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PubMed1993

The relationship between duration of stimulus per day and the extent of hypertrophy of slow-tonic skeletal muscle in the fowl, Gallus gallus.

1. Passive stretch stimulus ranging from 30 min to 8 hr per day were studied on the slow twitch latissimus dorsi muscle (ALD) of the fowl for a 5-week period. 2. A significant increase in the mass of the ALD was observed in all daily durations of stretch stimulus applied. Nearly 50% of the mass increase that occurred with stretch of 8 hr per day was obtained from durations of stretch as short as 30 min per day. 3. Given that stretch is the equal of dynamic loading with respect to increasing muscle mass, it is concluded that stretch stimulation periods as short as 30 min per day may be just as effective as longer durations when hypertrophy is the desired result, such as following fracture, or muscle building in order to enhance athletic performance. 4. In fact it may be that longer durations of daily stimulus may be detrimental to the muscle as the functional capacity may be compromised.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Progressive tactile hypersensitivity: an inflammation-induced incremental increase in the excitability of the spinal cord.

Two established phenomena contribute to the generation of post-injury pain hypersensitivity: peripheral sensitization, an increase in transduction sensitivity of high threshold A delta and C-fibre nociceptors, and central sensitization, an increase in excitability of neurones in the spinal cord triggered exclusively by C-fibre inputs. We now describe a novel phenomenon: progressive tactile hypersensitivity, which contributes to a cumulative allodynia during inflammation. Behavioural measurements in conscious intact animals showed that repeated light touch stimuli delivered at 5-min intervals to an inflamed paw, established 48 h earlier by an intra-plantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), resulted in a progressive reduction in the mechanical withdrawal threshold by more than 75%, from its already hypersensitive basal level. This hypersensitive state persisted for several hours after discontinuing the touch stimuli and did not occur in non-inflamed animals. To monitor nociceptive processing and the afferent fibres responsible, we also measured activity in posterior biceps femoris/semitendinosus flexor motor neurones. In non-inflamed decerebrate-spinal rats, the cutaneous mechanical threshold and pinch-evoked activity of these neurones are stable when tested repeatedly at 5-min intervals and are characterised by absent or small responses to low intensity mechanical stimuli or electrical activation of A beta-fibres. In inflamed animals, the spontaneous activity, touch-, pinch- and A beta-afferent-evoked responses of hamstring flexor motor neurones are significantly increased. The flexor reflex becomes, moreover, progressively more sensitized by repetition every 5 min, of standard mechanical stimuli (touch and pinch), that do not modify excitability in control non-inflamed animals. A cumulative increase in A beta-afferent-evoked responses also occurs when the test stimulus only comprises stimulation of the sural nerve at A beta strength (10 Hz, 10 sec), showing that A beta-afferents have the capacity to produce progressive hypersensitivity. Progressive hypersensitivity, measured here as a progressive tactile allodynia after inflammation in either intact or decerebrate-spinal rats, with its gradual build-up and contribution from A beta fibres, is very different from the central sensitization induced by C-fibre stimulation which is characterised by a peak increase in excitability soon after the conditioning input followed by a steady decrement to baseline levels. Progressive hypersensitivity is likely to be the consequence of an alteration in the function and phenotype of afferents innervating inflamed tissue and the pattern of excitation they produce in spinal neurones. The phenomenon may have an important role in the development of inflammatory pain and hypersensitivity.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Contributions of sensation and perception studies to the design of artificial environments.

It is argued that knowledge of cognitive psychology, and hence also of sensation and perception, one of its branches, is indispensable when one aims at improving our artificial environment. Four examples of sensation and perception studies are described. Firstly, an experiment was discussed to design a postal code format that can be used accurately in terms of the capacity of short-term visual memory. The second example describes a perceptual conflict between visual and bodily (kinesthetic/proprioceptive) sensations that arises as a result of wrongly designing buildings. In the third example it is shown that vibrotactual displays should present frequencies that trigger the Pacinian system in the skin if people have to make quick and accurate decisions. Finally, a study of a simple acoustic orientation system that can promote indoor travel and activity by blind people was described.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed1976

[Directed chemotherapy of neoplastic diseases. Significance of the purine-de novo synthesis and cyclic AMP in normal and leukemic leukocytes].

Studies on purine de novo-synthesis and cyclic AMP in normal and pathologic leukocytes. The destruction of neoplastic cells by cytostatic agents depends on the existence of metabolic reactions within the cells which can be specifically blocked by these agents. Concerning the action of purine antagonists there is, as yet, no clear evidence whether de novo synthesis of purines takes place in normal as well as in leukemic leukocytes. Therefore studies were performed to evaluate the capacity of these cells to incorporate the purine precursor, glycine, into their acid-soluble adenine nucleotides. The results demonstrate that "resting" human lymphocytes are not capable of building purines de novo. However, stimulation of the cells with a mitogen (Phytohemagglutinin) leads to the induction of de novo purine synthesis. Leukemic cells do not show uniform behaviour. In order to get more information about the mechanisms by which synthesis of purines as well as the morphologic transformation of lymphocytes may be induced, the metabolism of cyclic AMP was investigated. According to our results the nucleotide does not play an essential role in initiating the transformation process, but it seems to have regulating function in the further development of cell transformation. The studies furthermore indicate an important role of cyclic AMP during proliferation of leukemic cells.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1984

[Phenomenon of pyrophosphate accumulation in the prognosis of different forms of ischemic heart disease].

The results of pyrophosphate 99mTc scintigraphy of the myocardium during exercise were compared with the parameters of the tolerance and adaptation to the load and the frequency of manifestations of myocardial ischemia during bicycle ergometry in relation to the prognostic value with regard to coronary heart disease (CHD) development. The studies involved 21 patients with myocardial infarction at the early recovery period and 23 CHD patients without a history of myocardial infarction. Manifestations of myocardial ischemia and the pattern of pyrophosphate build-up in the myocardium during exercise are approximately equally informative with regard to the prognosis of a high risk of complications in CHD patients. As regards the capacity to detect patients with a low risk of CHD complications, the finding of pyrophosphate 99mTc scintigraphy of the myocardium are more reliable than the electrocardiographic manifestations of myocardial ischemia or chest pain during bicycle ergometry. The parameters of the tolerance and adaptation to the load were found to be of little use in predicting CHD complications.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1985

Selling the notion of strategic change.

Strategic planning. The term is often bandied about by boards, but what exactly does the process involve? As part of a continuing series of interviews with trustees who have helped their institutions keep pace with the changing environment, a trustee at Jeanes Hospital, Philadelphia, describes the consensus-building process that formed the foundation for strategic change at that institution.

Governing Board↗
PubMed1978

Ambulatory care survey paves way to the future.

University of Utah Hospital collected data from patient visits to its ambulatory care clinics to determine how it should build its new facility. The new clinic is planned for 1985, and the survey data showed how to build today to meet tomorrow's needs.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed1976

The state of the environment 1976.

One of the main points made recently by the Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programme, in describing the state of the current environment in the world, was that the present nuclear arms race is a potential environmental hazard, larger than any other created. It was pointed out that the nuclear stockpiles of the major powers in 1974, amounting to 30,000 megatons, were two million times the destructive capacity of the Hiroshima bomb. The State of the Environment report continues to examine also the conventional arms race, pointing out that the combined military expenditure by developing countries has increased by the rate of ten per cent a year since 1960, taking scarce foreign exchange to build up arsenals, rather than developing the environment of these countries or alleviating the poverty of the people living in these countries. Other major points described in the report: 1. In terms of pollution, even a relatively small change in one of the controlling factors of the world climate would have serious consequences for mankind, hampering the increase in world food. 2. It is still not known what the earth's real "carrying capacity" is, and all that is known is that the earth can meet only the basic needs of a finite number of people. 3. Hunger is the main problem in the world today and can only be solved through wise development and the doubling of global food production. 4. Almost half of the 7,000 million people expected to be alive in the year 2,000 will live in towns and cities, more than 64 per cent of these people in developing countries. 5. On a positive note, there is a much greater awareness on the part of the people of the world, a greater reduction of pollution in many parts of the world, and a co-operation among governments-and a marked progress in the field of international environmental law. The report concludes by warning the world that it must consume less resources less wastefully and that without political will science can do nothing. The essence of the environmental challenge, therefore, is political rather than technical.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed1982

Olfactory development in gerbil pups.

In a 2-choice situation, Mongolian gerbil pups show a preference for home-cage bedding oder that appears during the 2nd postnatal week and is consistently high between Days 8 and 14. Pups show responses to certain nonanimal odors as early as Day 4, indicating that the motor capacity to orient to odors precedes in emergency of nest odor preference. Increases in pups' nest odor preference appear to parallel increases in the frequency of maternal nest-building, an activity which can eject pups from the nest. This coincidence suggests that olfaction helps displaced pups to return to their nests.

Aging↗
PubMed2002

Fractionation of visual memory: agency detection and its impairment in autism.

It is known that the adult visual memory system is fractionable into functionally independent cognitive subsystems, selectively susceptible to brain damage. In addition, there have been hints from studies with individuals with autism that these cognitive subsystems can fractionate developmentally. However, there has been a paucity of systematic investigations. The present study involves the analysis of visual memory of a population of individuals with autism and age- and VIQ-matched comparison individuals. The individuals with autism presented selective impairments in face recognition in comparison to both the age- and VIQ-matched comparison populations. In addition, they were impaired relative to the age-matched comparison group on recognition memory for potential agents (i.e. objects capable of self-propelled motion) whether they were living (cats and horses) or non-living (motorbikes). In contrast, they were selectively superior relative to the VIQ-matched comparison group on recognition memory for such objects as topographical stimuli (buildings) and leaves that clearly do not have agency. The data is interpreted in terms of reduced sensitivity to agency cues in individuals with autism and general information processing capacity.

Adolescent↗