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PubMed2004

Posttraumatic stress disorder and fMRI activation patterns of traumatic memory in patients with borderline personality disorder.

BACKGROUND: Early traumatization and additional posttraumatic stress disorder are frequent in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). The purpose of this study was to investigate neural correlates of traumatic memory in BPD with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). METHODS: We studied 12 traumatized female patients BPD, 6 of them with and 6 without PTSD. According to an autobiographical interview key words (cues) were defined for traumatic and for negative but nontraumatic episodes. In a block-designed fMRI task patients recalled these episodes. Contrasts between trauma condition and nontrauma condition were analyzed. RESULTS: Analyses for all subjects revealed activation of orbitofrontal cortex areas in both hemispheres, anterior temporal lobes, and occipital areas. In the subgroup without PTSD, activation of orbitofrontal cortex on both sides and Broca's area predominated. In the subgroup with additional PTSD, we observed right more than left activation of anterior temporal lobes, mesiotemporal areas, amygdala, posterior cingulate gyrus, occipital areas, and cerebellum. CONCLUSIONS: Dependent on absence or presence of additional PTSD different neural networks seem to be involved in the traumatic memory of patients with BPD.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Practitioner review: short-term and working memory impairments in neurodevelopmental disorders: diagnosis and remedial support.

BACKGROUND: This article provides an introduction to current models of working and short-term memory, their links with learning, and diagnosis of impairments. The memory impairments associated with a range of neurodevelopmental disorders (Down's syndrome, Williams syndrome, Specific Language Impairment, and attentional deficits) are discussed. METHODS: Methods of alleviating the adverse consequences of working and short-term memory impairments for learning are identified. CONCLUSION: Impairments of short-term and working memory are associated with learning difficulties that can be substantial, and that can be minimised by appropriate methods of remedial support.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2006

Is posttraumatic stress disorder associated with specific deficits in episodic memory?

People with PTSD often report difficulties remembering day to day information unrelated to their traumatic episode. In addition, structural and functional imaging techniques have identified abnormalities in the brains of people with PTSD in regions known to be important for memory functioning. Nevertheless, studies investigating cognitive functioning in people with PTSD have reported widely varying results. The aim of this review is to investigate studies reporting performance on tests of episodic memory. Specifically, papers were examined in relation to the hypothesised memory functions of the frontal lobes, the hippocampus and the amygdala. It is concluded that while there is reasonable evidence of frontal lobe involvement, memory deficits caused by hippocampal involvement have been more difficult to detect. There are no published studies looking at the involvement of the amygdala although preliminary evidence suggests that people with PTSD do have memory deficits resulting from dysfunction of this structure. Reasons for the inconclusiveness of the results are discussed.

Affect↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Implicit and explicit memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

We examined implicit and explicit memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients an in non-patients. Implicit memory was measured by the effect of prior presentation on ratings of noise volume. Explicit memory was examined via a recognition task. We also investigated participants' confidence in the accuracy of their recognition. OCD patients rated noise accompanying contamination and neutral sentences as louder than did non-patients. Both groups rated noise accompanying contamination sentences as louder than noise accompanying neutral sentences. Also, both groups were less confident in their recognition of new contamination sentences compared to new neutral sentences, but this difference was less pronounced in the OCD group. The findings are discussed in light of previous research on memory in anxiety disordered individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Verbal and nonverbal memory functioning in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Although there is evidence for memory impairment in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), it remains unclear whether memory impairment is confined to verbal material or whether memory for nonverbal material is also affected. We examined verbal and nonverbal memory for free recall and recognition in 40 patients with PTSD and 40 healthy controls. Analyses showed that patients with PTSD displayed attenuated memory performance for both short- and long-term recall, which was not further moderated by type of material. The influence of attention, verbal intelligence, and depression was investigated. Our findings suggest that both verbal and nonverbal memory are compromised in PTSD.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Plants with traditional uses and activities, relevant to the management of Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders.

In traditional practices of medicine, numerous plants have been used to treat cognitive disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other memory related disorders. An ethnopharmacological approach has provided leads to identifying potential new drugs from plant sources, including those for memory disorders. There are numerous drugs available in Western medicine that have been directly isolated from plants, or are derived from templates of compounds from plant sources. For example, some alkaloids from plant sources have been investigated for their potential in AD therapy, and are now in clinical use (e.g. galantamine from Galanthus nivalis L. is used in the United Kingdom). Various other plant species have shown favourable effects in AD, or pharmacological activities indicating the potential for use in AD therapy. This article reviews some of the plants and their active constituents that have been used in traditional medicine, including Ayurvedic, Chinese, European and Japanese medicine, for their reputed cognitive-enhancing and antidementia effects. Plants and their constituents with pharmacological activities that may be relevant to the treatment of cognitive disorders, including enhancement of cholinergic function in the central nervous system, anti-cholinesterase (anti-ChE), antiinflammatory, antioxidant and oestrogenic effects, are discussed.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed2003

Spatial working memory deficits in obsessive compulsive disorder are associated with excessive engagement of the medial frontal cortex.

Recent studies have shown that obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with a specific deficit in spatial working memory, especially when task difficulty (i.e., working memory load) is high. It is not clear whether this deficit is associated with dysfunction of the brain system that subserves spatial working memory, or whether it is associated with a more generalized effect on executive functions. In contrast to studies in healthy volunteers and schizophrenia, spatial working memory in OCD has not been investigated before using functional neuroimaging techniques. We conducted a functional MRI study in 11 treatment-free female patients with OCD and 11 for sex-, age-, education-, and handedness pairwise-matched healthy controls in order to assess performance on a parametric spatial n-back task as well as the underlying neuronal substrate and its dynamics. Patients with OCD performed poorly at the highest level of task difficulty and engaged the same set of brain regions as the matched healthy controls. In this set, the effect of difficulty on magnitude of brain activity was the same in patients and in controls except for a region covering the anterior cingulate cortex. In this region activity was significantly elevated in patients with OCD at all levels of the parametric task. These findings do not provide evidence for a deficit of the spatial working memory system proper, but suggest that the abnormal performance pattern may be secondary to another aspect of executive dysfunctioning in OCD.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Mechanisms of verbal memory impairment in four neurodevelopmental disorders.

Profiles of verbal learning and memory performance were compared for typically developing children and for four developmental disorders characterized by different patterns of language functioning: specific language impairment, early focal brain damage, Williams Syndrome, and Down Syndrome. A list-learning task was used that allowed a detailed examination of the process of verbal learning, recall, and recognition (California Verbal Learning Test--Children's Version). Distinct patterns of performance characterized the four disorders. These patterns were consistent with the language deficits typically seen in the disorders, with the exception of a dissociation seen in Williams Syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Protein serine/threonine phosphatases in neuronal plasticity and disorders of learning and memory.

Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of cellular proteins by protein kinases and phosphatases represent important mechanisms for controlling major biological events. In the nervous system, protein phosphatases are contained in highly dynamic complexes localized within specialized subcellular compartments and they ensure timely dephosphorylation of multiple neuronal phosphoproteins. This modulates the responsiveness of individual synapses to neural activity and controls synaptic plasticity. These enzymes in turn play a key role in many forms of learning and memory, and their dysfunction contributes to cognitive deficits associated with aging and dementias or neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review key modes of regulation of neuronal protein serine/threonine phosphatases and their contribution to disorders of learning and memory.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Sustained attention deficit in bipolar disorder is not a working memory impairment in disguise.

Euthymic patients with bipolar disorder have been reported to show persistent deficits in sustained attention. However, the sustained attention task which was used also placed demands on working memory. Bipolar disorder patients in the euthymic state were therefore compared with healthy controls on two measures of sustained attention with and without a working memory component. Signal detection methodology was applied to the results. Euthymic patients with bipolar disorder were particularly impaired at detecting targets in the sustained attention task without a working memory component. This deficit was still apparent in a sub-group of patients who were not currently receiving lithium medication. By contrast, performance in the sustained attention task involving working memory task was not significantly different in the two groups. Sustained attention deficits apparent during the euthymic period of bipolar disorder cannot be explained in terms of working memory impairment and represents a reduced inherent capacity rather than a change in response bias. Deficits in sustaining attention may help explain the difficulties in psychological and occupational functioning in bipolar disorder patients during remission.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Differentiating hippocampal subregions by means of quantitative magnetization transfer and relaxometry: preliminary results.

The hippocampal formation (HF) of healthy control subjects and schizophrenic patients was examined using an MRI experiment that implements sequences for relaxometry and magnetization transfer (MT) quantification. In addition to the semi-quantitative magnetization transfer ratio (MTR), all of the observable properties of the binary spin bath model were included. The study demonstrates that, in contrast to the MTR, quantitative MT parameters (especially the T2 relaxation time of restricted protons, T2b) are capable to differentiate functionally significant subregions within the HF. The MT methodology appears to be a promising new tool for the differential microstructural evaluation of the HF in neuropsychiatric disorders accompanied by memory disturbances.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Transient global amnesia: a complication of incremental exercise testing.

Incremental exercise testing is routinely used for diagnosis, rehabilitation, health screening, and research. We report the case of a 71-yr-old patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who suffered an episode of transient global amnesia (TGA) several minutes after successfully completing an incremental exercise test on a cycle ergometer. TGA, which is known to be precipitated by physical or emotional stress in about one-third of cases, is a transient neurological disorder in which memory impairment is the prominent deficit. TGA has a benign course and requires no treatment although 24-h observation is recommended. Recognition of TGA as a potential complication of incremental graded exercise testing is important to both aid diagnosis of the amnesia and to spare a patient unnecessary evaluation.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in patients with traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND: Severe traumatic stressors such as war, rape, or life-threatening accidents can result in a debilitating psychopathological development conceptualised as Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Pathological memory formation during an alarm response may set the precondition for PTSD to occur. If true, a lack of memory formation by extended unconsciousness in the course of the traumatic experience should preclude PTSD. METHODS: 46 patients from a neurological rehabilitation clinic were examined by means of questionnaires and structured clinical interviews. All patients had suffered a TBI due to an accident, but varied with respect to falling unconscious during the traumatic event. RESULTS: 27% of the sub-sample who were not unconscious for an extended period but only 3% (1 of 31 patients) who were unconscious for more than 12 hours as a result of the accident were diagnosed as having current PTSD (P <.02). Furthermore, intrusive memories proved to be far more frequent in patients who had not been unconscious. This was also the case for other re-experiencing symptoms and for psychological distress and physiological reactivity to reminders of the traumatic event. CONCLUSION: TBI and PTSD are not mutually exclusive. However, victims of accidents are unlikely to develop a PTSD if the impact to the head had resulted in an extended period of unconsciousness.

Accidents↗