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PubMed1997

An estimation of the size distribution of amalgam particles in dental treatment waste.

Regulations have been adopted in several countries of the European Union which prescribe that dental treatment waste water must be discharged via an amalgam separator device. Since the effectivity of the device strongly depends on the size of the amalgam waste particles, this size was evaluated in waste water samples from eight dental offices. Per sample, all solid particles were separated from the waste water by pressure filtration, then dried and divided into six fractions by being sieved over five sieves with decreasing mesh width. Of the particles in each fraction, the density was determined by picnometry, the mass by weighing, and the area and width by image analysis. For this analysis, width was defined as the dimension perpendicular to the length of the particles. By combining the density, area, and width determinations of all fractions, we obtained mass distributions per waste particle width of the samples. The proportional amalgam mass of the distributions was estimated with the measured density of the particle fractions and with a number of assumptions for the density of amalgam particles only and of other waste particles only. Each waste sample has its own characteristics with respect to the mass and density of the particle fractions. The size distribution of waste particles has a bimodal shape and consists of a distribution of small (width, 2 to 90 microns) and large particles (width, 160 to 5500 microns). For small particles with a width up to 60 microns, the influence of the assumptions on the estimation of the proportion amalgam of the waste mass distribution is minor when compared with the sampling error. By averaging the estimations over the samples, one can estimate the weight of amalgam particles with a width < 10 microns and < 50 microns, respectively, between 4 and 15% and between 15 and 30%. The smallest particles comprising 5% of the amalgam mass have an estimated width of up to 15 microns.

Dental Amalgam↗
PubMed1999

The Decim system for the production of dental restorations.

The general background to the development of CAD/CAM is presented in short. Specific problems when using this technique for the manufacturing of dental restorations are emphasized, and then the reverse engineering and CAD/CAM process that have been implemented in the Decim (Dentronic AB, Skellefteå, Sweden) system are presented. The system is organized in the following way: 1. The measurement process is encapsulated in a product called Decim Reader. 2. The design functionality is provided by software running on a conventional personal computer. This unit is called Decim Designer. 3. The CAM calculation is done by a dedicated personal computer, the Decim Calculator, that does not require any user interaction. 4. The actual manufacturing of the restorations is performed in the Decim Producer that works with a grinding technique. These components communicate via a local computer network or, when a distributed solution is desired, via internet. The Decim System is presently used for the production of dental ceramic restorations, and it is the only system which can be used for manufacturing inlays of yttria-stabilized zirconia. This ceramic material is CE-approved under the brand name Denzir (Dentronic AB, Skellefteå, Sweden). Due to its favorable mechanical properties, it may be an alternative to dental amalgam, and is therefore of topical interest in dentistry. The use of computer-based techniques for manufacturing dental restorations is briefly outlined and commented on.

Ceramics↗
PubMed1993

Updates in dental materials--Part 2: Resin cements.

Recent years have seen a number of innovations and developments with respect to dental materials and their applications in clinical dentistry. This series of short articles considers the more important aspects of these developments under the general term 'Updates in Dental Materials'. Dental composite systems and bonding to tooth material were discussed in Part I. Resin cements are treated in this article. Part 3 presents dental amalgams and Part 4 deals with advances in ceramic materials.

Dental Bonding↗
PubMed1999

Dental materials: 1997 literature review.

This review of the published literature on dental materials for the year 1997 has been compiled by the Dental Materials Panel of UK. It continues a series of annual reviews started in 1973. Emphasis has been placed upon publications, which report upon the materials science or clinical performance of the materials. The review has been divided by accepted materials classifications (fissure sealants, glass polyalkenoate cements, dentine bonding, dental amalgam, endodontic materials, casting alloys, ceramometallic restorations and resin-bonded bridges, ceramics, denture base resins and soft lining materials, impression materials, dental implant materials, orthodontic materials, biomechanics and image processing, resin composites, and casting investment materials and waxes). Three hundred and thirty three articles have been reviewed.

Dental Materials↗
PubMed1985

Evaluation of oral problems in divers performing electrical welding and cutting under water.

A study of 118 professional commercial divers, using an inquiry form, revealed that 55% of the divers complained about a metallic taste in the mouth when working with electrical equipment under water. A nationwide clinical examination of 40 divers was performed to see if the metallic taste during work reflected any alteration in the oral cavity. The clinical appearance of the dental amalgam restorations differed significantly between divers who had been working with electrical equipment and divers who had not. A number of other dental indexes were assessed and showed no differences between the two groups. These included salivary secretion rate, buffering capacity, secondary caries, plaque index, bleeding index, and cultures of S. mutans and Lactobacillus. Relatively high levels of the two organisms were noted, indicating that the group of divers examined should be considered as a caries risk groups.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Alloys for prosthodontic restorations.

The numbers and types of alloys for prosthodontic restorations have increased dramatically over the past 25 years, making selection of an alloy for a given clinical situation difficult. Factors such as cost, the need for better strength, and worries about alloy corrosion have pressured the alloy market to change significantly. A number of properties--including yield strength, hardness, elastic modulus, microstructural phases, grain size, corrosion performance, coefficient of thermal expansion, oxide color, and melting range--are relevant to the proper selection of an alloy for a given clinical problem. In this article, a brief historical look at prosthodontic alloys and the nomenclature for alloys is followed by a discussion of the most important physical properties of alloys for clinical practice. A summary of the types of alloys available today and their classification is then presented. Finally, speculations about future trends for alloys are made, and simple guidelines are suggested to help dentists choose appropriate alloys for their practices. This review excludes implant alloys, dental amalgam, and alloys for orthodontic and endodontic applications.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed1994

Specifications: are they aiming in the right direction?

Specifications for dental materials have been developing since about 1920, with a progressive shift in their origin from professional associations to national and international specialized bodies. The consensual approach reflects the conflicting interests of the people involved in this process: representatives from the producers, the final users and the researchers. Being usually issued late (after the marketing of the products) they may not fit with the latest materials. Some key points for the clinical performances of the products may not be covered in the corresponding specifications (e.g. corrosion testing for dental amalgams). Recently, a somewhat new approach has appeared with the development of international standards on the biological evaluation of medical devices, which include dental materials. More efforts are needed from more people to develop specifications which better describe the real behaviour of dental materials in the oral environment.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed2006

Amalgam issue.

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Dental Amalgam↗
PubMed1984

[Amalgam mixer].

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Dental Amalgam↗
PubMed1993

Updates in dental materials--Part 4. Ceramic materials.

Recent years have seen a number of innovations and developments with respect to dental materials and their applications in clinical dentistry. This series of short articles considers the more important aspects of these developments under the general term 'Updates in Dental Materials'. Dental composite systems and bonding to tooth material were discussed in Part I. Resin cements were treated in Part 2 and dental amalgams in Part 3. Part 4 deals with advances in ceramic materials.

Ceramics↗
PubMed2006

Whole blood mercury and selenium concentrations in a selected Austrian population: does gender matter?

BACKGROUND: Data on mercury exposure of the Austrian population were inadequate. This study was performed to determine the causal factors underlying mercury exposure and selenium concentrations, and to estimate the gender-related health impacts. METHODOLOGY: Venous blood samples of 78 women and 81 men were drawn at the Austrian Red Cross, Vienna. Mercury contents in acid-digested whole blood samples were measured after amalgam enrichment by CV-AAS, and selenium by AAS (heated quartz-cell) after hydrid formation. RESULTS: The average total mercury blood content of Austrians was low (2.38+/-1.55 microgL(-1); N=152). Mercury and selenium concentrations were not different between the genders (P>0.05) but we observed discrepancies regarding the causal factors. Mercury levels in men were influenced not only by fish consumption but also by age, education level, and amalgam fillings, whereas in women, only the diet (fish/seafood, red wine consumption) determined blood mercury (P<0.05). Moreover, only the males indicated a depressive effect of dental amalgam on hematocrit (P<0.05). Regarding selenium, age and alcohol consumption led to lower concentrations in men, whereas a high-level education had the opposite effect; no determinant was found for women. For the whole study group, a significant effect of chronic disease on selenium levels could be detected (P<0.05). 18% of women and 13% of men showed marginal selenium deficiency (blood selenium<65 microgL(-1)). Selenium and mercury concentrations were not correlated. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate the need to evaluate and integrate gender-related findings in metal toxicology and trace element research, because different causal factors require different preventive measures to reduce mercury exposure and the risk of low selenium concentrations. Future research is needed on the gender- and age-related differences in fish/seafood consumption habits, the modifications of mercury toxicokinetics through sex hormones, the selenium supply in Austria, and the clinical relevance of a low selenium status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Updates in dental materials--Part 1: Dental composites.

Recent years have seen a number of innovations and developments with respect to dental materials and their applications in clinical dentistry. This series of short articles considers the more important aspects of these developments under the general term 'Updates in Dental Materials'. Dental composite systems and bonding to tooth material are discussed in Part 1. Resin cements are treated in Part 2. Part 3 presents dental amalgams and Part 4 advances in ceramic materials.

Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate↗
PubMed2005

Mercury exposure from dental filling placement during pregnancy and low birth weight risk.

Several European countries have guidelines suggesting that women should not receive mercury-containing dental amalgam fillings during pregnancy. One concern raised by several studies is that mercury exposure during pregnancy may lead to decreased birth weight. A population-based, case-control study was designed to investigate whether placement of mercury-containing fillings in 1993-2000 during pregnancy increased the low-birth-weight risk. Cases and controls were sampled from enrollees of a dental insurance plan with live singleton births in Washington State; 1,117 women with low-birth-weight infants (< 2,500 g) were compared with a random sample of 4,468 women with infants weighing 2,500 g or more. The results indicated that 13% of a dentally insured population had one or more restorative procedures during pregnancy that, regardless of chemical composition, did not increase the low-birth-weight risk (odds ratio = 0.96, 95% confidence interval: 0.88, 1.05). The 4.9% of the women (n = 249) who had at least one mercury-containing amalgam filling during pregnancy were not at an increased risk for a low-birth-weight infant (odds ratio = 0.75, 95% confidence interval: 0.45, 1.26) and neither were women who had 4-11 amalgam fillings placed (odds ratio = 1.00, 95% confidence interval: 0.27, 3.68). This study found no evidence that mercury-containing dental fillings placed during pregnancy increased low-birth-weight risk.

Adult↗