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PubMed1990

Role of color in perception of attractiveness.

In this color study females reported a favorite color significantly more often than males. Males preferred bright colors significantly more than females, with a converse finding for preference for soft colors. The 276 subjects, when asked to evaluate the attractiveness of stimulus models in photographs, gave as the reason color significantly more often than style of clothing or facial expressions. Subjects significantly concurred with expert choices of recommended and nonrecommended colors in five of the six sets of photographs. This study lends credence that wearing recommended colors makes a difference in judgments of what looks best by subjects over the age of 12.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Effects of hemispheric laterality on color-information processing.

This study investigated the interaction between hemispheric laterality and recognition memory for pictures presented in three different color modes: realistic, nonrealistic, and monochrome (black and white). Stimulus materials were 180 scenic slides (120 stimulus and 60 distractor) produced in three color modes. Materials were presented to a group of 26 graduate volunteers via the list learning procedure for a duration of 500 msec. each. During one-half of the materials an arithmetic masking task was performed to inhibit left-hemisphere processing. Signal-detection parameters, compared in a 2 x 3 repeated-measures design, produced significant interactions for the probability of hits, error, and d' measures. Post hoc tests indicated significantly higher hit probability and d' scores for nonrealistic color and higher error rates for realistic color under the right localized condition. Findings suggest that color processing is bilocational, realistic information is processed more deeply than nonrealistic, and nonrealistic color supplies unique color codes for storage and retrieval.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Blue versus periwinkle: color identification and gender.

This study examined the color identification and vocabulary skills of 101 female and 52 male college students. Femininity scores, color-related hobbies, and academic aptitude scores were also examined for their influence on color identification. The women identified significantly more elaborate colors than did the men. Color identification was significantly correlated with vocabulary but not with scores on femininity. Academic aptitude scores and having a color-related hobby also predicted color identification under some conditions.

Color Perception↗

PubMed1996

A comparative study of color preferences in Japan, China and Indonesia, with emphasis on the preference for white.

To measure and compare the main color-preference tendencies in Japan, China, and Indonesia, 490 subjects (175 Japanese, 158 Chinese, and 157 Indonesian) were asked to choose from a color chart the three colors they liked most and the three they liked least and to state the reasons for their choices. Analysis of the choices by correspondence analysis showed that each area (country) shows tendencies for unique color preference and that there are statistically significant differences in the frequency of selection of colors of certain hues and tones. However, a high preference for white was common to all areas, along with preferences for some other colors. The successive studies done by the author have shown a common strong preference for white in other Asian areas as well. The reasons given for the choices suggested that associative images based on environmental and cultural aspects may be important influences on color preference.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Synchronization, decrease in strength of pattern, illusory contours, and neon-color effect.

When certain elements in a pattern are replaced by colored lines, a spreading of neon-like color can be seen around the lines. Using a variety of neon displaying patterns, we hypothesize that two conditions are critical to the neon effect. One is the occurrence of illusory contours and another a decrease in strength of pattern of the colored lines. On the basis of the two conditions, various phenomena of the neon effect are discussed. Finally, examining the striking characteristics of the neon effect, the vagueness of the colored lines and the spreading of the color of the colored lines over an illusory area wherein the color stimulus does not exist, we conclude that the neon effect is caused by synchronization of strength of pattern.

Color Perception↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Video-endoscope versus endoscope for paranasal sinus surgery: influence on visual acuity and color discrimination.

Endoscopic and video-endoscopic visual acuity and color discrimination were investigated using a standard disk for testing visual acuity and a color discrimination test. A 1-chip-CCD-Camera (CCC) or 3-chip-CCD-Camera plus digital image processing (digivideo) on the endoscope and a 15 inch high resolution video monitor were used. Color discrimination was investigated by comparing the ability to sort colored disks of low chromatic saturation (desaturated Panel D-15 Test), ranging from yellow to red, under direct vision or via monitor using the same 1-CCC- and 3-CCC-system. Visual acuity deteriorated by 1.58 +/- 0.16 steps (+/- SEM) for the 1-CCC and 1.21 +/- 0.16 steps for the 3-CCC plus digivideo compared to vision through the endoscope (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001). Visual acuity was significantly better for the 3-CCC-video-endoscope compared to the 1-CCC-video-endoscope (p = 0.0045). The difference in color discrimination between the naked eye and the 1-CCC-monitor system was not significant. More mistakes were made with the 3-CCC-monitor system. The impairment of image quality with the video endoscope, which is experienced by many surgeons, is reflected in a marked loss of visual acuity in our experiments. Sharpness and contrast of the video-image are significantly enhanced by the 3-CCC plus digital image processing, compared to the 1-CCC. Color discrimination, however, was not impaired by the 1-CCC, indicating that color perception with the video-endoscope can be very good and may not contribute significantly to the loss of image quality.

Color Perception↗

PubMed2001

Effects of postexsanguination vascular infusion of cattle with a solution of saccharides, sodium chloride, phosphates, and vitamins C, E, or C+E on meat display-color stability.

Grain-finished, high-percentage Charolais steers (n = 36) were selected for uniformity. Immediately after jugular vein exsanguination, 27 steers were infused at 10% of live weight via the carotid artery with a solution developed by MPSC, Inc. (St. Paul, MN) consisting of 98.52% water, 0.97% saccharides, 0.23% sodium chloride, and 0.28% phosphate blend plus either 500 ppm vitamin C (MPSC+C; n = 9), 500 ppm vitamin E (MPSC+E; n = 9), or 500 ppm vitamin C + 500 ppm vitamin E (MPSC+C+E; n = 9). Uninfused controls (CON) were exsanguinated conventionally. Carcasses were fabricated at 48 h postmortem. Longissimus thoracis (LT), psoas major (PM), and semimembranosus (SM) muscles were removed, vacuum-packaged, and stored at 2 degrees C until 14 d postmortem. Then, steaks 2.54 cm thick were sliced from the three muscles, placed on foam trays, and overwrapped with polyvinyl chloride film. Ground beef (GB) was formulated from the quadriceps femoris to contain 20% fat, mounded into 0.45-kg portions, placed on styrofoam trays, and wrapped with polyvinyl chloride film. Steaks were visually evaluated for uniformity and initial color on display d 0. Instrumental color measurements of L*, a*, b* and trained sensory panel color evaluations were obtained daily for 4 d (PM and GB) or 5 d (LT and SM) of display. No display time x treatment interaction existed for L*, a*, or b* values. The LT from CON cattle had more uniform color (P < 0.05) and was more cherry red than that from all infused cattle on d 0. Visual scores indicated that GB from MPSC+E cattle was more red (P < 0.05) than that from MPSC+C infused cattle throughout display, and GB from MPSC+E cattle was more red (P < 0.05) than that from CON cattle for the last 3 d of display. The vascular infusion solutions generally did not improve color or display-color stability of steaks, but the infusion solution with vitamin E did improve display-color stability of GB.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Colorimetry for the stain technologist. I. The specification of color.

This paper describes color specification for the stain technologist. The principles of color stimulus specification are reviewed in terms of the conventions of the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE). The text is largely self-contained and has been written so that it can be understood easily by a reader with no prior knowledge of color science. The paper starts with definitions of color and related psychological, psychophysical and colorimetric terms. X, Y, Z color space is described. It is shown that any color stimulus may be unambiguously defined in terms of a set of three numbers. The CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram is described. Worked examples are given for the calculation of tristimulus values and chromaticity coordinates using three different illuminants. The usefulness of color specification is illustrated by a number of examples using Romanowsky stained blood cells or Papanicolaou stained epithelial cells from the uterine cervix.

Blood Cells↗

PubMed2006

Cross-species differences in color categorization.

Berlin and Kay (1969) found systematic restrictions in the color terms of the world's languages and were inclined to look to the primate visual system for their origin. Because the visual system does not provide adequate neurophysiological discontinuities to supply natural color category boundaries, and because recent evidence points to a linguistic origin (Davidoff, Davies, & Roberson, 1999), a new approach was used to investigate the controversial issue of the origin of color categories. Baboons and humans were given the same task of matching-to-sample colors that crossed the blue/green boundary. The data and consequent modeling were remarkably clear-cut. All human subjects matched our generalization probe stimuli as if to a sharp boundary close to the midpoint between their training items. Despite good color discrimination, none of the baboons showed any inclination to match to a single boundary but rather responded with two boundaries close to the training stimuli. The data give no support to the claim that color categories are explicitly instantiated in the primate color vision system.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

The relation between color spreading and illusory contours.

In the present study, we examine the relation between neon color spreading (Redies & Spillmann, 1981) and illusory contours. In Experiment 1, the effects of misalignment between the line elements on the illusory contours in the Ehrenstein figure and in the Redies-Spillmann figure were examined. The remarkable overlap of the two curves for the likelihood of perceiving illusory contours in the Ehrenstein figure and in the Redies-Spillmann figure suggests that the illusory contours surrounding brightness enhancement (Ehrenstein, 1941) and those surrounding neon color spreading are caused by the same mechanism. We further examined both the effects of the interposed grids seen either in front of or behind the figures (Experiment 2) and the effects of misalignment (Experiment 3) on the illusory contours and range of color spreading, and found a high correlation between the appearance/disappearance of illusory contours and global/local color spreading. In Experiment 4, we added new lines to induce illusory contours to the line elements inducing local color spreading. We found that global color spreading was seen to cover the area surrounded by the illusory contours. On the basis of these findings, we suggest that there is an interaction between illusory contours and local color spreading.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Visual aftereffect of texture density contigent on color of frame.

An aftereffect of perceived texture density contingent on the color of a surrounding region is reported. In a series of experiments, participants were adapted, with fixation, to stimuli in which the relative density of two achromatic texture regions was perfectly correlated with the color presented in a surrounding region. Following adaptation, the perceived relative density of the two regions was contingent on the color of the surrounding region or of the texture elements themselves. For example, if high density on the left was correlated with a blue surround during adaptation (and high density on the right with a yellow surround), then in order for the left and right textures to appear equal in the assessment phase, denser texture was required on the left in the presence of a blue surround (and denser texture on the right in the context of a yellow surround). Contingent aftereffects were found (1) with black-and-white scatter-dot textures, (2) with luminance-balanced textures, and (3) when the texture elements, rather than the surrounds, were colored during assessment. Effect size was decreased when the elements themselves were colored, but also when spatial subportions of the surround were used for the presentation of color. The effect may be mediated by retinal color spreading (Pöppel, 1986) and appears consistent with a local associative account of contingent aftereffects, such as Barlow's (1990) model of modifiable inhibition.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Color-based inhibition of return.

The inhibition of return of visual attention based on stimulus color was examined in three experiments. In the first experiment, a discrete trial paradigm showed that subjects were slower to detect a color patch if the color matched that of a patch presented earlier in the same location. Experiment 2 showed that the inhibition only occurs if a neutral, nontarget distractor color is presented between presentation of the initial color cue and the subsequent target patch--explaining the previous failures to detect the phenomenon. Experiment 3 extended the results to a different combination of colors. Taken together, the results have important implications for the processing of stimulus attributes such as spatial location and color, and for the conditions necessary for producing inhibition of return.

Attention↗

PubMed2002

Correlation between color power Doppler sonographic measurement of breast tumor vasculature and immunohistochemical analysis of microvessel density for the quantitation of angiogenesis.

OBJECTIVE: To record the correlation between color power Doppler sonographic measurement of breast tumor vasculature and immunohistochemical analysis of microvessel density for the quantitation of angiogenesis. METHODS: Women with palpable breast masses scheduled for excision biopsy were scanned with two- and three-dimensional color power Doppler sonography before and after the administration of a sonographic contrast agent. Vessel counts were performed on two- and three-dimensional sonographic images before and after contrast agent administration. All tumors were surgically removed and underwent immunohistochemical analysis for microvessel density assessment. The sonographic measure of tumor vascularity was correlated with microvessel density. RESULTS: Pathologic examination showed 43 breast cancers and 14 benign breast masses. Higher microvessel density was noted in malignant than benign breast masses (P < .0005). Color power Doppler sonographic measurement of tumor vessel number showed a significant positive correlation with tumor size (P < .05) and progesterone receptor negativity (P < .05). A significant positive correlation was observed between microvessel density and the number of intratumoral blood vessels assessed by both two- and three-dimensional color power Doppler sonography (P < .05). Regression models showed three-dimensional color power Doppler sonography to have a significantly higher correlation with microvessel density when compared with two-dimensional color power Doppler sonography at baseline (P < .005). The administration of a sonographic contrast agent did not improve correlation with microvessel density. CONCLUSIONS: A significant correlation was shown between color power Doppler sonographic measurement of tumor vascularity and microvessel density by immunohistochemical analysis. Further improvement in Doppler sonographic techniques to map capillary vessel flow should be explored to improve the current association with pathologic findings.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Three-dimensional color Doppler sonography and uterine artery arteriography of fibroids: assessment of changes in vascularity before and after embolization.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the accuracy of three-dimensional color Doppler sonography and uterine artery arteriography in depicting changes in fibroid vascularity before and after embolization. METHODS: Preembolization and postembolization three-dimensional color Doppler sonography and selective uterine artery arteriography were retrospectively compared in 15 patients who underwent uterine artery embolization for treatment of symptomatic fibroids. Three-dimensional color Doppler sonography was performed by using a scanner with color power angiographic imaging capability. Vascularity was quantified by using an estimation of power-weighted pixel density as described by our group in previously published studies. Uterine artery arteriography was performed by using a standard selective microcatheter embolization technique. For purposes of comparison, fibroids were classified as either hypervascular or hypovascular relative to myometrial vascularity before and minutes to several hours after uterine artery embolization. Changes in fibroid vascularity (i.e., from hypervascular to hypovascular) as depicted by three-dimensional color Doppler sonography were compared with those shown on uterine artery arteriography and classified as being in agreement or disagreement. RESULTS: In 13 (87%) of 15 patients there was agreement; in 2 (13%) of 15 there was disagreement. In both cases of disagreement, three-dimensional color Doppler sonography showed collateral flow not depicted by uterine artery arteriography The mean reduction in quantitated vascularity after uterine artery embolization was 44% (range, 19%-78%). CONCLUSIONS: Three-dimensional color Doppler sonography accurately depicts fibroid vascularity and in some cases can reveal collateral flow not depicted by uterine artery arteriography.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Patient specific color texture mapping of CT-based anatomical surface models utilizing cryosection data.

In traditional medical imaging modalities, color and texture information can add considerable information for diagnostics. Presently, multimodal images of a patient are unregistered and referenced independent of each other, or registered and fused into a single hybrid volume. Doctors and other medical professionals need to be able to visualize and interrogate, on a per-patient basis, a wide variety of 2D and 3D data representations that can be created from non-invasive imaging modalities, such as MRI and CT. In addition, any colorization that may be applied to the image data is strictly based on tissue density, radiation emission, or magnetic signature, and not on any physiological foundation. In order for "true-to-life" color information to be incorporated with non-invasive imaging techniques, and for it to be of consistent quality across the entire body, a single whole-body cryosection specimen with associated medical image data is needed. The National Library of Medicine's Visible Human Project offers just such a specimen. Using the full-body medical image data along with the cryosection images of the Visible Human subject, a set of color lookup tables for all visually well defined structures and organs can be created. As a result, patient-specific colorization based on real tissue color and characteristics can be incorporated into traditional intensity-based imaging modalities. The primary goal of this work has been to create CT color lookup tables for all visually well-defined structures in the Visible Human male cryosection data set. The subsequent goal has been to develop a method for stripping textures from a volumetric data set for polygonal models and non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) models, also generated from the volumetric data.

Color↗

PubMed1999

[Effects of imaging parameters on automated cardiac flow measurement using color Doppler echocardiography].

The color Doppler echocardiographic technique has been developed for automated cardiac flow measurement (ACM). This study evaluated the effect of imaging parameters on stroke volume measurement. Cardiac output derived from the ACM method was compared with that obtained from pulsed wave Doppler in 36 patients (26 men and 10 women, mean age 54 +/- 8 years) in whom clear two-dimensional and color Doppler images of the left ventricular outflow tract were obtained. The effects of frame rate, color gain and moving target indicator (MTI) filter on cardiac output were evaluated in 13 patients (8 men and 5 women, mean age 49 +/- 6 years). Using ACM at a frame rate of 30 Hz, optimal color gain setting and high-frequency MTI filter (cutoff frequency: 915 Hz), there was an excellent correlation in cardiac output between the ACM and pulsed wave Doppler methods (stroke volume: r = 0.91, SEE = 0.32 l/min). Using ACM at a frame rate of 30, 22 and 15 Hz, the differences in stroke volume were 4.4%, 5.2% and 8.6%, respectively. When color gain was reduced, left ventricular stroke volume reduction was 12.1% (-2 dB), 18.9% (-4 dB). In contrast, there was no significant change in stroke volume measurement when color gain was increased. There was a significant decrease in stroke volume using the low-frequency MTI filter [cutoff frequency: 467 Hz (-35.6%)] and medium-frequency MTI filter [cutoff frequency: 703 Hz (-13.4%)]. Color Doppler imaging parameters are extremely important for automated assessment of cardiac output.

Automation↗

PubMed1999

[Role of color Doppler ultrasonography with contrast media in the monitoring of hepatocarcinoma after intralesional treatment].

INTRODUCTION: We investigated the accuracy of contrast-enhanced color Doppler US in the assessment of the effectiveness of intralesional treatment of hepatocarcinomas. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eight cirrhotic patients (HCV+), Child-Pugh class B, with a single hepatocarcinoma (< 4 cm O) and ineligible for surgical resection for various reasons (age > 70 years, reduced partial hepatic reserve, esophageal varices at risk, postoperative recurrence, no consent to the operation) were submitted to radiohyperthermia (6 patients) and percutaneous alcoholization (2 patients). The diagnosis was made with alpha-fetoprotein titration. CT, B-mode and color Doppler US with the administration of Levovist (Schering AG, Berlin, Germany). Thirty and 60 days after the treatment, both the alpha-fetoprotein titration and contrast-enhanced color Doppler US were repeated. RESULTS: Baseline color Doppler was carried out before intralesional treatment in the 8 patients and was followed by Levovist color Doppler which showed some intralesional signals, afferent vessels and rich vascularization in all the lesions. At the first follow-up (30 days), no intralesional vascular signals or afferent vessels were detected in any patient, while rich peripheral vascularization persisted in all cases, even after radiofrequency and alcoholization treatments. At 60 days' follow-up, the color Doppler pattern of all cases was the same as at 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of any intralesional vascular signals in all the treated patients and the possible demonstration of complete tumor necrosis seem to confirm the important role of contrast-enhanced color Doppler US in monitoring focal hepatic lesions after intralesional treatment.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

[Ultrasonography of placenta previa at the third trimester of pregnancy: research for signs of placenta accreta/percreta and vasa previa. Prospective color and pulsed Doppler ultrasonography study of 45 cases].

OBJECTIVES: In a population of 45 placenta previa observed at third trimester of gestation we have tried to make the prenatal diagnosis of placenta percreta and vasa previa with color and pulsed Doppler ultrasonography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used a transabdominal sonography with full bladder and a transvaginal sonography with empty bladder. The first images obtained showed 20 placenta previa over the internal cervical os, 3 marginal and 22 low-lying placenta previa. We tried to find evidence of placenta percreta with gray-scale ultrasonography (loss of normal hypoechoic retroplacental myometrial zone, focal disruption of the uterine serosa and surrounding tissues, presence of intra placental lacunae) and with color and pulsed Doppler (arterial vessels with a diastolic flow value less than the flow value of a spiral artery behind the placenta, arterial vessels crossing from the placenta to surrounding tissues, intraplacental lacunae with arterial flow). We tried to find evidence of vasa previa in color and pulsed Doppler (a fetal vessel in seen above the lower segment of the uterus and below the fetal head. There is no change in the location of the vessel despite positional changes in both mother and fetus). The positivity of one sign in gray-scale ultrasonography or in color and pulsed Doppler led us to believe that the patient was affected by the anomaly. The final diagnosis of abnormal adherence of the placenta and of vasa previa was made on histological examination. RESULTS: Among the 20 placenta previa over the internal cervical os, we found 1 placenta percreta, 1 placenta accreta and 3 cases of vasa previa. In spite of our limited sample of cases of abnormal adherences, our results showed that gray-scale ultrasonography was sufficient to make a prenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta/percreta. Negative predictive value is 100% on a sample of 43 patients with no abnormal placental adherence. Color and pulsed Doppler brought no further evidence. In our population, color and pulsed Doppler had 100% positive predictive value for diagnosis of vasa previa. CONCLUSION: We found the only 2 cases of abnormal adherent placental fragments and the 3 cases of vasa previa present in our population. The study of the lower segment of the uterus should be thorough as abnormal zones may be small-sized. Color Doppler is the reference technique for sighting vasa previa and gray-scale ultrasonography for abnormal adherences of the placenta.

Female↗