Stress, social support and reproductive health.
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Female↗
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Results for “Reproductive Health”
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[Population policies and reproductive health in Paraguay]
The population's high growth rate, age profile, and geographical distribution have aroused increasing public concern in Paraguay. The country is involved in a moderate demographic transition, compatible with the consequences of modernity and the uneven rate of both social and economic changes. Reduction of mortality and the persistence of high birth rate patterns result in an age structure that consolidates demographic growth, with an increased focus on the dependent population. In the late 1960s the need for a systematic approach to population problems was perceived within the framework of economic planning. National governments had, and currently have, an ambivalent perception of this issue, since population growth is simply considered a positive factor. This concept results from an economic view of the consequences of a reduced domestic market in absolute terms. The lack of a Development Plan, the management deficit, and the shortage of training leave doubts as to the establishment of organically connected policies or programs concerning population.
Journal Article↗
[The social sciences as discourse in reproductive health. The example of female climacteric]
Climacteric is constructed by medicine, lay knowledge, and the social sciences. This article examines the interrational models involving these different discourses and proposes that the contribution of the social sciences lies in a reformulation of the cognitive base of the health professions at an integrative level.
Journal Article↗
[Reproductive health and population]
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Journal Article↗
[Youth studying at universities: their sexual and reproductive health].
OBJECTIVE: We intend to know the sexual and contraceptive behaviours of the youth. DESIGN: Transverse descriptive study based on a structured, anonymous and self-administered questionnaire. SETTING: South University of Galician (Ourense Campus). PARTICIPANTS: 304 universities of 1st course, in 1996-1997, that were selected at random according to studies that they were making. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: We analyse the age, sex and sexual and contraceptive behaviour, with the statistic programme SPSS. The 63.49% is women and the average age is 19.46 +/- 1.55 years. The 51.77% began to masturbate between the 11 and 14 years, and they do it of 1 at 2 times/week. The 2.34% and the 4.09% have homosexual and bisexual experiences, respectively. The 57.4% hasn't began the coitus. The 56.15% of whom had sexual experience it was begun between the 17 and 19 years. CONCLUSIONS: Through individual/couple consultation and/or work in little groups, is necessary to make Sexual Health Promotion and Sexual Risk Prevention.
Adolescent↗
Reproductive health in diabetic women. A report of two cases demonstrating the importance of preconception care.
BACKGROUND: Optimal glycemic control prior to and during early pregnancy is essential in diabetic women. CASES: Two cases of fetal anencephaly occurred in diabetic women who conceived with medical technical assistance but did not receive preconception counseling. Both women had poor glycemic control periconceptually, as evidenced by elevated glycosylated hemoglobin determinations in the early first trimester. Targeted sonographic evaluations in the second trimester revealed both fetuses to be anencephalic. Both women terminated their pregnancies. CONCLUSION: Women with diabetes should be encouraged to seek preconceptual counseling and achieve tight glycemic control prior to attempting pregnancy. Health care providers play a vital role in stressing the importance of preconception care to these patients.
Adult↗
Residential exposure summary methodology for a reproductive health study of multiple hazardous waste sites.
Evaluation of associations between residence near hazardous waste sites and rare outcomes requires the consideration of large geographic areas and multiple sources of contamination. For a case-control study of birth defects and solvents, metals and pesticide exposure, the authors rely on previously collected data to rate possible residential exposure from hazardous waste sites. Four pathways of exposure are evaluated: air vapor, air particulates, groundwater ingestion, and groundwater inhalation. Areas within one mile of each site are classified according to 1) the probability of exposure to solvents, metals, and pesticides, and, if available, 2) the relative concentration of contaminants. The probability of exposure (low, medium, or high) for air vapor and particulates depends on the evaporation and soil retention potential of the contaminants, degree of containment, predominant wind direction, and size of the contaminated area. The probability of exposure for groundwater ingestion and inhalation depends on whether there are water supply wells or affected basements within one mile, solubility of the contaminants, direction of groundwater flow, and groundwater sampling results. Relative concentration is based on sampling results for the most commonly sampled media. Exposures are shown on a standard template that defines 25 sectors within a 1 mile radius of each site. The method cannot provide exact estimates of residential exposure, because it relies on data of variable quality. It does provide a basis for evaluating health effects at multiple sites by identifying susceptible residential areas.
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
Response of dairy cows to high doses of a sustained-release bovine somatotropin administered during two lactations. 2. Health and reproduction.
Eighty-two lactating Holstein cows in their first, second, or third lactation received either one, three, or five concurrent i.m. injections of a unit dose (.6 g) of zinc methionyl bST (sometribove) or five doses of the vehicle. Injections were given at 14-d intervals from 60 +/- 3 d postpartum until the end of lactation or necropsy. Thirty-eight animals were continued on treatment for a 2nd yr. Sometribove did not affect the incidence of ketosis, milk fever, tetany, or pneumonia. Digestive disorders, primarily cows going off feed, were increased by bST during yr 1 only. The incidence of lameness was increased by bST in some time frames because of an increase in the 3.0-g bST group. Lameness was not associated with treatment-specific histopathologic changes or with abnormalities in cartilage or bone. Reproductive health generally was unaffected by treatment, but delayed conception and increased incidence of abortion were noted. Incidence of cystic ovaries was unaffected by bST. Pregnancy rates were decreased during the 100-d breeding interval of yr 1 but not during the 215-d interval of yr 2. The incidence of clinical mastitis was increased by bST, primarily at the 3.0-g dose. During the 2-yr study, 0, 3, 3, and 2 cows died or became moribund on 0, .6, 1.8, and 3.0 g of bST, respectively. Health issues identified for further evaluation included lameness and clinical mastitis for the 3.0-g group and early removal from the herd and decreased reproductive performance for all bST groups. Bovine somatotropin caused no treatment-specific toxic effects in dairy cows even at 3.0 g every 14 d.
Animals↗
Ethylene glycol ethers and risks of spontaneous abortion and subfertility.
Potential reproductive effects from occupational exposures to ethylene glycol ethers (EGE) are of concern since these organic solvents have been used widely in industry, and their reproductive toxicity has been well documented in animal studies. For determination of whether occupational exposure to EGE was associated with increased risks of spontaneous abortion and subfertility (i.e., taking more than 1 year of unprotected intercourse to conceive), a retrospective cohort study was conducted among workers at two semiconductor manufacturing plants in the eastern United States in 1980-1989 as part of a larger evaluation of reproductive health. Reproductive and occupational histories were obtained from interviews of semiconductor manufacturing workers and spouses. Assessment of potential exposure to mixtures containing EGE (none, low, medium, and high) was based on reported processes and company records. There were 1,150 pregnancies to semiconductor manufacturers, 561 to female employees and 589 to wives of male employees. Among female manufacturers, potential exposure to mixtures containing EGE was associated with increased risks of spontaneous abortion (relative risk in the high exposure group = 2.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4-5.6) and subfertility (odds ratio in the high exposure group = 4.6; 95% CI 1.6-13.3). Both of these risks exhibited a dose-response relation with potential EGE exposure (p for trend = 0.02). Among spouses of male manufacturers potentially exposed to mixtures containing EGE, there was no increased risk of spontaneous abortion, but there was a nonsignificant increased risk of subfertility (odds ratio in the high exposure group = 1.7; 95% CI 0.7-4.3).
Abortion, Spontaneous↗
International challenges and opportunities in health.
It is not easy to fit an introductory address to the topics of AIDS, transplantation, women's health, reproductive health, national health insurance and epidemiology and public health. I have been asked to speak on international challenges and opportunities in health care in the hope that the global context might frame your specific discussions in the broadest possible perspective. I will speak primarily about the widening gap in health status between rich and poor people and rich and poor nations -- a gap which poses great risks for the poor but increasing risks for all of us as well.
Bioethical Issues↗
Lesbian health inequalities: a cultural minority issue for health professionals.
Health inequalities exist for lesbian and bisexual women, largely related to experiences of discrimination, homophobia and heterosexism. These issues can lead to avoidance of routine healthcare and screening and reduced disclosure of sexual orientation within consultations. Lesbian and bisexual women have specific healthcare needs in areas of sexual and cervical health, reproductive health and parenting, mental health, substance use, and ageing. Facilitation of disclosure of sexual orientation, identity and behaviour within the consultation is desired by most lesbians and important for addressing specific health needs. Healthcare providers should develop "cultural competence" in lesbian issues to enhance their care of lesbian and bisexual women. Healthcare providers have a role in promoting awareness of lesbian health issues and inequalities in the arenas of healthcare provider education, research and health policy.
Adolescent↗
Health, Human Rights and Lesbian Existence.
This essay briefly examines the intersection of "health and human rights" strategies with two critical international human rights movements: women's rights and gay rights. It concludes that within international frameworks defining a woman's right to health, reproductive health has played a predominant role, and when discussions of health and human rights have addressed issues of homosexuality, they have tended to focus on the explosive conjunction of AIDS and discrimination in the lives of gay men. Nevertheless, despite the fact that strategies for achieving a human right to health have tended to focus on issues less than central to many lesbians' lives, the emerging health and human rights paradigm by allowing a "whole person" analysis that takes into account the dynamics of individual and social relations as well as basic human needsmay paradoxically offer lesbians the potential to counteract the harms that have evolved within the arenas of health and human rights independently, while avoiding the pitfalls of identity-based claims.
Journal Article↗
Reproductive rights of Egyptian women: issues for debate.
Because the definitions of reproductive health and reproductive rights are so broad, it has been possible in Egypt and elsewhere for one or other issue on the reproductive health agenda to be prioritised to the detriment or exclusion of others, and a comprehensive approach avoided. Reproductive health and rights language was introduced in Egypt around the time of the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo in 1994. From the moment these concepts were translated into Arabic, activists, scholars and women themselves discussed and debated their meanings and questioned whether Egyptian culture permitted a rights approach of this kind and whether reproductive rights were actually perceived as such by Egyptian women. This paper discusses the language of reproductive rights in relation to cultural specificity in the Egyptian context, Egyptian women's perceptions of reproductive rights, the role of tradition and religion, and the ways in which reproductive rights are taken up under Egyptian law. It analyses some of the arguments used against reproductive rights on these grounds.
Arabs↗
Selecting, implementing, and evaluating teen pregnancy prevention interventions: lessons from the CDC's Community Coalition Partnership Programs for the Prevention of Teen Pregnancy.
PURPOSE: To summarize 13 communities' experiences with selecting, implementing, and evaluating teen pregnancy prevention interventions within the CDC Community Coalition Partnership Programs for the Prevention of Teen Pregnancy. The study focuses on decision-making processes and barriers encountered in five categories of interventions: reproductive health services, reproductive health education, parent-child communication, male involvement, and programs for pregnant and parenting teens. METHODS: Telephone interviews were conducted with program directors, lead evaluators, and community coalition chairpersons in each of the 13 communities. The descriptive analysis explored factors that influenced community decisions to develop or not to develop interventions. These factors were analyzed by type of intervention. RESULTS: Each community implemented an average of six interventions and operated them with a variety of funding sources. Interventions were selected on the basis of need, and the community needs and assets assessment process was "very important" for most reported interventions. Decision-making was influenced most often by project staff, the coalition, or related work groups. Teens were infrequently viewed as primary decision-makers in the selection of interventions. Communities with family planning services as hub agencies were more likely to address reproductive services and reproductive health education. Communities with child advocacy or youth-serving agencies were more likely to focus on other intervention categories. About two-thirds of the interventions were evaluated by either process or outcome measures, or by both. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights important lessons learned that should be considered in examinations of the overall effectiveness of this community coalition approach to the prevention of teen pregnancy.
Adolescent↗
'A practical approach to gender-based violence: a programme guide for health care providers and managers' developed by the UN Population Fund.
Gender-based violence (GBV) is a worldwide problem that can have serious physical and psychological consequences. Women need to be assessed for GBV and a logical place to do so would be where women go for health care, reproductive health facilities. The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) has developed 'A Practical Approach to Gender-Based Violence: A Program Guide for Health Care Providers and Managers' to assist reproductive health facilities in integrating GBV into their programs. This article briefly describes the project options and the steps that need to be taken in order to implement such projects.
Domestic Violence↗
The effect of subclinical experimental Cowdria ruminantium infection on the health and reproductive performance of breeding ewes.
This study documented the effect on the productivity of Dorper-Merino cross ewes when they became infected with Cowdria ruminantium as would occur in an endemically stable state. A flock of 152 breeding ewes was randomly divided into two matched groups. One group was infected on multiple occasions with C. ruminantium; the other group remained uninfected. The ewes were bred and monitored for one breeding/lambing/weaning cycle. Hematological, reproductive, and health parameters were recorded at regular intervals. Statistically significant differences in hematological values between the two groups were infrequent and transient. No significant differences in weights, mortality rates or reproductive parameters were detected between the two groups. Subclinical C. ruminantium infection did not negatively affect health and reproductive performance of breeding ewes; endemic stability would be a suitable alternative method of controlling heartwater.
Animals↗
An overview of multicentric training workshops for public health professionals on reproductive and child health programme in India.
The major emphasis of Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) programme in India is delivery of client-oriented, demand driven and broader ranges of high quality, safe and effective services for children, adolescents, mothers and reproductive age group population at large. Increased client satisfaction is considered as main determinant for improved acceptance of the services. Thus, well trained and motivated health personnel are necessary to deal with highly sensitive, personal health issues of the clients, like contraception, abortion, infertility services etc. The Indian Public Health Association organized total 10 workshops in several places of India (A total 322 members, composed of Medical Administrators (54.7%), Faculty members of Medical Colleges (24.5%), Sociologist and Nutritionists (13.9%) and also public health personnel (6.9%) participated in the workshop). Learning objectives and lesson plans etc. were formulated. Accordingly the contents were incorporated in a module, validated and pretested. The training sessions were conducted by briefing, discussion, group exercise and VIPP method and were evaluated by semi structured. The pre/post assessment schedule and scored scale of feedback from participantsAE were used for evaluation. The pre-post assessment scores revealed wide variations of mean score among the participants of several places. Significant post workshop improvement of knowledge was quite evident, with few exceptions. The group variants of pre and post score of results was considered to be due to heterogeneous groups of participants. Review of objectivity and quality of the questionnaire were felt as necessary.
Adolescent↗
Racial and ethnic disparities in health care for adolescents: a systematic review of the literature.
OBJECTIVE: To identify the extent of racial and ethnic disparities in primary care, mental health care, reproductive health care, and asthma care for adolescents independent of socioeconomic status (SES). DATA SOURCES: Systematic review of the scientific literature using standard bibliographic databases. STUDY SELECTION: Inclusion criteria were (1) studies published in the past 12 years, (2) analyses included children and adolescents aged 17 years and younger, and (3) data analyzed by racial/ethnic groups while accounting for SES. A total of 203 studies were reviewed, of which 31 met the criteria for inclusion: 14 of 65 studies on primary care, 11 of 61 studies on mental health care, 2 of 50 studies on reproductive health, and 4 of 27 studies on asthma services. DATA EXTRACTION: Data from tables in the selected studies were used to determine whether minority children and adolescents received fewer, greater, or the same health care services as white children and youth after taking into account SES. DATA SYNTHESIS: Black youth received fewer primary care services in 8 studies, whereas in 4 studies no disparity was noted. Hispanic youth received fewer primary care services in 6 studies, whereas no disparity was noted in 5. One study did not include Hispanic subjects. In 2 studies minority youth, combined into a single category, received fewer services than did white youth. In a total of 6 studies black youth received fewer mental health services, whereas in 3 studies no disparity was noted and in 1 study black youth received a greater number of services. In 3 studies Hispanic youth received fewer mental health services, and in 3 studies there were no group differences. In 1 study, with racial and ethnic groups combined in a single category, minority children and youth received fewer mental health services than white subjects. Three studies did not include Hispanic subjects. Too few studies of reproductive and asthma care were available to draw conclusions. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that racial and ethnic disparities, independent of SES, exist in selected areas of adolescent health care. More studies are needed to better understand the extent and causes of these findings.
Adolescent↗