts Bay determined that ARC volunteers would not play a major role in conducting antemortem interviews, and deferred primary responsibility for this task to the Massachusetts Office of the Chief Medical Examiner (OCMB). This paper presents the Massachusetts model for victim identification and family support at the local level. The structure and services of this model for on-site forensic processing, the fielding of antemortem interviewers, and a comprehensive training curriculum in psychological trauma and victim identification are presented. The implications are discussed.

Aviation↗

PubMed2001

Use and validation of public data files for identification of the diabetic population in a Danish county.

INTRODUCTION: This study aims to describe the process of identifying people known to have diabetes through public data files, to validate this method, and to describe models for optimization of such identification processes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a study population of 303,250 citizens, the diabetics were identified by combining information from public data files with information from general practitioners. Data validity was checked by comparing the results of data searches in public data files against information from general practitioners and a random sample of diabetics. Two models were defined to optimize the use of public data files for identification of diabetics. In model A the minimum number of parameters needed to obtain a sensitivity as high as possible was identified. In model B the optimal combination of parameters needed to obtain a high positive predictive value combined with a high sensitivity was identified. RESULTS: A total of 5449 diabetics were identified. Of those 4438 (81%) were classified as Type 2 diabetics and 1011 (19%) were classified as Type 1 diabetics. The data validation revealed that one person was misclassified as a diabetic and 93 persons were misclassified as non-diabetics. In model A the identification parameters included: "prescription", "HbA1c", "chiropodist service" and "glucose service". In model B the optimal combination of parameters was identified as: minimum two HbA1c measurements, minimum one visit to a chiropodist, minimum one prescription or minimum one abnormal HbA1c during one year. CONCLUSION: Public data files are suitable for identification of both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetics. Models have been developed to identify diabetics and to promote the possibilities of long-term follow-up and quality assessment in an unselected diabetic population in a region.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Rapid identification of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex from Bactec 12B broth cultures originating from non-respiratory secretion specimens: comparison between Accuprobe and in-house polymerase chain reaction.

The rapid identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex from 161 consecutive positive Bactec 12B cultures originated from non-respiratory secretion specimens was evaluated by comparing Accuprobe and an in-house polymerase chain reaction method. Using conventional biochemical method as the gold standard, 85.7% of the isolates (n = 138) were identified as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The sensitivities of Accuprobe and the in-house-polymerase chain reaction method in identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex were 92.0% (127/138) and 93.5% (129/138), respectively. Specificities of both methods being 87.0% (20/23 for both tests). Using a batch system of performing identification once weekly, the average turnaround time for Accuprobe, from the time of primary inoculation, was 27 days, which was comparable with that of in-house polymerase chain reaction, which was 29 days. The average time required for a confirmatory result based on conventional biochemical identification method was 84 days. The estimated reagent cost of in-house polymerase chain reaction was only one-fifth of that of Accuprobe. Therefore, the choice of methodology will depend on the individual laboratory's availability of resources and clinical demand. In the event of discrepant results between rapid identification methods and conventional methods, histological examination and clinical assessment can provide guidance as to the nature of the infection.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed2001

Principles of dental identification.

Identification of the deceased is an important standard of civilized society, and dental means are accurate and reliable to ensure a proper identification. Using a methodic approach through a preliminary evaluation, postmortem examination, antemortem investigation, and comparison, an experienced forensic dentist can develop all of the requisite information necessary to reach a conclusion regarding the identity. Although there are some questions regarding the way in which the conclusion is developed, dental identification has long been regarded as reliable and accurate. Forensic dentists face greater challenges for the future as the overall incidence of dental restorations decreases and there is increasing reliance on other dental features to ensure a proper identification.

Computer Systems↗

PubMed2001

Closed-loop identification and control application for dissolved oxygen concentration in a full-scale coke wastewater treatment plant.

The objective of this paper is to apply a closed-loop identification to actual dissolved oxygen control system in the coke wastewater treatment plant. It approximates the dissolved oxygen dynamics to a high order model using the integral transform method and reduces it to the first-order plus time delay (FOPTD) or second-order plus time delay (SOPTD) for the PID controller tuning. To experiment the process identification on the real plant, a simple set-point change of the speed of surface aerator under the closed-loop control without any mode change was used as an activation signal of the identification. The full-scale experimental results show a good identification performance and a good tracking ability for set-point change. As a result of improved control performance, the fluctuation of dissolved oxygen concentration variation has been decreased and the electric power saving has been accomplished.

Biomass↗