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PubMed2002

Sensitivity and rapidity of blood culture bottles in the detection of cornea organ culture media contamination by bacteria and fungi.

AIMS: To test the bactericidal activity of standard organ culture medium, and to compare the sensitivity and rapidity of blood culture bottles with conventional microbiological methods for detection of bacteria and fungi inoculated in a standard cornea organ culture medium. METHODS: The bactericidal activity of contaminated standard organ culture medium containing 100 IU/ml penicillin, 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin, and 0.25 micro g/ml amphotericin B was evaluated after 48 hours of incubation at 31 degrees C with five inocula of 14 bacteria. Two yeasts (Candida spp) and one Aspergillus were also tested. Contaminated media were then inoculated in three blood bottles (aerobic, anaerobic, fungal) placed in a Bactec 9240 automat; three conventional microbiological broths were the control. Changes in colour of organ culture medium and growth on conventional broth were screened daily by visual inspection. The sensitivity and rapidity of detection of contamination were compared between the three methods: blood bottle, conventional, and visual. RESULTS: Organ culture medium eradicated five bacteria irrespective of the starting inoculums: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Branhamella catarrhalis, Escherichia coli, Propionibacterium acnes, and Haemophilus influenzae. For micro-organisms where the medium was ineffective or bactericidal only (methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, Candida kruzei, Aspergillus fumigatus), the blood bottle, conventional, and visual methods detected microbial growth in 100%, 76.5%, and 70% of cases respectively. Mean detection time using blood bottles was 15.1 hours (SD 13.8, range 2-52). In cases of detection by the blood bottle method and the conventional method, the former was always faster: 95.5% against 65.2% detection within 24 hours (p=0.022) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Blood bottles detect more efficiently and more rapidly a wider range of bacteria and fungi than the conventional microbiological method and the visual inspection of organ culture media.

Bacteria↗

PubMed2000

Photochemical inactivation of bacteria and HIV in buffy-coat-derived platelet concentrates under conditions that preserve in vitro platelet function.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A photochemical process has been tested for the inactivation of viruses and bacteria in buffy-coat derived platelet concentrates (BC PCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: BC PCs in 35% CPD plasma and 65% platelet-additive solution (PAS III) were exposed to photochemical treatment (PCT) with 150 microM of the psoralen S-59 and a 3 J/cm(2) treatment with long-wavelength ultraviolet light (UVA, 320-400 nm). Platelet function was evaluated following PCT using a panel of in vitro assays. RESULTS: This PCT process was highly effective at inactivating gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis) and gram-negative bacteria (Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens). No viable bacteria were detected following PCT and 7 days of platelet storage while bacterial growth was detected in paired untreated control BC PCs. Complete inactivation of the gram-positive Bacillus cereus was achieved only in one of two replicate experiments with BC PCs. PCT was also highly effective for inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 in BC PCs inoculated with approximately 10(6) tissue culture infectious doses per milliliter (TCID(50)/ml) of cell-associated HIV-1. Rapid inactivation was observed with increasing UVA doses: with 150 microM S-59 and a 1 J/cm(2) treatment of UVA, a reduction of 5.6+/-0.5 log TCID(50)/ml was achieved, and a reduction of >6.4 log TCID(50)/ml was achieved with 150 microM S-59 and a 3 J/cm(2) treatment of UVA. No physiologically relevant differences in platelet functions were found between the test and the control BC PCs during 7 days of storage. CONCLUSION: PCT with 150 microM S-59 and a 3 J/cm(2) UVA treatment does not adversely affect in vitro properties of BC PCs stored at 22 degrees C for 7 days. The PCT process inactivated bacteria and HIV-1 inoculated into the BC PCs. These results extend the earlier reported efficacy of PCT apheresis PCs to BC PCs.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1991

In vitro studies on the microbicidal effectiveness of a xenon-based ultraviolet light device for continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis connections.

Mercury vapor sourced ultraviolet light has been used for several years to disinfect connections that are integral to peritoneal dialysis solution delivery systems. This in vitro study evaluated the suitability of xenon flash sourced ultraviolet light as an effective alternative disinfecting agent. Candida albicans was determined to be at least four times more resistant than Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mitis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to ultraviolet radiation generated by both mercury vapor and xenon flash devices. Both ultraviolet devices effectively disinfected transfer set spikes that were inoculated intraluminally with each of these five test microorganisms suspended in a pool of patient dialysis effluent. However, ultraviolet (254 nm) absorbance values of dialysis effluent was found to vary greatly between patients, with the most ultraviolet-opaque effluent significantly reducing the microbicidal effectiveness of the mercury vapor, but not the xenon flash system.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1982

Biophotometric comparison of cephalexin and cephradine against gram-positive bacteria.

We have compared the antibacterial activities of cephalexin and cephradine against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (Micrococcus spp. type III), and group B streptococci (35 strains in total), using the Biophotometer. Analysis of growth curves obtained in the presence of various concentrations of the antibiotics revealed little difference between the activities of the two cephalosporins. However, both antibiotics showed maximal activity at 8-16 microgram/ml, and increasing the concentration past this point resulted in a reduced antibacterial effect. Unlike the other species tested, streptococci were not lysed by cephalexin or cephradine.

Cephalexin↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Total nutrient admixtures appear safer than lipid emulsion alone as regards microbial contamination: growth properties of microbial pathogens at room temperature.

BACKGROUND: The extraordinary growth properties of most microorganisms in 10% and 20% lipid emulsions has led to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendation that if lipids are given through an i.v. line, the administration set should be replaced every 24 hours rather than the usual 72-hour interval used for crystalloid solutions, including those used for conventional total parenteral nutrition. For nearly 15 years, parenteral alimentation has been given as a total nutrient admixture (TNA), with the glucose, amino acids, and lipid mixed within the same bag and infused continuously over 24 hours. METHODS: We prospectively studied in a representative TNA (17.6% glucose, 5% amino acids, 4% lipid; pH 5.6, osmolality 1778) and in a control solution, 5% dextrose-in-water (D5%/W), the growth properties at 4, 25, and 35 degrees C of three isolates each of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Serratia marcescens, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia, Flavobacterium spp, and Candida albicans, and two isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus, the species that are most likely to contaminate TNA during preparation or administration and that have been implicated in >95% of all outbreaks and sporadic cases of nosocomial bloodstream infections traced to contaminated parenteral admixtures reported in the world literature. RESULTS: Growth in TNA at 25 and 35 degrees C occurred with only two species, C. albicans and S. saprophyticus, and only after 24 to 48 hours; D5%/W allowed growth at 25 degrees C of two gram-negative species, S. marcescens and B. cepacia. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that TNA is a poor growth medium for most nosocomial pathogens and is no better than D5%/W. The need to replace administration sets every 24 hours with TNA should be reconsidered and ideally be studied in a prospective randomized trial.

Acinetobacter↗

PubMed2000

Management of chronic deep infection following rotator cuff repair.

BACKGROUND: Deep infection of the shoulder following rotator cuff repair is uncommon. There are few reports in the literature regarding the management of such infections. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of thirteen patients and recorded the demographic data, clinical and laboratory findings, risk factors, bacteriological findings, and results of surgical management. RESULTS: The average age of the patients was 63.7 years. The interval between the rotator cuff repair and the referral because of infection averaged 9.7 months. An average of 2.4 procedures were performed prior to referral because of infection, and an average of 2.1 procedures were performed at our institution. All patients had pain on presentation, and most had a restricted range of motion. Most patients were afebrile and did not have an elevated white blood-cell count but did have an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The most common organisms were Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Propionibacterium species. At an average of 3.1 years, all patients were free of infection. Using the Simple Shoulder Test, eight patients stated that the shoulder was comfortable with the arm at rest by the side, they could sleep comfortably, and they were able to perform activities below shoulder level. However, most patients had poor overhead function. CONCLUSIONS: Extensive soft-tissue loss or destruction is associated with a worse prognosis. Extensive débridement, often combined with a muscle transfer, and administration of the appropriate antibiotics controlled the infection, although most patients were left with a substantial deficit in overhead function of the shoulder.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

[Intravascular device-related infection].

Intravascular device-related infection is one of the most important nosocomial infections. More than 200,000 cases with blood stream infection occur each year and most of them are related to the use of an intravascular device in United States. The microorganisms most frequently involved are Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. It is very important to prevent and treat the catheter-related infections. Many researches have been done to develop methods for preventing and treating intravascular device-related infection. They include diagnosis of catheter-infections, appropriate barrier precautions during catheter insertion, intervals for replacement of catheters, catheter-site care, site of catheter insertion and type of catheter material. Furthermore novel approaches are needed for prevention and treatment of the intravascular device-related infection.

Bacteremia↗

PubMed2002

Vitreous penetration of orally administered gatifloxacin in humans.

PURPOSE: To investigate the penetration of gatifloxacin, a novel extended-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic, into the vitreous humor after oral administration. METHODS: A prospective, nonrandomized clinical study of 20 consecutive patients scheduled for pars plana vitrectomy surgery between September 2001 and February 2002 at the Cullen Eye Institute, Houston, Texas. Aqueous, vitreous, and serum samples were obtained and analyzed from 20 patients after oral administration of two 400-mg gatifloxacin tablets taken 12 hours apart before surgery. Assays were performed using high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Mean gatifloxacin concentrations in serum (n = 19), vitreous (n = 19), and aqueous (n = 10) 4.98 +/- 1.14 micrograms/mL, 1.35 +/- 0.36 microgram/mL, and 1.09 +/- 0.57 micrograms/mL, respectively. Mean sampling times after oral administration of the second gatifloxacin tablet for serum, vitreous, and aqueous were 2.99 +/- 0.73 hours, 3.79 +/- 0.81 hours, and 3.71 +/- 0.87 hours, respectively. The percentages of serum gatifloxacin concentration achieved in the vitreous and aqueous were 27.13% and 21.85%, respectively. Mean inhibitory vitreous and aqueous MIC90 levels were achieved against a wide spectrum of pathogens, including Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Propionibacterium acnes, Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Proteus mirabilis, and other organisms. CONCLUSIONS: Gatifloxacin is a novel fourth-generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic that has MIC90 levels significantly lower than those of other fluoroquinolone agents. Furthermore, it penetrates well into the vitreous cavity in the noninflamed eye. Potential uses for oral gatifloxacin may include prophylaxis against endophthalmitis in open-globe injuries, surgical prophylaxis against postoperative endophthalmitis, and adjunctive therapy for the current management of bacterial endophthalmitis.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1999

[Central venous catheter-related sepsis: one year experience in a large university hospital]

Five hundred two central venous catheters (CVC) inserted in 366 patients were evaluated prospectively over a one-year period to determine the frequency and risk factors associated with CVC-related sepsis. A CVC-related infection was suspected in 190 cases (190/502, 38%). A catheter-related sepsis was established in 50 patients (10%). The infection rate was 0.8 cases of sepsis per 100 catheterdays. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida spp. were the most frequently isolated etiological agents of sepsis. On univariate analysis, six variables affecting the rate of catheter-related sepsis were identified: neutropenia > 8 days (p < 0.01); AIDS (p < 0.001); haematological malignancies (p < 0.001); total parenteral nutrition (p = 0.001); duration of site use (p = 0.04); high APACHE II score (p = 0.04). The logistic regression analysis revealed that AIDS and haematological malignancies were independent risk factors of catheter-related sepsis. In conclusion, although the incidence of established catheter infection is much lower than the incidence of suspected infection, in most cases it is wise to change the catheter with the guidewire technique and wait for culture of the tip, rather than to remove the catheter immediately.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

[Yearly changes in antibacterial activities of cefozopran against various clinical isolates between 1996 and 2001--I. Gram-positive bacteria].

The in vitro antibacterial activities of cefozopran (CZOP), an agent of cephems, against various clinical isolates obtained between 1996 and 2001 were yearly evaluated and compared with those of other cephems, oxacephems, carbapenems, and penicillins. A total of 1,274 strains in 15 species of Gram-positive bacteria were isolated from the clinical materials annually collected from January to December, and consisted of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus avium, and Peptostreptococcus spp. CZOP possessed stable antibacterial activities against all strains tested throughout 6 years. The MIC90 of CZOP against MRSA and S. haemolyticus tended to decrease while against S. pneumoniae and Peptostreptococcus spp., tended to increase year by year. However, the MIC90 just changed a little and were consistent with the results from the studies performed until the new drug application approval. Increases in the MIC90 against S. pneumoniae were also observed with ceftazidime (CPR), cefepime (CFPM), flomoxef (FMOX), sulbactam/cefoperazone (SBT/CPZ), and imipenem (IPM). Increases in the MIC90 against Peptostreptococcus spp. were also observed with FMOX, SBT/CPZ, and IPM. In conclusion, the annual antibacterial activities of CZOP against the Gram-positive bacteria did not considerably change. It, therefore, was suggested that CZOP had maintained high antibacterial activity during 6 years of post marketing.

Cefepime↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Face and body sponges: beauty aids or potential microbiological reservoir?

Small natural or synthetic sponges are commonly used in daily hygiene and in removing make-up. In our study we try to assess the role of sponges as reservoirs and vehicles in the transmission of potentially pathogenic bacterial species. We demonstrate that numerous Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial species are detectable in sponges after normal use by the healthy population. The most common bacteria to be found are Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in both cellulose and nylon sponges; this observation supports the idea that the environmental factors (humidity, temperature) favour bacterial growth more than the different materials the sponges are made of. Sponges should be restricted to personal use, regularly washed, completely dried and kept in a dry place.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Isolation and characterization of microorganisms from instruments used by pedicurists operating within Lagos metropolis, Nigeria.

Eight bacterial and five fungal species were isolated from swab samples taken from instruments used by pedicurists operating at three different sites in Lagos, Nigeria. The bacterial isolates included Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus roseus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Hafnia spp, Shigella spp, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus spp. The five fungal isolates were identified as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Mucor spp, Trichophyton spp and Candida albicans. The presence of these microorganisms, some of which are pathogenic, is an indication that pedicurists could be contributing towards the spread of skin and nail infections within the Lagos metropolis.

Bacteria↗

PubMed2000

PD-140248 (Parke-Davis & Co).

PD-140248 is an isomerase inhibitor and topoisomerase II inhibitor under development by Parke-Davis and Co as a potential treatment for bacterial infection. Although no details of active development have been published in the scientific literature since 1996, in September 1999, the company confirmed that PD-140248 is still in active development [338530]. The compound is one of two new pyrrolidinyl naphthyridines (the other compound being PD-131628) with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, including activity against quinolone-resistant bacteria. PD-140248 demonstrates strong in vitro activity, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria, such as quinolone-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S epidermidis), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (S haemolyticus), methicillin- and ciprofloxacin-resistant S aureus, Streptococcus species, Streptococcus pneumoniae (S pneumoniae) and Enterococcus faecalis (E faecalis). An MIC90 value of 0.015 microg/ml was obtained against Haemophilus influenzae (H influenzae) and Moraxella catarrhalis [160129]. The (3R,1S) enantiomer, PD-140248, demonstrated a 1- to 10-fold enhanced activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms in vitro and in vivo compared to its stereoisomers, and has thus been targeted for further preclinical studies [133377].

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Veronate (Inhibitex).

Inhibitex, under license from BioResearch, is developing Veronate, an antibody-based immunotherapy for the potential prevention of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida infections in very-low-birth-weight infants. Phase III clinical trials of Veronate are ongoing.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

[Clinical investigation of chronic blepharitis and evaporative loss dry eye].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between chronic blepharitis and evaporative loss dry eye. METHODS: Forty-one patients (82 eyes) were diagnosed as chronic blepharitis from November 2002 to April 2003 in Beijing Tongren Eye Center, of which 22 cases were male and 19 female. All patients' ocular surface was judged by Schirmer I test, tear film break up time (BUT) and Tearscope. Meibomian gland secretion was used for bacteria culture and antibiotic sensitivity test. Thirty patients (60 eyes) of glaucoma, cataract and LASIK before surgery were used as control, which included 16 male and 14 female. Microbiological results of meibomian gland secretion were compared and the statistical difference was evaluated by chi(2) test. RESULTS: Of the blepharitis group, ST value was less than 10 mm in 30 eyes (36.6%), BUT less than 10 s in 56 eyes (68.3%) and tear film tearscope evaluation more than 3 grade in 46 eyes (56.1%). The bacteria spectrum of meibomian secretion in both groups was similar, which included staphylococcus epidermidis, staphylococcus aureus and corynebacterium. However, the bacterium culture positive rate and antibiotic sensitivity showed significant difference (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The chronic blepharitis is one of important cause in evaporative loss dry eyes.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

[Clinical observation of the effects of FE combined enzymes on the infection of the granulation burn wound during late post burns stage].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of combined FE enzymes on the infection of the granulation burn wound during late postburn stage in controlling burn wound infection caused by common antibiotic resistant bacteria. METHODS: Thirty patients in our burn ward were enrolled and were randomly divided into A [treated with combined FE enzymes (50 ml dissolved in 0-150 ml normal saline to reach the final concentration of 1-3 U/ml)] and B (treated with gentamicin) groups, with 15 patients in each group. Several layers of gauze, either soaked with combined FE enzyme in A or gentamicin in B group, were used to cover the burn wounds once to twice a day. Bacterial culture from the burn wound exudation before and after drug administration was done before the application of the agents. The bacteria in the burn wounds and their susceptibility to antibiotics were identified. The healing time of the burn wounds was recorded. Furthermore, the healing rate of the burn wound was recorded on the 3rd, 5th, 8th, 10th and 12th post skin grafting days (PSGD). RESULTS: The dominating bacteria in the burn wounds in both groups were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae and MRSA. The susceptibility rate of bacteria ( MRSA, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyte, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae) to combined FE enzyme was 93.8%, 100.0%, 100.0%, 100.0%, 100.0% and 95.0% respectively, which were much higher than those in B group (17.6%, 31.3%, 28.6%, 44.0%, 33.3%, 28.0% respectively, P < 0.1. The wound healing time after skin grafting in A group (10.6 +/- 1.5 days) was significantly shorter than that in B group (15.3 +/- 1.7 days, P < 0.01). The wound healing rate on 10 PSGD in A group was (85.4 +/- 2.4)%, and which was only (51.3 +/- 1.5% in B group (P < 0.01) CONCLUSION: Combined FE enzyme can effectively control burn wound infection, so that the interval between skin grafting and wound healing can be shortened and success rate of skin grafting be improved.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

The effect of methylmethacrylate on chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

The effect of methylmethacrylate on chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes was evaluated by an in vitro method that involved migration of human leukocytes under agarose. Chemotactic factors produced during growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli remained chemotactically active in the presence of a methylmethacrylate concentration of 1.25 per cent, which was the highest tested. The methylmethacrylate also did not alter the activity of the chemotactic factor produced by zymosan activation of normal human serum. However, when methylmethacrylate was added to normal human serum prior to zymosan activation, a methylmethacrylate concentration of 0.312 per cent significantly depressed the subsequent zymosan-induced chemotactic activity and concentrations above 0.312 per cent abolished it. When methylmethacrylate was added to the polymorphonuclear leukocyte suspensions, there was significant depression of the migration of cells at a concentration of 0.312 per cent, and at concentrations of 0.625 and 1.25 per cent no leukocyte migration occurred.

Cell Migration Inhibition↗

PubMed1978

The effect of methylmethacrylate on bacterial phagocytosis and killing by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

The phagocytic and bactericidal activities of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the presence of methylmethacrylate were determined by in vitro techniques. It was found that methylmethacrylate in concentrations as low as 0.156 per cent significantly decreased the ability of leukocytes to phagocytose and kill strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. The evidence indicates that methylmethacrylate impairs the killing more than the phagocytosis by the leukocytes.

Blood Bactericidal Activity↗