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PubMed1982

Development and validation of a Vietnamese-language depression rating scale.

The authors developed a depression scale in the Vietnamese language that contains culturally consistent items describing the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of depressed individuals and items describing common clinical characteristics of depressed Vietnamese patients. After pretesting, the preliminary 43-item scale was given to 21 depressed Vietnamese patients and a matched community sample of 44. Fifteen items accounted for 96% of the variance between the two groups and were used as the final form of the Vietnamese Depression Scale. A cutoff of 13 points (of a possible 34) identified 91% of the patients and 96% of the community sample.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

A scale to assess severity in organophosphorus intoxication: POP scale.

We have developed a clinical scale to assess severity or organophosphorus (OP) intoxication. Five common clinical manifestations of OP poisoning have been selected as parameters, each to be assessed on a 3 point scale varying from 0-2. Poisoning can then be graded as mild (score 0-3), moderate (score 4-7) or severe (score 8-11) when the patient first presents. The scale was validated using two consecutive series of 173 patients with OP poisoning. Correlations between the scores obtained on admission and three outcome variables, namely, death, the need for ventilatory support and the dose of atropine required in the first 24 hours after admission were significant. We believe that this scale would assist in grading severity of OP intoxication at first contact and help in predicting possible outcome.

Bradycardia↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Self-efficacy and consumption of fruit and vegetables: validation of a summated scale.

PURPOSE: To develop and validate a scale to assess self-efficacy for increasing fruit and vegetable consumption, and to assess the ability of the scale to discriminate individuals at different stages of readiness to change. METHODS: Data were collected using a combination of self-administered mail questionnaires and phone interviews from a sample of 1200 Chinese Singaporeans randomly selected from residential phone listings. Principal-components analysis was conducted with half the sample, and model fit was measured using structural modeling procedures on the other half. Analyses of variance were used to determine whether self-efficacy differed across the stages of change. SETTING: Data were collected as part of a larger study investigating factors influencing consumption of fruit, vegetables, and cereal foods. MEASURES: Fruit and vegetable intake was measured using a validated seven-item food frequency questionnaire. Subjects were assigned to stages using a phone-administered staging algorithm. Self-efficacy items were scored on a five-point Likert scale from very confident to not at all confident. RESULTS: Principal-components analysis revealed a two-factor structure that was highly stable across two split-half samples and gender, and accounted for 57% of the variance in self-efficacy. The two factors demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.77 and 0.89), with loadings ranging from 0.59 to 0.86 (mean = 0.70). Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated good model fit (goodness-of-fit index = 0.99), with all parameters significant. Scores on the scale were significantly higher among subjects assigned to maintenance than among those assigned to precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study provide preliminary evidence for the utility of the scale to guide development and monitoring of community programs and therapeutic interventions.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Development of a histomorphologic scale to quantify cutaneous scars after burns.

OBJECTIVE: Cutaneous wound healing in adults invariably results in scarring; however, there are few scales to quantify the degree of such scarring. The authors developed a histomorphologic scale for quantifying scarring after cutaneous burn injury. METHODS: As part of a randomized trial comparing a variety of burn therapies, 40 partial-thickness burns were created on the backs and flanks of anesthetized pigs and treated with a tissue adhesive, antibiotic ointment, occlusive dressing, or dry gauze. Gross scar appearance was independently assessed by two investigators at 90 days on a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS) marked "best appearance" at the high end. One of the investigators repeated the observation 30 days later. Full-thickness biopsies were taken 90 days after injury and evaluated histologically by a dermatopathologist for the presence of hyperkeratosis, epidermal hyperplasia, presence and depth of scar (defined as abnormally oriented collagen under polarized light), fibroplasia, vascular proliferation, and absence of adnexa, including hair follicles, apocrine glands, and smooth muscles. One point was assigned for each category in the presence of a normal finding, whereas an abnormal finding was assigned a score of zero. The normal dermis (absence of abnormal collagen) was given a score of 3, while decreasing scores of 2 to 0 were given for progressively deeper scars (i.e., 2 for papillary dermis, 1 for upper half of reticular dermis, and 0 for deep dermal lower half). The total histomorphologic score was derived by adding the scores on the individual items. The score ranges from 0 to 10 from worst scarring to absence of scarring, respectively. A subset of observations was evaluated a second time by one of the observers one month later. Intraobserver reliability of the histomorphologic scale was assessed with Spearman's correlation. Inter- and intraobserver Pearson's correlations for the gross scar VAS were calculated, and the correlation between gross and histomorphologic scores was assessed. RESULTS: Intraobserver correlation for individual histomorphologic categories ranged from 0.19 to 1.00. Intraobserver correlation for the total histologic score was 0.95. Inter- and intraobserver correlations for the gross scar VAS were 0.8 each. Correlation between the histomorphologic scale and the gross scar VAS was 0.38. CONCLUSIONS: A new reliable histomorphologic method for quantifying and scoring cutaneous scars is described together with a reliable scar VAS. However, these two scales are not highly correlated.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Ways of coping with cystic fibrosis: implications for treatment adherence.

PURPOSE: How individuals cope with aspects of cystic fibrosis (CF) has the potential to influence their self management and the course of their disease. To evaluate how individuals cope with CF, a disease specific coping scale was developed and validated. A second objective of the work was to examine the relationship between coping styles and treatment adherence. METHODS: The development of the coping scale constituted a longitudinal design. A cross-sectional questionnaire design was used to examine the coping-adherence relationship. The development and validation of the coping scale comprised three phases: (1) Initially, 60 patients were interviewed to identify CF concerns. From this information a list of 23 concerns were recorded; (2) Eighty-three patients were interviewed to identify CF coping responses. For each concern, they were asked what they did or thought to ease the worry. A list of 24 coping strategies were recorded that formed a comprehensive set of items as to how people with CF act, feel and think about aspects of their disease; and (3) Further development and testing of the questionnaire involved 174 patients completing the measure. Four distinct ways of coping with CF were identified by factor analysis. These were termed optimistic acceptance, hopefulness, distraction and avoidance. The cronbach alpha coefficients were 0.74 (optimistic acceptance), 0.69 (hopefulness). 0.71 (distraction) and 0.76 (avoidance). To evaluate the relationship between coping and treatment adherence 60 patients completed the CF Coping Questionnaire and the Manchester Adult Cystic Fibrosis Compliance Questionnaire. RESULTS: Compared with patients who were non-adherent, those who were adherent scored higher on the optimistic acceptance scale (physiotherapy p < 0.05, enzymes p < 0.003, vitamins p < 0.05) and hopefulness scale (physiotherapy p < 0.002, enzymes p < 0.001). Those who were partially adherent reported using distraction as a way of coping to a greater extent than adherent or non-adherent patients (all p's < 0.05). Non-adherent patients used avoidance strategies to a greater extent than those who were adherent (physiotherapy p < 0.05, enzymes p < 0.04), although interestingly, adherence with exercise was associated with avoidant coping (p < 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: The degree of adherence to treatments was influenced by a person's style of coping. The identification of effective coping strategies to aid both long-term psychological and clinical well-being should improve the management of non-adherence.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1996

A penetration-aspiration scale.

The development and use of an 8-point, equal-appearing interval scale to describe penetration and aspiration events are described. Scores are determined primarily by the depth to which material passes in the airway and by whether or not material entering the airway is expelled. Intra- and interjudge reliability have been established. Clinical and scientific uses of the scale are discussed.

Deglutition↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Drug therapy concerns questionnaire: initial development and refinement.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a scale, designed for self-administration, to assess patient perceptions of drug therapy problems (DTPs). DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: California Central Valley. PARTICIPANTS: 200 community-dwelling adults taking at least one prescription medication. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: 78 items assessing patient perceptions of DTPs. INTERVENTIONS: Self-administered questionnaire completed by study participants. RESULTS: Based on a Medication Evaluation and Response Model proposed in this article, items were developed to assess patient perceptions about potential or actual DTPs. Scales for five of the seven problem domains specified a priori were reliable based on participant responses: Perceived Efficacy, Overmedication Concerns, Adverse Drug Reaction Concerns, Adherence Issues, and Knowledge. Barriers and Intrusiveness were eliminated from, the questionnaire because of weak factor loadings. After making changes in domain assignment and eliminating redundant and weak items, five items remained in each of the five reliable scales, with Cronbach's alpha values ranging from 0.76 to 0.82. Each of the five scales was significantly associated with patient satisfaction with their medications. Individuals who reported fewer DTPs expressed greater overall satisfaction with their medications. In a forward stepwise regression analysis, four of the five scales exhibited independent associations with medication satisfaction, explaining 58.0% of the total variance in satisfaction [F(4,178) = 61.48, P < .0001]. Only the Knowledge scale failed to exhibit an independent association with satisfaction. CONCLUSION: The findings from this initial stage of scale development are encouraging. The association between the scales and medication satisfaction suggests that the scales may be useful in learning more about those factors that influence how patients evaluate their medications.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗

PubMed2002

The development of children's rule use on the balance scale task.

Cognitive development can be characterized by a sequence of increasingly complex rules or strategies for solving problems. Our work focuses on the development of children's proportional reasoning, assessed by the balance scale task using Siegler's (1976, 1981) rule assessment methodology. We studied whether children use rules, whether children of different ages use qualitatively different rules, and whether rules are used consistently. Nonverbal balance scale problems were administered to 805 participants between 5 and 19 years of age. Latent class analyses indicate that children use rules, that children of different ages use different rules, and that both consistent and inconsistent use of rules occurs. A model for the development of reasoning about the balance scale task is proposed. The model is a restricted form of the overlapping waves model (Siegler, 1996) and predicts both discontinuous and gradual transitions between rules.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Development and validation of a geriatrics attitudes scale for primary care residents.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate an instrument measuring attitudes toward older persons and caring for older patients. DESIGN: Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. SETTING: An academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Initial Study: 121 primary care residents (n = 96), fellows (n = 14), and faculty (n = 11) participated in instrument development in 1995. Longitudinal Study: 95 residents (n = 87) and fellows (n = 8) of the initial cohort participated in the 1996 follow-up study, and 61 of the initial cohort (57 residents and 4 fellows) participated in the 1997 follow-up study. Cross Validation Study: 96 first-year residents (n = 78) and fellows (n = 18) participated in this study. MEASUREMENTS: A 14-item geriatrics attitudes scale was developed. The items were selected from a pool of 37 items administered to the 121 participants in the initial study. RESULTS: The instrument demonstrated high reliability (Cronbach's alpha = .76) and known-groups and construct validity. Attitudes were progressively more positive with more medical training (P < .001), and residents with greater career interest in geriatrics scored higher than those less interested (P = .007). Cross validation results supported the reliability and validity of the instrument. Longitudinal data showed significantly different trends of attitude changes among groups of residents and fellows over a 2-year period. CONCLUSIONS: The 14-item geriatrics attitudes scale developed in this study shows sound reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change among primary care residents. The performance of other groups of medical trainees and the relationship of attitude changes to specific medical training warrant further investigation.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

The development of the Thai Psychiatric Satisfaction Scale.

BACKGROUND: Satisfaction with mental services is an important quality and outcome variable. The Thai Psychiatric Satisfaction Scale (TPSS) is developed in order to measure service satisfaction. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to develop the Thai Psychiatric Satisfaction Scale (TPSS), having adequate and sufficient validity and reliability. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A sample of people with mental illness in the Department of Psychiatry, Siriraj Hospital was assessed. The TPSS was administered. Then factor analysis, internal consistency and test-retest reliability were analized. RESULTS: The Thai Psychiatric Satisfaction Scale (TPSS) contains seven domains: Professionals' Skills and Behavior, Information, Access, Efficacy, Type of Intervention, Relative's Involvement, and Environment and Setting. The infinity coefficient for the TPSS was 0.97 (95% CI 0.94-0.97) and ranged from 0.70 (95% CI 0.68-0.76) to 0.96 (95% CI 0.94-0.97). Test-retest for TPSS was 0.82. (95% CI 0.78-0.85). CONCLUSION: This TPSS is a validated and reliable multi-dimensional scale which measures the satisfaction of patients with mental health services for routine clinical practice in mental health service.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1981

[Factorial structure of the Hamilton depression scale. I].

A development version (N I M H 67) of the Hamilton depression rating scale with 26 items was scored on 125 depressed inpatients recently hospitalized for a major non schizophrenic depressive illness. The data were obtained before any antidepressant treatment or after an adequate wash out period. A principal component factorial analysis with Varimax rotation was used. Computer simulations showed that only 2 factors were really outside the non significant range. A criterion is defined to allow the choice of an optimal saturation threshold for inclusion of an item in a factor. It assigns 25 of the 26 items of the scale to one of 2 independent factors: depression and anxiety-somatization.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

[Relationship with husband and child, interpersonal attitude, and personal development as mother].

The present study examined how relationship with husband and child and interpersonal attitude affected a women's personal development as mother. One hundred forty-two mothers with a 3- to 5-year-old child completed a questionnaire that consisted of three scales: Parent Development Scale (Kashiwagi & Wakamatu, 1994); Husband and Children Attachment Scale (Ohinata, 1988); and Attachment Style Scale (Takuma & Toda, 1988). The last was used to measure the person's basic interpersonal attitude. Results indicated first that the person's close relationship with her child had an influence over various aspects of development as mother. Second, strong attachment to her husband seemed to make the person more active in her life. Third, the interpersonal attitude appeared to be related with the person's flexibility.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Development of the thirst distress scale.

This article describes the development of a 6-item instrument that measures thirst distress. Items were developed following open-ended interviews with 10 subjects, a literature review, and development of a conceptual definition of thirst. A panel of experts established content validity. A convenience sample (N = 247) of adults receiving outpatient hemodialysis completed the scale. A panel of experts was used to assess content validity. Item analysis was used to select unrelated or redundant items for deletion. Cronbach's alpha was .78. Construct validity was supported by confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis. Positive relationships between thirst distress and, respectively, thirst intensity and interdialytic weight gain provided additional evidence of construct validity. Overall, these preliminary data indicate that the thirst distress scale has sufficient reliability and validity for use in clinical studies.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

The development of a multidimensional scale to evaluate motor vehicle dynamic qualities.

Advances in motor vehicle engineering will allow greater refinement of the dynamic qualities of passenger cars in the near future. This paper describes the development and initial validation of a reliable and valid multidimensional scale to assess these parameters based upon a technique previously developed to evaluate aircraft handling qualities. The scaling methodology developed emphasizes the interaction between the vehicle's dynamic behaviour and the category of vehicle (e.g. sports car, executive saloon). This three-part study describes the initial extraction and the subsequent verification of the scale dimensions from an analysis of the opinions of circa 500 drivers, followed by an evaluation of the sensitivity and diagnosticity of the scale to distinguish between the road behaviour exhibited by vehicle types. The results suggest that the scale shows both content and construct validity, being able to distinguish both between broad categories of vehicle and different models of vehicle within a particular category in a consistent and meaningful manner.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

A self-administered pain severity scale for patellofemoral pain syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a scale for estimating the severity of patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) and to determine its reliability and validity. DESIGN: The PFPS Severity Scale (PSS) was developed following a literature search, input from clinicians, and pilot testing in people with PFPS. The final version of the instrument encompasses 10 statements regarding PFPS pain in a visual analogue format. Reliability and validity of the new scale were determined in a PFPS population. SETTING: All testing was performed at the Canadian Forces Base Kingston, Physiotherapy Department. SUBJECTS: Twenty-nine military subjects (7 female) between the ages of 20 and 48 (32 years +/- 8.9) with subjective and objective findings consistent with PFPS were recruited. Twenty-four of the participants (6 female, 31.8 years +/- 9.4) participated in the reliability phase of the study. METHODS: Reliability of the PSS was determined by comparing the scores obtained on two test days (24 hours apart). Convergent validity of the PSS was determined by comparing data from the PSS with two established knee scales: the WOMAC (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities) Osteoarthritis Index and the Hughston Foundation subjective knee scale. RESULTS: Test-retest reliability was excellent (Spearman's rho = 0.95, p < 0.0001). The correlations between the PSS and the WOMAC and Hughston scales were strong (rho = 0.72 and 0.83, p < 0.001 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The PSS is reliable and has demonstrated convergent validity making it a useful tool for monitoring rehabilitative or surgical outcomes in clients with PFPS.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

A new measure for distress during child sexual abuse examinations: the genital examination distress scale.

OBJECTIVE: The primary aim was to develop a simple scale to quantify indices of emotional distress during the rectal-genital (anogenital) phase of a child sexual abuse examination. METHOD: A scale successfully developed to measure reactions of children to painful procedures, in particular bone marrow aspirations, was used as a model (Elliot, Jay, & Woody, 1987). This new scale was developed to have a simplified rating format, more relevant operational definitions and possibly a different set of behavioral categories. This new scale was developed using 300 children being examined for possible child sexual abuse. Intraclass correlation coefficients identified reliable items to use. Factor analysis and Cronbach alpha were employed to understand the internal structure of the scale. Paired t-tests, Pearson correlations and hierarchical regression were used to explore validity. RESULTS: A simple 7-item scale was developed along with two subscales representing agitated and verbally mediated distress. Ratings of distress were significantly greater during the anogenital phase than the general physical part of the examination. Increased distress was associated with positive physical findings. Ratings by the children that they disliked the physician looking at their bodies provided discriminant validity by correlating with increased scores for emotional distress during the anogenital segment of the examination. CONCLUSION: The Genital Examination Distress Scale (GEDS) has been developed for measuring the emotional distress of children during the anogenital component of child sexual abuse examinations. The GEDS has been provided for prudent use. Descriptive data offer a comparative standard for other programs and research.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Sexual Assertiveness Scale (SAS) for women: development and validation.

Four studies were conducted to develop and validate the Sexual Assertiveness Scale (SAS), a measure of sexual assertiveness in women that consists of factors measuring initiation, refusal, and pregnancy-sexually transmitted disease prevention assertiveness. A total of 1,613 women from both university and community populations were studied. Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that the 3 factors remained stable across samples of university and community women. A structural model was tested in 2 samples, indicating that sexual experience, anticipated negative partner response, and self-efficacy are consistent predictors of sexual assertiveness. Sexual assertiveness was found to be somewhat related to relationship satisfaction, power, and length. The community sample was retested after 6 months and 1 year to establish test-retest reliability. The SAS provides a reliable instrument for assessing and understanding women's sexual assertiveness.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Mothers' attitudes and behavior toward medicating children's pain.

Studies on physicians', patients', and the public's attitudes toward using opioid pain medications in adults have shown that negative attitudes are associated with decreased prescription/use of opioids in the treatment of moderate to severe pain. Most of the pain that children experience is managed by parents, yet little is known about parents' attitudes toward using medication to treat children's pain. A 20-item scale was developed to examine mothers' attitudes to using acetaminophen to treat children's pain. During a structured telephone interview, 298 mothers responded to the attitude scale items. Mothers also responded to questions concerning their medicating behaviors. Mothers were concerned about tolerance and side effects from acetaminophen. Principal components factor analysis on the acetaminophen scale extracted four factors which accounted for 59% of the variance in responses. Mothers with more positive attitudes toward acetaminophen were more likely to medicate for common childhood pains and would give medication at lower levels of pain than would mothers with less positive attitudes. However, the moderate internal reliability of the attitude subscales somewhat limits the generalizability of these findings. Further scale development will be necessary in order to clarify mothers' attitudes and the relationship between their attitudes and behaviors. Studies using different pain contexts, and using fathers and older children and adolescents as respondents, will add to our understanding of attitudes toward using medication for children's pain.

Acetaminophen↗