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PubMed2001

Effect of birth litter size, birth parity number, growth rate, backfat thickness and age at first mating of gilts on their reproductive performance as sows.

The present study was performed to evaluate retrospectively the influence of birth litter size, birth parity number, performance test parameters (growth rate from birth to 100kg body weight and backfat thickness at 100kg body weight) and age at first mating (AFM) of gilts on their reproductive performance as sows. Traits analysed included remating rate in gilts (RRG), litter size, weaning-to-first-service interval (WSI), remating rate in sows and farrowing rate (FR). Data were collected from 11 Swedish Landrace (L) and 8 Swedish Yorkshire (Y) nucleus herds and included 20712 farrowing records from sow parities 1-5. Sows that farrowed for the first time during 1993-1997, having complete records of performance test and AFM, were followed up to investigate their subsequent reproductive performance until their last farrowing in 1999. Analysis of variance and multiple regression were applied to continuous data. Logistic regression was applied to categorical data. The analyses were based on the same animals and the records were split into six groups of females, i.e. gilts, primiparous sows, and sows in parities 2-5, respectively. Each additional piglet in the litter in which the gilt was born was associated with an increase of her own litter size of between 0.07 and 0.1 piglets per litter (P<0.001). Gilts born from sow parity 1 had a longer WSI as primiparous sows compared with gilts born from sow parity 4 (0.3 days; P<0.05) or parity 5 (0.4 days; P<0.01). Gilts with a higher growth rate of up to 100kg body weight had a larger litter size (all parities 1-5; P<0.05), shorter WSI (all parities 1-5; P<0.05) and higher FR (parities 2 and 5; P<0.05) than gilts with a lower growth rate. Gilts with a high backfat thickness at 100kg body weight had a shorter WSI as primiparous sows (P<0.001) compared with low backfat gilts, and 0.1 piglets per litter more as second parity sows (P<0.01). A 10 day increase in AFM resulted in an increase in litter size of about 0.1 piglet for primiparous sows (P<0.001) and a decrease (P<0.05) for sow parities 4 and 5.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1975

The genetic structure of a tribal population, the Yanomama Indians. XII. Biodemographic studies.

The Yyanomama Indians of Southern Venezuela and Northern Brazil are one of the largest, relatively unacculturated tribes of the tropical rain forest. Over a period of eight years data have been collected from a considerable portion of their territory on estimated age, sex ratio, fertility rates (as determined by physical examination and urine tests), and infant death rates. Although it has been impossible to collect direct data on infanticide, this subject can be approached indirectly through distortions of the sex ratio and anecdotal information. Some historical data are also available as a basis for estimating tribal expansion in the past 100 years. With this material it has been possible to construct Life Tables for the anomama,, and to explore the results of various perturbations of the input parameters. Data are also presented on patterns of mating and reproduction: number of spouses, mean and variance in number of surviving children, frequency of "extra-marital conceptions" based on the results of extensive blood group typings, and consanguinity rates as determined by observation and computer simulation. Although we do not present the Yanomama as typical, these data are seen as providing a basis for more realistic population models than have existed in the past. In addition, the data provide a basis for relatively precise estimates of such demographic measures as Fisher's Reproductive Value, Crow's Index of Total Selection, and Weiss' Index of Growth Regulation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Speciation versus phenotypic plasticity in coral inhabiting barnacles: Darwin's observations in an ecological context.

Speciation and phenotypic plasticity are two extreme strategic modes enabling a given taxon to populate a broad ecological niche. One of the organismal models which stimulated Darwin's ideas on speciation was the Cirripedia (barnacles), to which he dedicated a large monograph. In several cases, including the coral-inhabiting barnacle genera Savignium and Cantellius (formerly Pyrgoma and Creusia, respectively), Darwin assigned barnacle specimens to morphological "varieties" (as opposed to species) within a genus. Despite having been the subject of taxonomic investigations and revisions ever since, the significance of these varieties has never been examined with respect to host-associated speciation processes. Here we provide evidence from molecular (12S mt rDNA sequences) and micromorphological (SEM) studies, suggesting that these closely related barnacle genera utilize opposite strategies for populating a suite of live-coral substrates. Cantellius demonstrates a relatively low genetic variability, despite inhabiting a wide range of corals. The species C. pallidus alone was found on three coral families, belonging to distinct higher-order classification units. In contrast, Savignium barnacles exhibit large between- and within-species variations with respect to both micromorphology and DNA sequences, with S. dentatum "varieties" clustering phylogenetically according to their coral host species (all of which are members of a single family). Thus, whereas Savignium seems to have undergone intense host-associated speciation over a relatively narrow taxonomic range of hosts, Cantellius shows phenotypic plasticity over a much larger range. This dichotomy correlates with differences in life-history parameters between these barnacle taxa, including host-infestation characteristics, reproductive strategies, and larval trophic type.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

The combined effects of hardness, pH, and dissolved organic carbon on the chronic toxicity of Zn to D. magna: development of a surface response model.

The effect of changes in pH, hardness, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and the possible interactions among these parameters on the chronic toxicity of zinc to D. magna were investigated. Based on a Central Composite Design, models were developed that can explain the observed variation in EC(10) and EC(50) as a function of these toxicity modifying factors. All three parameters significantly altered the observed effect concentrations based on net reproductive rate. The largest differences in 21-day EC(10)s and EC(50)s caused by these factors were 10.1 and 4.9, respectively. An increase in pH and/or DOC decreased zinc toxicity. The significant interaction between pH and DOC on observed chronic Zn toxicity is in accordance with earlier reported increased sorption efficiency of Zn to humic substances at higher pH levels. Lowest Zn toxicity was observed in tests performed with moderately hard test media (between 200 and 300 mg/L as CaCO(3)). Lower or higher hardness of the test medium resulted in lower effect concentrations. Based on physico-chemical characteristics of the test media, developed models can be used to explain the variation between reported NOECs for Zn and may improve current environmental risk assessment procedures of metals.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Colorimetric quantitation of filarial viability.

A simple three-step colorimetric assay based on the tetrazolium salt MTT (3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) has been developed for quantifying filarial viability. Living (but not dead) filariae take up MTT and rapidly reduce it to formazan, so staining themselves dark blue. This colour change which is easily seen provides a rapid qualitative test for filarial viability. Quantitative data can be obtained by solubilizing formazan out of the worm with DMSO and measuring the absorbance of the resulting solution at 510 nm. To date the technique has been demonstrated in several species of filariae including Onchocerca volvulus. MTT reduction is thought to be selective for NADH-dependent dehydrogenase activity in viable worms. The reaction occurs readily in all developmental stages of Dipetalonema viteae including fragments of filarial tissue. Enzyme activity in viable intact D. viteae appears to be primarily associated with the hypodermis/muscle cells, with minimal formazan formation in the gut and reproductive tracts. The application of this MTT assay as a parameter for quantifying in vitro drugs effects is described. Assay procedures have been developed and optimized with D. viteae and Brugia pahangi for the assessment of effects of macrofilariae and microfilarial release, and the activity of a range of antifilarial standards reported. Several potential applications of the technique to studies on filarial biology are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

An assessment of the chronic toxicity of the synthetic pyrethroid, fenvalerate, to Daphnia galeata mendotae, using life tables.

The effects of chronic exposure to fenvalerate, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, on the cladoceran Daphnia galeata mendotae were evaluated under laboratory conditions. The daphnids were exposed for their entire life cycle to concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.1 microg fenvalerate litre(-1). The parameters used to determined toxicity were survival, time to first reproduction, reproductive frequency, number of young per brood, cumulative brood size, intrinsic rate of natural increase (r(m)), generation time (T) and net reproductive rate (R(0)). A concentration of 0.005 microg fenvalerate litre(-1) resulted in an increase in longevity but a decrease in production of young. Higher concentrations caused a decrease in survival. Studies of shorter duration than the complete life cycle of the organisms would not have detected toxicity at such low levels. The intrinsic rate of natural increase, r(m), was not affected by fenvalerate until concentration reached 0.05 microg litre(-1) and r(m) decreased to 0.113 from 0.238. A concentration of 0.01 microg litre(-1) caused the net reproductive rate, R(0), and the generation time, T, to decrease to 73.2 offspring per female and 17.3 days from 125.9 offspring per female and 20.3 days, respectively.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1975

Long-term toxicity and reproduction studies with metaldehyde in rats.

Rats received 0, 200, 1000 and 5000 ppm metaldehyde in the diet for 2 years. Reproduction studies over three generations using the same dietary levels were carried out. In the third litter of each generation attention was paid to possible embryotoxic or teratogenic effects. The parameters studied included growth, food intake, behaviour and survival, haematology, clinical biochemistry, organ weight, histopathology, reproductive performance and teratogenicity. At 5000 ppm the relative liver weight was increased and this was accompanied by an increase in liver microsomal enzyme activity. The most striking observation was a dose-related development of posterior paralysis in females due to a transverse lesion of the spinal cord. The latency period was more than 550 days. Three rats with posterior paralysis showed a transverse lesion of the spinal cord. No significant histological damage to other organs was seen. The tumour incidence was not increased in any of the metaldehyde dosage groups. The reproduction study confirmed the findings of the long-term test. Posterior paralysis appeared in at least 50% of the females on 5000 ppm metaldehyde in all 3 generations. Some were affected at 1000 ppm but none at 200 ppm. Histologically, a fracture or distortion of thoracic vertebrae and subsequent compression of the spinal cord was found. The onset of paralysis was related to the time of delivery. The reproductive performance was susceptibility in this respect to metaldehyde. Apart from one male rat on 200 ppm with clinical posterior paralysis without transverse lesions in the spinal cord, this level was without toxic effects both in the long-term and 3-generation reproduction study.

Acetaldehyde↗

PubMed2005

Modelling the dynamics of West Nile Virus.

In this work we formulate and analyze a mathematical model for the transmission of West Nile Virus (WNV) infection between vector (mosquito) and avian population. We find the Basic Reproductive Number R0 in terms of measurable epidemiological and demographic parameters. R0 is the threshold condition that determines the dynamics of WNV infection: if R0< or =1 the disease fades out, and for R0 >1 the disease remains endemic. Using experimental and field data we estimate R0 for several species of birds. Numerical simulations of the temporal course of the infected bird proportion show damped oscillations approaching the endemic value.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Preclinical evaluation for noninvasive reversal following long-term vas occlusion with styrene maleic anhydride in langur monkeys.

A preclinical evaluation for reversal through a noninvasive approach following long-term vas occlusion with styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) has been attempted in langur monkeys at the level of semen parameters, sperm functional tests, semen biochemistry, histology and ultrastructure of reproductive organs, hematology and serum clinical biochemistry including antisperm antibodies (ASA), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and testosterone. Noninvasive reversal through palpation, percutaneous squeezing and electrical stimulation, forced vibratory movements and suprapubic percussion in the inguinal segments and per-rectal digital massage was attempted in seven langur monkeys after 540 days following vas occlusion. The results revealed instant azoospermia reversal on the same day of reversal with impaired sperm quality, which showed gradual improvement and normospermia with normal motility and viability after 60-90 days of reversal. Sperm functional tests, including ultrastructure of spermatozoa, indicative of sterility in the initial ejaculations, reached normalcy after 90-120 days of reversal. The seminal plasma biochemistry indicative of obstructive azoospermia regained a normal pattern after 90-120 days of reversal. The morphology of testes that showed focal degeneration during 540 days of vas occlusion and that of vasa deferentia that showed exfoliation of epithelial cells resumed to normal morphology comparable with control animals after 150 days of reversal. The morphology of the epididymis, seminal vesicle and prostate did not show appreciable changes following vas occlusion and after noninvasive reversal compared with those of control animals. Hematology, serum clinical chemistry, ASA, PSA and testosterone fluctuated within control limits, indicating safety of the procedure at the level of accessory reproductive organs. The results suggest that noninvasive reversal is feasible even after long-term vas occlusion with SMA and is safe without adverse side effects.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Clinical features and circulating gonadotropin, insulin, and androgen interactions in women with polycystic ovarian disease.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the interactions of hyperinsulinemia and inappropriate gonadotropin secretion in women with polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD). DESIGN: Comparative study of endocrinologic parameters in subjects with PCOD. SETTING: Open patient clinic of reproductive endocrinology at University Central Hospital of Turku, Finland. PATIENTS: Fourteen nonobese and 10 obese patients with PCOD. Seven healthy women for reference data collection. Normal thyroid function, serum prolactin concentration, normal diurnal cortisol variation, euglycemia in all subjects. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum concentrations of insulin, testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, sex hormone-binding globulin, immunoreactive luteinizing hormone (LH), bioactive LH, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). RESULTS: The concentration of insulin was higher and that of bioactive LH was lower in obese than in nonobese PCOD women in whom the levels were also above the upper reference value. There was a negative correlation between insulin and bioactive LH levels (r = -0.57). Bioactive LH correlated inversely with the body mass index (BMI) (r = -0.50). After eliminating the effect of the BMI, the correlation between bioactive LH and insulin was no longer significant (r = -0.37). The bioactive LH and immunoreactive LH/FSH ratio correlated significantly (r = 0.68). CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that hyperandrogenic women can be divided into two subgroups: those with insulin resistance, normal or minimally elevated LH, and markedly elevated insulin levels; and those with elevated LH levels, no insulin resistance, and normal insulin concentrations. Obesity is associated with the former, and high bioactive LH levels with the latter subgroup.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Quantitative testicular biopsy in spinal cord injured men: comparison to fertile controls.

Spermatogenic abnormalities have been reported in the majority of spinal cord injured men on routine testicular biopsy. However, given the interim advances in their urological and rehabilitative care, a quantitative assessment of the germinal epithelium after spinal cord injury and comparison of these parameters to normal controls are warranted. Incisional testicular biopsy was performed in 14 spinal cord injured men. Quantitative micrometric techniques were applied to assess spermatogenesis and the results were compared to a normative data base of testicular biopsies previously obtained from a group of 15 fertile volunteers. From a minimum of 10 randomly selected round seminiferous tubules per subject the mean number of Sertoli cells, mature spermatids, tubular diameter and tubular wall thickness were determined in both groups and statistically analyzed. In the spinal cord injury group the mean number of spermatids per tubule was significantly lower and the mean number of Sertoli cells per tubule was significantly higher than in fertile controls (p less than 0.05). Moreover, the mean Sertoli cell-to-spermatid ratio per seminiferous tubule was significantly higher in the spinal cord injury group and discriminated between spinal cord injured men and controls, with a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 100% (p less than 0.0001). Half of the spinal cord injury group showed a mean tubular spermatid density of less than 10. Compared to the fertile population, spinal cord injured men show significant differences in quantitative parameters of the germinal epithelium that may contribute to the reproductive dysfunction.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Evaluation of natural transmission of bovine leukaemia virus within dairy herds of Argentina.

The purpose of this study was to describe patterns of seroconversion to bovine leukaemia virus and to estimate the main parameters needed for future model building. A longitudinal study was carried out between February 1999 and November 2001 in seven commercial dairy farms in Argentina using 1535 lactating cows. Time-interval parameters were analysed using a parametric survival model with shared frailty, time until infection was analysed using a Bayesian interval-censoring survival model and the infection transmission parameter (beta) was estimated by a generalized linear model. The reproduction ratio (R0) was calculated. In total, 1000 cows tested positive and 494 tested negative. The predicted median age at infection was 4.6 years for seroconverted cows. For infected herds, the proportion of positive calves was as high as for infected cows and showed a large proportion of infected breeding heifers. Peaks in the overall average incidence per season-year were observed during autumn and spring. Results reveal that the period around parturition is a high-risk period. Moreover, heavily infected herds seem to have an increased proportion of young stock infected. The overall beta was estimated as 2.9/year (95% CI 1.9-3.7) and combined with a relatively long infectious period it resulted in a high reproductive ratio (R0=8.9). Therefore, a high effectiveness of control measures needs to be achieved to eradicate the disease.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed2002

An effective quiescent medium for sound propagating through an inhomogeneous, moving fluid.

The idea of similarity between acoustic fields in a moving fluid and in a certain "effective" quiescent medium, first put forward by Lord Rayleigh, proved very helpful in understanding and modeling sound propagation in an atmosphere with winds and in an ocean with currents, as well as in other applications involving flows with small velocity compared to sound speed. Known as effective sound speed approximation, the idea is routinely utilized in the contexts of the ray theory, normal mode representation of the sound field, and the parabolic approximation. Despite the wide use of the concept of effective sound speed in acoustics of moving media, no theoretical justification of Rayleigh's idea was published that would be independent of the chosen representation of the sound field and uniformly apply to distinct propagation regimes. In this paper, we present such a justification by reducing boundary conditions and a wave equation governing sound fields in the inhomogeneous moving fluid with a slow flow to boundary conditions and a wave equation in a quiescent fluid with effective sound speed and density. The derivation provides insight into validity conditions of the concept of effective quiescent fluid. Introduction of effective density in conjunction with effective sound speed is essential to ensure accurate reproduction of acoustic pressure amplitude in the effective medium. Effective parameters depend on sound speed, flow velocity, and density of the moving fluid as well as on sound propagation direction. Conditions are discussed under which the dependence on the propagation direction can be avoided or relaxed.

Acoustics↗

PubMed2006

Changes in endocrine profile and reproductive organs during puberty in the male marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus).

Data on pubertal maturation in male marmoset, a model for human reproduction, are scant and conflicting. We collected data on novel parameters to characterize puberty. Twenty-five marmoset monkeys were assigned to five age groups by weeks (wk): 21 (pre-pubertal), 43 (onset of puberty), 52 (fully pubertal), 70 (mature), and 116 (fully adult). Serum and intratesticular testosterone and pituitary bioactive chorionic gonadotropin (bioCG) were measured. Testicular development was assessed by ultrasonography, histology, and flow cytometry. Three consecutive blood samples revealed extreme fluctuations in testosterone concentrations, suggesting an erratic secretion. Age-related changes in serum testosterone and pituitary bioCG concentrations were observed. Intratesticular androgens (ITAs) showed high fluctuations within groups at all ages and were high in some animals by 21 wk. Unexpectedly, no correlation between pituitary bioCG and serum testosterone or ITAs was found, but these parameters significantly correlated with testicular weight and volume. These observations were consistent a dependence on the testis growth on bioCG. Unfortunately, the low serum levels of bioCG were not measurable in this study. At 43 wk, the animals reached puberty. At 52 wk of age, animals attained maximum body and epididymal weights and qualitatively normal spermatogenesis, but testes continued growing, reaching a maximum of all parameters at 70 wk of age, without further major changes at the age of 116 wk. It is concluded that (1) gonadal activation is evident at wk 21, (2) the male marmoset reaches the pubertal threshold around 43 wk of age, attains qualitative parameters at 52 wk, matures further to sexual maturity at 70 wk, and (3) serum testosterone and ITAs are highly variable without any identifiable correlation with pituitary bioCG.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Effects and risk assessment of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in agricultural soil. 4. The influence of salt speciation, soil type, and sewage sludge on toxicity using the collembolan Folsomia fimetaria and the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa as test organisms.

Sewage sludge applied to agricultural soils often contains linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) in the range of 1 to 10 g/kg dry weight, and their toxicity to relevant soil organisms should, therefore, be assessed to ensure safe use of sewage sludge as a fertilizer. Studies of LAS toxicity to soil organisms are few, and to our knowledge, factors that may influence the toxicity in the field have not been studied in detail. In this paper, we report on the influence of speciation of LAS in the test solution added to soil (soluble Na-LAS vs poorly soluble Ca-LAS or Mg-LAS), the influence of soil type, and the modifying effects of sludge amendment on the toxicity of LAS. These issues were investigated using reproduction of Collembola and growth of juvenile earthworms as test parameters. Speciation of the LAS added to test soil did not have any influence on toxicity for any of the test species. Likewise, in three different agricultural soils (sand, loam, and clay), we found almost equal toxicities. The LAS added to test soil in a sludge-water suspension was equally toxic as when it was added in an aqueous solution. However, anaerobic incubation for 7 and 14 d of the LAS-sludge suspension (with no decay of LAS) caused the toxicity to increase almost threefold in both collembolan and earthworm. The relationships between soil constituents, bioavailability, and toxicity are also discussed.

Agriculture↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Effects of hyperthyroidism on bone mass in women of reproductive age].

INTRODUCTION: Hyperthyroidism is one of the most frequent endocrinopathies in women of reproductive age. Consequently, increased risk of osteoporosis may be expected. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research has included a group of 30 hyperthyroid women and a control group of 30 healthy women of reproductive age. Age and some clinical characteristics were analyzed, as well as some anthropometric parameters. Bone mass parameters were determined by measuring bone mineral density using ultrasound devices (SAHARA-Hologic). RESULTS: Bone mass parameters in hyperthyroid women are significantly lower than in controls (BUA: 63.25+/-12.17; 69.73+/-10.02 dB/MHz respectively; SOS: 1523.90+/-24.47; 1540.19+/-26.59 m/s respec. QUI/STIFF 79.78+/-13.95; 89.09+/-13.99% respec.) Duration of hyperthyroidism affects bone density and reduces it. DISCUSSION: Obtained results were expected, having in mind that hyperthyroidism is a condition characterized by increased bone catabolic rate. Also, negative correlation between the duration of hyperthyroidism and bone mass parameters (BUA, SOS) was expected, because it is logical that consolidation of bone mass in adult life cannot be maintained in circumstances in which metabolic rate is increased. During hyperthyroidism, bone loss is expected. In order to confirm this, future studies of bone markers are necessary. CONCLUSION: Based on results obtained in the study, the following conclusions were made: hyperthyroidism is accompanied by decreased values of bone mass parameters; this effect depends on duration of hyperthyroidism. We confirmed that hyperthyroidism may be the cause of decrease in bone mass, particularly if it lasts more than a year. To prevent osteoporosis in women of reproductive age with hyperthyroidism and involutional osteoporosis later in life, early diagnosis and effective therapy of hyperthyroidism is imperative.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Parameters of nutrition in school girls in southwestern Nigeria.

OBJECTIVES: To document trends in parameters of nutrition in south-western Nigerian school girls in comparison with earlier reports and provide baseline data for future comparison. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: Fifteen secondary schools from the five local governments in Ibadan, Oyo State in south-western Nigeria. SUBJECTS: One thousand six hundred and seventy five apparently healthy female students aged between nine and twenty three years. RESULTS: One thousand six hundred and seventy three questionnaires were analysed. The mean age, mean height and mean body weight were 15.45 years +/- 2.06 (SD), 154.98cm +/- 8.4(SD) and 46.09kg +/- 8.8 (SD) respectively. The mean body fat was 11.12kg +/- 4.6 (SD); mean lean body mass (LBM) was 34.96kg +/- 4.6 (SD); mean total body water (TBW) was 25.17L +/- 3.3 (SD) and the mean body index (BMI) was 19.07kg/m2 +/- 2.7 (SD). Girls from upper socio-economic background had significantly higher values of anthropometric measurements and body composition for each age than lower socioeconomic class girls. Compared with their peers from another Nigerian city investigated two decades ago, girls in this study were significantly lighter and shorter. CONCLUSION: The study revealed a decline in nutritional parameters among adolescents. The implications of these findings for the reproductive health of Nigerian women are discussed. Serial studies to monitor trends in adolescents are recommended.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

[Anthropologic study of women with hyperphenylalaninemia].

OBJECTIVE: Anthropometric investigation in women with hyperphenylalaninemia. DESIGN: Retrospective clinical study. SETTING: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders of General Faculty Hospital and 1st Medical Faculty of Charles University in Prague, Department of clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology of Hospital Na Homolce in Prague. METHODS: 44 anthropometric and 12 anthroposcopic parameters were studied in a group of 16 women with reproduction normality. RESULTS: Smaller body heights, pathological body posture and dysplastic findings were found. CONCLUSION: Registered differences and dysplastic findings are motivating for studies in a larger group of women with hyperphenylalaninemia.

Adult↗