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PubMed1976

Magnesium concentrations in plasma and bone following enteral administration of Br-, Cl- and Mg++ in the form of different compounds and combinations.

In accordance with the results achieved in previous experiments the intestinal absorption of magnesium and its uptake into bone of rats were significantly improved when MgCl2 or mono-magnesium-mono-aspartate-hydrochloride (Mg asp. HCl) were used instead of mono-magnesium-di-l-aspartate (Mg asp.). Treatment with mono-magnesium-mono-aspartate-hydrobromide (Mg asp. HBr) resulted in remarkably elevated magnesium concentrations in plasma and bone. Since the animals were strongly sedated at the same time, we had to differentiate the influence of anesthesia from unspecific distress and specific actions of bromide and chloride, e.g. on intestinal uptake and/or renal excretion of Mg. Experiments in which the narcotic effect of bromide was reduced to moderate sedation by additional treatment with chloride would appear to suggest that both specific and unspecific mechanisms were involved. In additional experiments it was shown that the effects of Mg asp. plus KBr or Mg asp. plus KCl or CaCl2 were similar to those of the corresponding magnesium aspartate hydrohalogenides.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1999

Oxygen release kinetics from solid phase oxygen in Arctic Alaska.

Child's Pad is a gravel construction surface that was contaminated with petroleum during oil-field service operations in Deadhorse, Alaska. As part of a remedial action plan, a buffer strip of uncontaminated sandy gravel was placed along sections of the pad boundary. A magnesium peroxide formulation manufactured by Regenesis, and sold as Oxygen Release Compound (ORC), was placed in the buffer strips. The ORC was intended to supply oxygen to aerobic microorganisms capable of degrading petroleum. Studies were conducted in the laboratory to determine initial oxygen release kinetics from ORC in contact with barrier soil. Studies quantified the biotic and abiotic catalytic mechanisms for converting hydrogen peroxide (a possible MgO2 intermediate) and ORC to oxygen and water, the effects of temperature on oxygen release from ORC, and the effect of field exposure on ORC viability. Barrier soil exhibited sufficient catalytic activity to convert hydrogen peroxide to oxygen faster than the expected biological demand. The oxygen evolution rate (OER) from ORC was lower at 7 degrees C than 21 degrees C by more than two times. The ORC recovered from Child's Pad after less than 1 year retained nearly all of the original available oxygen, although physical bridging was evident.

Alaska↗
PubMed2006

A method for controlling hydrogen sulfide in water by adding solid phase oxygen.

This work evaluates the addition of solid phase oxygen, a magnesium peroxide (MgO(2)) formulation manufactured by Regenesis (oxygen-releasing compounds, ORC), to inhibit the production of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) in an SRB-enriched environment. The initial rate of release of oxygen by the ORC was determined over a short period by adding sodium sulfite (Na(2)SO(3)), which was a novel approach developed for this study. The ability of ORCs to control H(2)S by releasing oxygen was evaluated in a bench-scale column containing cultured sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB). After a series of batch tests, 0.4% ORC was found to be able to inhibit the formation of H(2)S for more than 40 days. In comparison, the concentration of H(2)S dropped from 20 mg S/L to 0.05 mg S/L immediately after 0.1% hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) was added, but began to recover just four days later. Thus, H(2)O(2) does not seem to be able to inhibit the production of sulfide for an extended period of time. By providing long-term inhibition of the SRB population, ORC provides a good alternative means of controlling the production of H(2)S in water.

Hydrogen Peroxide↗
PubMed1966

Chlorophyll Synthesis in Chlorella II. Effect of Glucose and Light Intensity on the Lag Phase.

Dense cultures of Chlorella grown under our conditions contain large amounts of chlorophyll on a packed cell basis. Upon dilution the cells are, in effect, put into an environment in which light is not limiting and chlorophyll seemingly in excess (at least temporarily). Thus it is not economical for the cell to produce more chlorophyll until it is the limiting factor. It is our contention that the cell may sense this situation by the piling up of products such as glucose or starch. The observed light intensity effect which causes a stimulation of chlorophyll production at lowered intensities is analogous to that previously reported by others and is felt to be related to the rate of photosynthate production.Chlorophyll synthesis commences after a period of about 12 hours. Once it has become established, added substrate or light have a smaller effect. At 36 hours addition of glucose stimulates growth markedly but chlorophyll production continues at the control rate. This suggests that the effect of substrate is not upon the action of an enzyme involved in the actual synthesis of the chlorophyll molecule. Glucose has been known to influence production of certain enzymes involved usually in substrate catabolism. It is quite possible that the role of glucose here is quite similar. The data are consistent with such an explanation. The substrate would have to influence the production of an enzyme in the magnesium branch of the biosynthetic pathway of porphyrin compounds and not in the portion common to both iron and magnesium porphyrins. Accordingly the lag period is viewed as both an inhibitory period as well as a preparatory period for subsequent chlorophyll synthesis.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Cation hexaammines are selective and potent inhibitors of the CorA magnesium transport system.

Cation hexaammines and related compounds are chemically stable analogs of the hydrated form of cations, particularly Mg(2+). We tested the ability of several of these compounds to inhibit transport by the CorA or MgtB Mg(2+) transport systems or the PhoQ receptor kinase for Mg(2+) in Salmonella typhimurium. Cobalt(III)-, ruthenium(II)-, and ruthenium(III)-hexaammines were potent inhibitors of CorA-mediated influx. Cobalt(III)- and ruthenium(III)chloropentaammines were slightly less potent inhibitors of CorA. The compounds inhibited uptake by the bacterial S. typhimurium CorA and by the archaeal Methanococcus jannaschii CorA, which bear only 12% identity in the extracellular periplasmic domain. Cation hexaammines also inhibited growth of S. typhimurium strains dependent on CorA for Mg(2+) uptake but not of isogenic strains carrying a second Mg(2+) uptake system. In contrast, hexacyano-cobaltate(III) and ruthenate(II)- and nickel(II)hexaammine had little effect on uptake. The inhibition by the cation hexaammines was selective for CorA because none of the compounds had any effect on transport by the MgtB P-type ATPase Mg(2+) transporter or the PhoQ Mg(2+) receptor kinase. These results demonstrate that cation hexaammines are potent and highly selective inhibitors of the CorA Mg(2+) transport system and further indicate that the initial interaction of the CorA transporter is with a fully hydrated Mg(2+) cation.

Amines↗
PubMed1994

Palladium(II), magnesium(II), and barium(II) nitrate combinations for matrix modification in electrothermal atomic absorption measurement of total selenium in human urine.

Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with a temperature-stabilizing platform and palladium(II) nitrate-magnesium nitrate-barium nitrate matrix modifier combination was used to measure total selenium concentrations in 0.5-ml samples of human urine. The method was validated by analysis of desiccated, standard urine samples (SRM 2670) from NIST. The peak height response was linear from 0 to 150 micrograms Se/liter urine with a sensitivity of 0.001 absorbance unit/micrograms Se/liter and a detection limit of 6 micrograms Se/liter (P = 0.05) for a single measurement. Total urinary selenium concentrations and urine volumes of 24-h samples from 28 healthy adult subjects on self-selected diets and living in San Angelo, Texas were measured. Daily total urinary excretions of 16 male and 12 female subjects (mean +/- SD) were 28 +/- 26 and 34 +/- 25 micrograms Se/day, respectively. A single subject taking 300 micrograms Se/day in the form of aqueous SeO2 as a dietary supplement excreted 232 micrograms Se/day. The unsupplemented subjects' daily selenium excretions correspond to a mean dietary intake of approximately 60 micrograms/day.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Safety of new phosphate binders for chronic renal failure.

Phosphate (Pi) retention is a common problem in patients with chronic kidney disease, particularly in those who have reached end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In addition to causing secondary hyperparathyroidism and renal osteodystrophy, recent evidence suggests that, in ESRD patients, high serum phosphorus concentration and increased calcium and phosphorous (Ca x P) product are associated with vascular and cardiac calcifications and increased mortality. Dietary phosphorus restriction and Pi removal by dialysis are not sufficient to restore Pi homeostasis. Reduction of intestinal Pi absorption with the use of Pi binders is currently the primary treatment for Pi retention in patients with ESRD. The use of large doses of calcium-containing Pi binders along with calcitriol administration may contribute to over-suppression of parathyroid hormone secretion and adynamic bone disease as well as to a high incidence of vascular calcifications. When used in patients with impaired renal function, aluminium salts were found to accumulate in bone and other tissues, resulting in osteomalacia and encephalopathy.Sevelamer, an aluminium- and calcium-free Pi binder can reduce serum phosphorus concentration and is associated with a significantly lower incidence of hypercalcaemia, while maintaining the ability to suppress parathyroid hormone production. An additional benefit of sevelamer is its ability to lower low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and total cholesterol levels. Sevelamer attenuates the progression of vascular calcifications in haemodialysis patients, which may lead to lower mortality. The use of sevelamer in non-dialysed patients might aggravate metabolic acidosis, common in these patients. Several other calcium-free Pi binders are in development. Lanthanum carbonate has shown significant promise in clinical trials in ESRD patients. Magnesium salts do not offer a significant advantage over currently available Pi binders. Their use is restricted to patients receiving dialysis since excess magnesium must be removed by dialysis. Iron-based compounds have shown variable efficacy in short-term clinical trials in small numbers of haemodialysis patients. Mixed metal hydroxyl carbonate compounds have shown efficacy in animals but have not been studied in humans. Major safety issues include absorption of the metal component with possible tissue accumulation and toxicity.

Aluminum↗
PubMed2000

Antimutagenesis studies of magnesium and calcium salts.

Magnesium is a microelement that is essential for biological functions and particularly for cellular metabolism. It has a central role in protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and nucleic acid synthesis, and it is important for muscular physiology and nerve excitability. Magnesium has an important role in the stability of biological membranes, it controls immune phenomena, and it activates over 300 enzymes. However, the mechanism of action of magnesium salts has not been well investigated and, in particular, its antimutagenesis properties and its effects in the detoxification of free radicals need further study. We investigated the effect of magnesium chloride, sulphate, carbonate, and oxide on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae D7 strain, to evaluate their ability to protect against genotoxic damage. We found that magnesium salts induced antimutagenic effects in the cells harvested in the logarithmic phase by decreasing the induction of hydrogen peroxide. This, however, did not occur in the stationary phase. We also studied calcium salts of the type corresponding to those of magnesium and their protective role against the oxidative damage of free radicals and enzymatic activities, such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, which are involved in antioxidative defenses.

Antimutagenic Agents↗