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PubMed2001

[Use of different drug form identification systems].

Since the foundation of the Department of Clinical Toxicology one of the unsolved problems is the identification of drugs which are often brought by the emergency service together with the patient. This problem is known to the personnel of Poison Centers and all first-contact physicians who deal with the patient at home or at the place of accident. Many years of observations and experiences allowed for creating Polish system of drugs identification based mainly on the catalogue containing data to be used in identification of an unknown form of a drug. The next step was to create a computer database system allowing for fast and accurate identification of drug forms. Created catalogue contains drug forms categorized by color and shape. The solution is constructed in a way that adding new and extending existing data is possible. The catalogue can be used in drug stores, by emergency services, family doctors and specifically in pediatrics since children are often exposed to the danger of unknown drug intake. The useful option is the color printout which can be obtained from the system. Search procedures enable setting range of criteria and, after initial list is produced, detailed search is possible with the color images on screen. The system was created using MS Access database. Department of Toxicology is the owner of the copyrights.

Databases, Factual↗

PubMed2001

Use of chromogenic tube and methyl blue-sabouraud agar for the identification of Candida albicans strains.

This study was performed to investigate the use of chromogenic tube and methyl blue-Sabouraud agar for the presumptive identification of Candida albicans. 124 clinical isolates, including 111 C.albicans and 13 Candida spp strains, which had been identified by morphology on cornmeal tween 80 agar and Vitek automated identification system, were included. Three different identification procedures, a) germ tube test, b) chromogenic tube test by using CHROMagar Candida and c) methyl blue-Sabouraud agar test, were performed to the strains. 88 of 111 (79.3%) C.albicans strains were detected to be positive by germ tube test. 87 (78.4%), 97 (87.4%) and 102 (91.9%) of these isolates were identified as C.albicans by chromogenic tube test after 2, 8 and 24 hours of incubation, respectively. 88 (79.3%), 92 (82.9%) and 88 (79.3%) of the isolates were correctly identified as C.albicans by methyl blue-Sabouraud agar test after 2, 8 and 24 hours of incubation, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity values were found to be 79.3 and 69.2 for the germ tube test. These values ranged between 78.4-91.9% and 69.2-76.9% for chromogenic tube test and 79.3-82.9% and 76.9-84.6% for methyl blue-Sabouraud agar depending on the incubation period. It can be concluded that the use of chromogenic tube and methyl blue-Sabouraud agar are rapid, simple and objective methods for the identification of C.albicans strains.

Agar↗

PubMed2001

A comparison of methods for yeast identification including CHROMagar Candida, Vitek system YBC and a traditional biochemical method.

BACKGROUND: CHROMagar Candida (CAC) is a new chromogenic medium for the presumptive identification of clinically-important yeast isolates. A yeast biochemical card (YBC), a part of the Vitek system is an automatic method for the identification of clinically-important yeast isolates. We conducted a comparison of these two methods with a traditional biochemical method in order to choose a rapid and accurate technique for yeast identification. METHODS: All yeast isolates were inoculated onto Sabourand dextrose agar (SDA) and CAC, and incubated at 30 degrees C for 48 hours. All isolates were simultaneously tested using traditional biochemical methods and the yeast biochemical card from the Vitek system. RESULTS: We evaluated 235 yeast isolates from clinical specimens, including 89 Candida albicans, 47 Candida tropicalis, 43 Candida glabrata, six Trichosporon beigelii, and five Candida krusei in addition to 45 isolates of other yeast species. Isolates were presumptively identified on the basis of colony color and appearance on CAC medium. These observations were compared with a traditional biochemical yeast-identification method and also with YBC from the Vitek system. For five commonly-isolated species (Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei and Trichosporon beigelii), agreement among the CAC medium, YBC method and traditional biochemical method were 98.9% (187/189), 96.3% (182/189), 100% (189/189), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: From our comparison, the CAC medium is a convenient and economic method to identify five commonly-noted yeast species, and the YBC method warrants a greater cost and requires a longer period of time to obtain reliable results.

Candida↗

PubMed2001

[Microscopic and UV identification of Millettia pulchra Kurz var. Laxior(Dunn) Z. Wei].

OBJECTIVE: To provide evidences for the identification of Millettia pulchra Kurz var. Laxior (Dunn) Z. Wei. METHOD: Microscopic and UV identification. RESULT: Obvious identificational character was found, fox example, there are stone cell groups and fiber bundles arranging with ring uncontinously in cortex; there are fibers containing square crystals in the powder; the EtOH solution of the powder has absorbing peaks in 261, 216, 204 +/- 1 nm wave length, and the CHCl3 solution 262 +/- 1 nm wave length. CONCLUSION: The character provided evidences for the identification of Millettia pulchra Kurz var. Laxior(Dunn) Z. Wei.

Millettia↗

PubMed2002

Radiographic identification using the clavicle of an individual missing from the Vietnam conflict.

A case is reported in which radiographic comparison of a clavicle was used to establish the identification of a civilian missing from the Vietnam conflict. While the use of radiographic comparison of skeletal features is not a newly developed technique for personal identification purposes, this case outlines a unique set of circumstances surrounding the disappearance of an individual during the Vietnam conflict and his eventual identification. A radiographic comparison of a right clavicle was critical in the identification process of this individual almost 34 years after he was reported missing. The use of digital technology for radiographic comparison greatly facilitated the process.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Toward synthetic combinatorial peptide libraries in positional scanning format (PS-SCL)-based identification of CD8+ Tumor-reactive T-Cell Ligands: a comparative analysis of PS-SCL recognition by a single tumor-reactive CD8+ cytolytic T-lymphocyte clone.

The use of synthetic combinatorial peptide libraries in positional scanning format (PS-SCL) has emerged recently as an alternative approach for the identification of peptides recognized by T lymphocytes. The choice of both the PS-SCL used for screening experiments and the method used for data analysis are crucial for implementing this approach. With this aim, we tested the recognition of different PS-SCL by a tyrosinase 368-376-specific CTL clone and analyzed the data obtained with a recently developed biometric data analysis based on a model of independent and additive contribution of individual amino acids to peptide antigen recognition. Mixtures defined with amino acids present at the corresponding positions in the native sequence were among the most active for all of the libraries. Somewhat surprisingly, a higher number of native amino acids were identifiable by using amidated COOH-terminal rather than free COOH-terminal PS-SCL. Also, our data clearly indicate that when using PS-SCL longer than optimal, frame shifts occur frequently and should be taken into account. Biometric analysis of the data obtained with the amidated COOH-terminal nonapeptide library allowed the identification of the native ligand as the sequence with the highest score in a public human protein database. However, the adequacy of the PS-SCL data for the identification for the peptide ligand varied depending on the PS-SCL used. Altogether these results provide insight into the potential of PS-SCL for the identification of CTL-defined tumor-derived antigenic sequences and may significantly implement our ability to interpret the results of these analyses.

Biometry↗

PubMed2002

Role of HRCT in the identification of atypical pulmonary mycobacteriosis.

AIM: 1) To identify the principal radiological signs of atypical pulmonary mycobacteriosis by means of X-rays and CT/HRCT; 2) to compare the two methods in order to evaluate their reliability with particular interest for the diagnostic role of HRCT in the identification of the disease; 3) to establish any significant differences in the pathology between AIDS and immunocompetent patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The chest X-rays and CT/HRCT of 28 atypical pulmonary mycobacteriosis patients (16 with AIDS and 12 immunocompetent) have been studied. The subjects were examined during the period of October 1993 to May 2000 and were found to be positive for atypical mycobacterium and consequently underwent a standard chest X-ray. Twenty cases were followed-up with a chest CT/HRCT; of these only 17 were performed within 30 days of the traditional chest X-ray which was considered to be the time limit in order to validate the comparison between the two methods. RESULTS: The significant semeiotical findings were the parenchymal consolidations observed in 25 patients (89%) by standard chest X-rays; the CT/HRCT confirmed the findings in 4 cases while in 13 it enhanced the evaluation of their extensions. In 9 cases the standard chest X-ray established the presence of cavitations which were confirmed by the CT/HRCT in only 7 cases. Lymphadenopathy was observed in 3/28 patients (10.7%) through standard X-rays and in 15/17 cases (82%) through CT/HRCT. The latter method revealed to be extremely useful in the identification of this pathology. Nodules and micronodules were seen in 5 patients with traditional X-rays and in 9 cases with CT/HRCT. Bronchogenic spread signs of disease became visible only with CT and in particular with HRCT (11/17 patients = 65%). Comparing the two groups (AIDS and immunocompetent) taken into consideration, the most frequent lesion present in both was parenchymal consolidation resulting more bilateral in the AIDS subjects. Cavitation and pleural edema were seen more often in the AIDS group while bronchiectasia, bronchogenic spread and signs of previous pleuro-parenchymal suffering were more frequent in the immunocompetent patients. Lymphadenopathy was frequently found in the total study population but appeared slightly prevalent for the group not afflicted with AIDS. CONCLUSION: Radiological study of the chest permitted the identification of signs useful in the diagnosis of mycobacteriosis in all the patients studied. The application of CT/HRCT added helpful elements in almost all of the cases examined demonstrating to be more effective than the standard chest X-ray not only in terms of improved evaluation of known lesions but also in the identification of lesions which are difficult to determine by means of traditional radiology.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMed2002

Evaluation of parameters in peptide mass fingerprinting for protein identification by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.

Protein identification by peptide mass fingerprinting, using the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), plays a major role in large proteome projects. In order to develop a simple and reliable method for protein identification by MALDI-TOF MS, we compared and evaluated the major steps in peptide mass fingerprinting. We found that the removal of excess enzyme from the in-gel digestion usually gave a few more peptide peaks, which were important for the identification of some proteins. Internal calibration always gave better results. However, for a large number of samples, two step calibrations (i.e. database search with peptide mass from external calibration, then the use of peptide masses from the search result as internal calibrants) were useful and convenient. From the evaluation and combination of steps that were already developed by others, we established a single overall procedure for peptide identification from a polyacrylamide gel.

Bacterial Proteins↗

PubMed2002

Validation of chest X-ray comparisons for unknown decedent identification.

Comparing skeletal structures between antemortem and postmortem chest radiographs is widely used by forensic specialists from many disciplines to positively identify unknown decedents. However, validity assessments of this method have been fairly limited. This study had three objectives: 1) to quantify the reliability of ante- and postmortem chest radiograph comparison for decedent identification; 2) to identify useful radiologic features supporting decedent identification; and 3) to recognize sources of error in decedent identification related to use of comparative radiographs. A forensic pathologist, a forensic anthropologist, and two radiologists participated in the study. Our results showed that chest radiograph comparisons proved reliable, if basic decedent information was provided, and antemortem and postmortem radiographs were adequately positioned and exposed. A "morphological approach" using normal anatomical structures for comparison may provide the most efficient method for accurate identification.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

[Identification of medicinal and edible tender shoots of Aralia in China].

OBJECTIVE: To Study the identification of medicinal and edible tender shoots of Aralia in China. METHODS: Morphological identification and differential thermal analysis(DTA). RESULTS: Important morphological and DTA features for identification were found. CONCLUSION: It is difficult to identify these tender shoots merely on morphological characteristics, but the combination of morphological features with distinctive aspects of DTA curve helps distinguish these species and give an identification index.

Aralia↗

PubMed2002

Eyewitness identification: information gain from incriminating and exonerating behaviors.

An information-gain approach to the analysis and interpretation of eyewitness identification data is described. The information-gain analysis is grounded in Bayesian statistics, permitting the important role of prior probabilities to be explored. This approach also forces a more complete treatment of the data and reveals important patterns that have escaped previous attention in the eyewitness identification literature. Particularly important is the ability of information-gain analyses to make salient the exonerating value of eyewitness behaviors rather than just their incriminating value. Analyses of sample data sets show how the exonerating value of filler identifications and "not there" responses can actually exceed the incriminating value of identifications of the suspect at certain points in the distribution of prior probabilities.

Attention↗

PubMed2002

[Application of BACTEC MGIT 960 system and molecular identification of mycobacteria in the diagnosis of spinal tuberculosis].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical application of BACTEC MGIT 960 system and molecular identification of mycobacterium species in diagnosis of spinal tuberculosis. METHODS: Thirty-one specimens were obtained from patients with spinal tuberculosis, followed by culturing with BACTEC MGIT 960 system and in Löwenstein-Jensen (L-J) medium respectively. Mycobacterium species of the clinical isolates were identified with PCR amplification of IS986 and PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis of 16S rRNA, with the conventional identification approach serving as control. RESULTS: The positivity rates of mycobacterium culture with BACTEC MGIT 960 system and L-J medium were 83.87 % and 61.29 % respectively. The average detection time with BACTEC MGIT 960 were 11.3 d, 15.4 d shorter than that with the L-J medium (26.7 d). The genetic identification of mycobacterium species was more rapid and accurate with consistent results with that from conventional method. CONCLUSION: BACTEC MGIT 960 system is preferable for detecting mycobacteria in spinal tuberculosis. The combined application of this instrument with genetic identification of mycobacteria is an effective strategy for the bacteriological diagnosis of tuberculosis.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Human identification by comparison if skull roentgen image].

Comparison of X-rays was found to provide information just as accurate as dactyloscopy for person identification, which is attributable to the high variability of the skeletal system. Reported in this paper is the case of an unknown dead female whose body was found in a condition of advanced decay. That is why conventional methods of criminological identification were not practicable. Only inadequate results were obtained from a muscular sample, while no findings at all were obtainable from DNA analysis of two molars. Identification was achievable only after six months had passed from discovery of the corpse, when two X-rays of the presumed person's skull were retrieved. This case of successful identification has once again provided evidence to the fact that even in our era of DNA research X-ray comparison has retained a firm position in forensic diagnostics.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Design of the automatic system of processing data on mitochondrial DNA "mDNAbase" sequestration for expert identification of the unidentified bodies under the conditions of mass reception of human remains].

The authors consider utilization of software which provides indirect personality identification by establishment of biological kinship using a comparative analysis of nucleotide sequences (NS) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in unidentified bodies and suspected relatives of these victims. The software supports data bases with information on NS. To secure automatic search there are modes of cross-processing. Results of identification are formed as lists of exclusions and tables with calculated frequencies of mitotypes of identification objects as well as protocols of a comparative analysis of nucleotide position in mtDNA sequences under comparison. The proposed computer approach is a new highly effective tool for identification of personality based on data on mtDNA analysis in conditions of stream information processing under mass reception of unidentified bodies.

Cadaver↗

PubMed1976

Development of reference systems for automatic identification of clinical isolates of bacteria.

The reported work describes experiments on automatic identification based on a material of 636 clinical isolates of bacteria. It is shown that three different and mutually independent automatic identification principles produce almost identical identification conclusions. It is also shown that an automatic procedure which continuously corrects the basic classification gives results which are independent of the classification background. Automatic correction logics develop conventionally-based, as well as numerically-based initial reference systems toward almost similar solutions. This may indicate that automated identification methods based on numerical classifications possess general validity.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2003

Development of a quality, high throughput DNA analysis procedure for skeletal samples to assist with the identification of victims from the World Trade Center attacks.

The attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC) Towers on September 11, 2001, represented the single largest terrorist-related mass fatality incident in the history of the United States. More than 2,700 individuals of varied racial and ethnic background lost their lives that day. Through the efforts of thousands of citizens, including recovery workers, medical examiners, and forensic scientists, the identification of approximately 1,500 victims had been accomplished through June 2003 (the majority of these identifications were made within the first 8-12 months). The principal role of The Bode Technology Group (Bode) in this process was to develop a quality, high throughput DNA extraction and short tandem repeat (STR) analysis procedure for skeletal elements, and to provide STR profiles to the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner (OCME) in New York City to be used for identification of the victims. A high throughput process was developed to include electronic accessioning of samples, so that the numbering system of the OCME was maintained; rapid preparation and sampling of skeletal fragments to allow for the processing of more than 250 fragments per day; use of a 96-well format for sample extraction, DNA quantification, and STR analysis; and use of the Applied Biosystems 3100 and 3700 instrumentation to develop STR profiles. Given the highly degraded nature of the skeletal remains received by Bode, an advanced DNA extraction procedure was developed to increase the quantity of DNA recovery and reduce the co-purification of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification inhibitors. In addition, two new STR multiplexes were developed specifically for this project, which reduced the amplicon size of the STR loci, and therefore, enhanced the ability to obtain results from the most challenged of samples. In all, the procedures developed allowed for the analysis of more than 1,000 skeletal samples each week. Approximately 13,000 skeletal fragments were analyzed at least once, for a total of more than 18,000 analyses, and greater than 8,000 of the skeletal samples produced STR results (65%). The percentage of successful results was low in relation to previous mass fatality incidents involving airline disasters. However, when this same process was applied to the analysis of skeletal remains from the American Airlines Flight 587 disaster that occurred on November 12, 2001, the success rate was in line with expected results (ie, greater than 92% of the skeletal remains produced results). This illustrated the quality aspects of the procedure and the degree of degradation that had occurred for the remains of the WTC victims. For future mass fatality incidents, the quality, high throughput procedures developed by Bode will allow for more rapid DNA analysis of victim remains, more rapid identification of victims, and thus more rapid return of remains to family members.

Bone and Bones↗

PubMed2003

An overview of DNA methods for the identification and individualization of marijuana.

The purpose of this review is to summarize the status of DNA-based methods for the identification and individualization of marijuana. In forensics, both identification of a substance as marijuana and the subsequent individualization of a sample may be desired for casework. Marijuana identification methods in the United States primarily include biochemical tests and, less frequently, DNA-based tests. Under special circumstances, DNA-based tests can be useful. For example, if the quantity of seized marijuana is extremely small and/or biochemical tests do not detect any D9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), DNA identification of plant material as Cannabis is still possible. This circumstance can arise when seeds, trace residue, tiny leaf fragments, or fine roots need to be analyzed. Methods for the individualization of marijuana include amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and short tandem repeat (STR) techniques that link an evidentiary sample to a source. Marijuana growers propagate their plants either by seed or by cloning. Seed-generated marijuana plants are expected to have unique DNA profiles analogous to a human population. Cloned marijuana plants, however, exhibit identical DNA profiles that allow for tracking of plant material derived from a common genetic lineage. The authors have validated the AFLP method for marijuana samples and are constructing a comparative database of marijuana seizure samples to estimate the expected frequency of a DNA profile match between unrelated plants. Continued development of DNA-based methods for plants can be useful for marijuana and other types of plant evidence in forensics.

Cannabis↗

PubMed2003

[Identification of Candida dubliniensis strains using heat tolerance tests, morphological characteristics and molecular methods].

Described in 1995, Candida dubliniensis is a novel Candida species closely related to Candida albicans due primarily to its ability to produce germ tube and chlamydospores. Given these phenotypic similarities between the two species, C. dubliniensis cannot be readily distinguished from Candida albicans by routine laboratory work-up. We explored the frequency of isolation of C. dubliniensis among 213 strains previously defined as C. albicans based on their ability to produce germ tube. The test isolates were initially examined for their morphological features on cornmeal tween 80 agar, inability to grow at 45 degrees C, and the biochemical assimilation profile (ID 32C system, bioMerieux, France). Among all, 2 (0.9%) of the isolates were identified as C. dubliniensis based on the production of numerous chlamydospores in chains on cornmeal tween 80 agar and the lack of growth at 45 degrees C. The assimilation profile of these isolates was found to be in accordance with this identification. In an effort to confirm the identification, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) studies were carried out by using the C. dubliniensis specific primer set, DUBF and DUBR. Both of the isolates yielded C. dubliniensis-specific 288 base pair amplification products, confirming the previous identification obtained with the initial screening tests. The isolates were found to be susceptible to fluconazole and itraconazole, and generated amphotericin B minimal inhibitory concentrations of 0.5-1 microgram/ml by NCCLS M27-A2 microdilution method. These data suggest that the isolation rate of C. dubliniensis among our clinical isolates is low. The morphological features on cornmeal tween 80 agar and the lack of ability to grow at 45 degrees C appear as reliable, cheap, and practical screening tests in initial identification of C. dubliniensis among germ tube-producing Candida strains.

Antifungal Agents↗