SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “pathological subtype”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,495 records · Page 83Linked to original sources

PubMedDate not supplied

Expression profiling and pharmacotherapeutic development in the central nervous system.

Expression profiling data is available for many diverse tissues throughout the body, allowing for exciting hypothesis testing of critical concepts such as cellular development, differentiation, normative function, and disease pathogenesis. The central nervous system is an ideal structure to evaluate relationships between functional genomics and expression data. Recent developments in gene array technologies, specifically cDNA microarray platforms, have made it easier to try to understand the multiplicity of gene alterations that occur within the brains of animal models and postmortem human tissues. However, unlike structures have one principal cell type, the brain contains diverse populations of phenotypically distinct cell types. A goal of modern molecular and cellular neuroscience is to assay gene expression from homogeneous populations of cells within a defined region without potential contamination by expression profiles of adjacent neuronal subtypes and non-neuronal cells. This is a difficult task that demands a multidisciplinary approach that is highlighted in this review within the context of neurodegenerative pathology.

Central Nervous System↗

PubMed2005

Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinicopathological features, treatment, treatment outcome and sequelae of patients with nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma (NLPHL) in a Saudi population. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of 29 patients with lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma treated at 2 major hospitals (King Khalid University Hospital and Security Forces Hospital) in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from 1985 to 2000. Histological subtypes were confirmed by review of hematoxylin and eosin paraffin sections and immunochemistry. Details of clinical presentation, stage, treatment and results of treatment were analyzed. RESULTS: On pathological reappraisal of the 29 cases, 3 patients had nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's lymphoma and 4 patients were reclassified as lymphocyte rich classical Hodgkin's lymphoma. Twenty-two patients were identified to have nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma (NLPHL). These patients comprised of 18 male and 4 female patients with a median age at presentation of 25 years. Nineteen (86%) patients had an early stage (Ann Arbor stage I and II) disease, 2 had stage III and one patient had a stage IV. The majority of the patients presented with peripheral lymphadenopathy and long duration of symptoms. For 16 patients, details of treatment and follow-up were available. All of these achieved a complete response to initial treatment. Four patients relapsed following the primary therapy. CONCLUSION: Our results are consistent with the previous series reported from Western countries and confirm that patients with NLPHL have a characteristic clinical and pathological profile that distinguish it from other types of Hodgkin's lymphoma. The disease tends to run an unusual course and although most patients achieve an excellent response to therapy there is a tendency to relapse. Treatment remains controversial; however, recent understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of NLPHL could lead to modification of current therapeutic approach to this disease.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

[A study on the association between glandular dysplasia and cervical squamous neoplasia in surgical specimens].

To clarify the pathogenesis of cervical adenocarcinoma, we studied the biological properties of glandular dysplasia (GD). The coexistence of squamous neoplasia with cervical adenocarcinoma has been demonstrated. We analyzed the incidence of the coexistence of GD with squamous neoplasia in this study. Materials were surgically removed uterine cervix specimens (n = 142), 52 benign disease cases, 19 squamous dysplasias of the uterine cervix, 66 squamous cell carcinomas of the uterine cervix and 5 cervical adenocarcinomas. Diagnosis of GD was based on the general rules for clinical and pathological management of uterine cervical cancer and Ng's criteria (1983). We divided GD into two types: I: endocervical type, and II: endometrioid type. These fell into subtypes, a (mild) and b (severe) based on the observed degrees of cell atypia. 1. GD coexisted in 17.3% of benign disease cases, 15.8% of squamous dysplasias, 24.2% of squamous cell carcinomas and 100% of cervical adenocarcinomas. 2. GD Ib and IIb were not found in any of the benign disease cases, but were present in 15.8% of squamous dysplasias, 13.6% of squamous cell carcinomas and 100% of cervical adenocarcinomas. If GD was defined as only Ib and IIb, GD coexisted with squamous neoplasia in this study. Our results support the theory that both cervical squamous atypia and cervical glandular atypia are derived from reserve cells.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1998

The modified Rodnan skin score is an accurate reflection of skin biopsy thickness in systemic sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: To test the ability of the modified Rodnan skin score to reflect skin thickness in skin biopsies from 141 patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) obtained at entry during a prospective, double blind study of ketanserin versus placebo in SSc. METHODS: Punch skin biopsies (4 mm) were obtained from the dorsal surface of the distal forearm of 141 patients. Biopsy specimens were trimmed and weighed (wet weight) and then desiccated and reweighed (dry weight). Skin score was recorded for 17 areas, graded 0-4+, while edema was graded 0-4+ in 10 of the same sites using finger pressure. RESULTS: Total skin score correlated with wet weight (r = 0.553) and dry weight (r = 0.517) of the skin biopsies. Local skin score from the biopsied forearm also correlated with wet and dry weight (r = 0.536 and 0.530, respectively). Dry weight as a percentage of wet weight was the same for diffuse cutaneous SSc (dSSc) and limited cutaneous SSc (lSSc) (30.7% for both, NS), despite increased wet weight in patients with dSSc versus lSSc (17.75 vs 13.03 g; p < 0.001). Edema scores correlated poorly both with wet weight (r = 0.069) and dry weight (r = 0.169). CONCLUSION: Total and forearm skin score correlates well with both wet and dry forearm skin biopsy weight from forearm biopsies, indicating that skin score reflects the underlying pathology of SSc. Further, the percentage of dry to wet weight is similar for lSSc and dSSc, supporting the usefulness of skin score in differentiating SSc disease subtypes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Sclerosing meningioma: clinicopathological study of four cases.

Sclerosing meningioma is a distinct histologic subtype of meningioma, however, it is often confused with other tumors, especially malignant tumors. To widen our knowledge of sclerosing meningioma and to help neurosurgeons and neuropathologists diagnose this clinically and pathologically unfamiliar disease entity, we reviewed four such cases, which were originally misdiagnosed. Sclerosing meningiomas were assessed for cellularity, cellular pleomorphism, mitotic activity, brain invasion, and necrosis. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on paraffin-embedded sections using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method. The histologic appearance of the underlying cerebral parenchyma invasion by tumor cells led to a diagnosis of malignant meningioma or to the completely erroneous diagnosis of ganglioglioma. The most conspicuous histologic finding of these four sclerosing meningiomas was extensive collagen deposition, so called 'sclerosis' and an intermingled small population of spindle or round cells with clear cytoplasmic halos, giving a 'fried egg' appearance. However, a typical meningothelial whorl pattern was identified in all cases. Tumor cells exhibited positive immunoreactivity for epithelial membrane antigen and vimentin, but were negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein, p53, S-100, and neuronal markers. Proliferative indices, using Ki-67, ranged from 0% to 4%, and brain invasion was present in three of four tumors. All four patients are doing well with no evidence of tumor recurrence (follow-up duration of 25 months to 12 years). Brain invasion needs to be re-evaluated as a criterion of malignancy in meningioma. Special attention should be paid to the diagnosis of this subtype of meningioma to prevent unnecessary postoperative radiotherapy and to ensure correct therapeutic decision.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Deciduoid peritoneal mesothelioma: CT findings with pathologic correlation.

We report a rare case of deciduoid peritoneal mesothelioma in a 47-year-old woman who had no history of asbestos exposure or previous surgery. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopic findings showed that the tumor was a subtype of epithelioid mesothelioma. Awareness of this disease entity is helpful for the differential diagnosis of peritoneal masses.

Female↗

PubMed2001

[Diagnosis of subtypes and lateralization for primary hyperaldosteronism].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the value of CT and posture stimulation test (PST) in the differential diagnosis and lateralization of primary hyperaldosteronism(PA). METHOD: Retrospective study was done based on the clinical data and pathological examinations of 22 patients with PA. RESULTS: The baseline plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) of most aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) was over 250 pg.ml-1. In the diagnosis of APA, the sensitivity of CT was 75% and the specificity of CT was 100%; the sensitivity and specificity of PST were 87% and 100%, respectively. The examination results of CT and PST had no statistical significant correlativity (P > 0.05) and had bad consistency (P > 0.05), and the diagnostic efficiency of them had no significant difference (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The baseline PAC and the result of PST suggest as the best diagnostic index and methods of APA. Both CT and PST have high value in the differential diagnosis. Both CT and PST cannot be substituted for each other.

Adenoma↗

PubMed1985

Cutaneous malignant lymphoma: a clinical and pathological study of 13 cases.

Thirteen cases of malignant lymphoma, exclusive of mycosis fungoides, with initial involvement of the skin, were selected from 391 consecutive patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Their clinical course was correlated to histological subtype. All patients (5/5) with 'favourable' histology had single indurated plaques without extracutaneous involvement, and remained in complete remission for at least 5 years after local radiation therapy. In contrast, all those with 'unfavourable' histology not lost to follow-up (7/7) suffered relapse or died within a 2-year period. They generally had multiple skin lesions and extracutaneous involvement at diagnosis or shortly afterwards. We conclude that histological subtype is an important variable in predicting clinical course in those with cutaneous malignant lymphoma.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Endometrial pathology.

The current literature on endometrial neoplasia deals with proliferative lesions such as endometrial proliferation in early pregnancy, atypical polypoid adenomyofibromata and their possible relationship to carcinoma, and histological grading of endometrial cancer with emphasis on nuclear grading and subtypes of endometrial cancer including the newly described intestinal and hepatoid types. Recent publications dealing with p53 protein, genetic studies, and nucleolar organizer regions are of interest but have provided no striking new insight into endometrial neoplasia. Angiogenesis has appeared for the first time in the literature in connection with endometrial neoplasia. Tamoxifen continues to occupy an important place in the literature, and endometrial adenosarcoma has been identified recently as one of the myriad of lesions which patients treated with tamoxifen are prone to develop.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗

PubMed2002

Patterns of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease: assessment and differential diagnosis.

In routine clinical practice, the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is commonly made according to NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. As pathological verification is typically not available, such a diagnosis remains probable rather than definite. A diagnosis of probable AD is nevertheless fairly accurate (0.75-0.96), and may serve as a surrogate gold standard in clinical studies. Probable AD is often considered a diagnosis of exclusion, but AD neuropathology characteristically evolves in an ordered topographic sequence, which is mirrored in the pattern of evolution of neuropsychological deficits. Recognition of the resulting temporal profile of cognitive domain involvement allows positive rather than merely exclusionary diagnosis. Certain other dementias may be difficult to distinguish from AD clinically: notably frontotemporal dementia (FTD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and various subtypes of vascular cognitive impairment. The distinction is made more difficult by the existence of variants of AD, presenting with predominant impairment of executive, visuoperceptual, or language domains, as well as by the common occurrence of mixed pathologies. Against this background, the neuropsychological features of AD and its variant presentations, and its distinction from other dementias are reviewed. The properties of commonly-used cognitive assessment tools (MMSE, Mattis DRS, ADAS-Cog, CERAD and CAMDEX-R) are discussed, and the issue of diagnosing incipient AD on clinical grounds before the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria are fulfilled is addressed.

Alzheimer Disease↗

PubMed2002

Antagonists of GLU(K5)-containing kainate receptors prevent pilocarpine-induced limbic seizures.

Developments in the molecular biology and pharmacology of GLU(K5), a subtype of the kainate class of ionotropic glutamate receptors, have enabled insights into the roles of this subunit in synaptic transmission and plasticity. However, little is known about the possible functions of GLU(K5)-containing kainate receptors in pathological conditions. We report here that, in hippocampal slices, selective antagonists of GLU(K5)-containing kainate receptors prevented development of epileptiform activity--evoked by the muscarinic agonist, pilocarpine--and inhibited the activity when it was pre-established. In conscious rats, these GLU(K5) antagonists prevented and interrupted limbic seizures induced by intra-hippocampal pilocarpine perfusion, and attenuated accompanying rises in extracellular L-glutamate and GABA. This anticonvulsant activity occurred without overt side effects. GLU(K5) antagonism also prevented epileptiform activity induced by electrical stimulation, both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, we propose that subtype-selective GLU(K5) kainate receptor antagonists offer a potential new therapy for epilepsy.

Action Potentials↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Increased severity of renal impairment in nephritic mice lacking the EP1 receptor.

In experimental glomerulonephritis, inhibition of renal prostaglandin (PG) synthesis by nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) moderates proteinuria, yet can induce harmful effects on renal blood flow and Na+ - K+ - water balance thereby implicating 1 or more prostanoid receptor subtypes. We investigated the role of the PGE2 EP1 receptor in nephritis since it is expressed in the glomerulus, collecting duct and vasculature in which its activity might contribute to adaptive or maladaptive responses. Accordingly, a mouse model of accelerated antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) nephrotoxic serum (NTS) nephritis was induced in mice with targeted-deletion of the EP1 receptor (EP1-/-). Proteinuria was similar between wild-type (wt) and EP1-/- NTS groups, thus negating a role for this subtype in modulating the glomerular permeability barrier in this model of anti-GBM NTS. However, overall renal damage was more acute in NTS EP1-/- mice, as evidenced by the degree of glomerular mesangial matrix expansion and the frequency of tubular dilatations. These changes in renal pathology were accompanied by stronger impairment of renal function in NTS EP1-/- mice, such that levels of serum creatinine, urea, Na+, and K+ were each significantly higher than those observed in NTS wt mice. Lastly, compared with wt mice, induction of NTS more severely reduced urine osmolality and body mass in EP1-/- mice. Taken together, the increased renal impairment seen in NTS EP1-/- mice suggests that the EP1 subtype plays a compensatory role in the context of acute nephritis.

Albuminuria↗

PubMed2006

Lung adenocarcinoma harboring mutations in the ERBB2 kinase domain.

Mutations in the ERBB2kinase domain have been reported in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, we describe a detailed search for ERBB2 gene mutations in tumors derived from NSCLC patients. Tumor specimens from 223 patients who underwent resection for NSCLC were examined for the presence of mutations in exons 19 and 20 of the ERBB2gene. Correlations were then made between the expression of these mutations and the clinical characteristics of the patients from which they were derived as well as the tumor's pathological features. ERBB2mutations were observed in four of the above tumors (1.8%), all of which were adenocarcinomas. All ERBB2mutations were in-frame insertions that occurred in exon 20. The patients from whom these tumors were derived were nonsmokers. Three of the tumors were of the papillary subtype, and one was a mixed subtype that consisted of acinar, papillary, and solid components. None of the tumors had a bronchio-alveolar component nor did they have epidermal growth factor receptoror K-rascodon 12 mutations. In conclusion, patients with these tumors tended to be nonsmokers who had clinical features similar to those of lung cancer patients whose tumors expressed epidermal growth factor receptormutations, although their tumors showed slightly different pathological features.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2006

Breast cancer followed by corpus cancer: is there a higher risk for aggressive histologic subtypes?

OBJECTIVE: To analyze corpus cancer patients with a breast cancer history for risk of developing aggressive uterine histologic types. METHODS: Corpus cancer patients with a history of breast cancer were identified from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database from 1988 to 2001. Demographics, clinico-pathologic, and survival data were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Of 52,109 women diagnosed with corpus cancer, 1922 had a history of breast cancer. Women with a history of breast cancer had a significantly higher proportion of uterine papillary serous carcinomas (UPSC) and sarcomas compared to those without a breast cancer history (9.4% vs. 6.3% for UPSC and 10.3% vs. 8.4% for sarcoma; P < 0.001). Patients with endometrioid or sarcoma of the uterus after breast cancer had significantly worse 5-year survivals than patients without a breast cancer history (84.4% vs. 90.5%; P < 0.001 and 49.0% vs. 63.6%, P < 0.001, respectively). Older age, advanced stage, lack of surgery and radiation treatment, poor histologic types, and history of breast cancer were independent prognostic factors for poorer survival. CONCLUSION: In this study, the proportional incidence of UPSC and sarcoma was significantly higher in women with a breast cancer history. These findings highlight the association of breast cancer and high-risk corpus cancer subtypes.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Calcium binding protein markers of GABA deficits in schizophrenia--postmortem studies and animal models.

As quantitative neuroimaging continues to elucidate the gross neuropathology of schizophrenia, neurochemical and histological studies have contributed to defining this pathology in terms of neurotransmitter dysfunction. Increasingly, there is evidence implicating neurons containing the major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain--gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Benes was the first to demonstrate deficits in some morphological subtypes of interneurons in the frontal cortex in schizophrenia. We identified that this was specific to a subgroup of GABAergic interneurons containing parvalbumin (PV), which is found in the fast-firing cells providing inhibitory control of the cortico-fugal pyramidal cells. PV is notable in being expressed late in development; the late expression of this protective calcium binding protein (CBP) may impart an early vulnerability to these neurons, indicating a possible mechanism for the developmental origins of schizophrenia. Cortical GABAergic neurons expressing the CBP calretinin (CR) are unaffected in schizophrenia, although those containing calbindin (CB) are also diminished in number. These deficits in PV and CB are notable in also being observed in bipolar disorder, indicating how the close aetiological relationship of these two psychiatric disorders is reflected in their pathology. One of the most substantial abnormalities seen in post-mortem brain tissue is the hippocampal deficit of PV-containing neurons, again in the absence of effects on CR-positive cells. This deficit occurring in a structure implicated in cognitive symptomatology may well have functional relevance, and we find it can be induced by a model of the disease, sub-chronic phencyclidine (PCP) administration, that can also produce cognitive disturbances. This PCP model, like schizophrenia, demonstrates other neurochemical changes which include indicators of glutamatergic dysfunction. The temporal and aetiological relationships between glutamatergic and GABAergic deficits remains unclear, but may well relate to an initial loss/dysfunction of GABA/PV neurons that subsequently gives rise to a glutamatergic pathology.

Animals↗

PubMed2007

Expression of the Endothelin-axis in the different histologic subtypes of renal cell carcinoma: a tissue microarray analysis.

Endothelin-1 and its receptors ETAR and ETBR, commonly referred to as the Endothelin-axis, are emerging to play a role in cancer. The Endothelin-axis has been shown to be involved in proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis in various human tumours. To assess the role of the Endothelin-axis in renal cell carcinoma, we analysed its expression in archival tumour tissue of 183 patients. Representative tumour blocks were selected for constructing a tissue microarray. Paraffin sections were assessed immunohistochemically using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies for Endothelin-1, ETAR and ETBR. Staining intensities were analysed semiquantitatively and the results were correlated with various histopathologic factors. Overexpression of Endothelin-1, ETAR and ETBR was identified in 12.8%, 84.1% and 93.3% of cases, respectively. No association with pathological tumour stage and histologic grading was found. Papillary renal cell carcinomas expressed highly significantly more Endothelin-1 than clear cell renal cell carcinomas (34.5% vs. 6.7%, p<0.001), while there was no difference between ETAR- and ETBR-expression in these histologic subtypes. However, ETAR tended to be overexpressed in the subgroup of G3-tumours (p=0.044). Studies are underway assessing the role of the Endothelin-axis and its potential use as a molecular target in renal cell carcinoma.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed2002

Venous collagenosis and arteriolar tortuosity in leukoaraiosis.

Leukoaraiosis (LA), an age-related white matter degeneration, is thought to be caused by chronic ischemia. To understand the pathogenesis of LA, we studied the pathology, particularly of the blood vessels, in 186 brains [84 of them with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)] over the past 10 years. With normal aging, there is gradual thickening of the walls of periventricular veins and venules with collagen subtypes I and III. This venous collagenosis (VC) was increased in brains with LA. Occasionally, LA lesions are not periventricular, but nearer the cortex. In such cases, the most severe VC occurs in the LA lesion rather than near the ventricle. Therefore, LA and VC are not independent degenerative processes coincidentally found near the ventricles, and although damage to the ependyma could be a cause of VC, it cannot be the only cause. Whether VC precedes LA is unknown, but our experience suggests that severe VC is usually accompanied by LA. Arteriolar tortuosity, another age-related vascular pathology, is common in LA. Our thick celloidin sections show three-dimensional views of tortuous arterioles. The tortuosity is much more severe in the white matter and there is considerable loss of parenchyma around them. Staining for collagen IV in the basal lamina reveals tortuous vessels in an "empty bag" that represents the limits of the surrounding parenchyma. These enlarged perivascular spaces correspond to état criblé. The demyelination in LA lesions is accompanied by loss of cells, mostly oligodendrocytes. In studies of apoptosis in LA, we found increased apoptosis within the lesion compared to the surrounding white matter. In conclusion, our studies support the concept that LA results from chronic ischemia due to age-related vascular pathology.

Aged↗

PubMed1996

Clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium. Prognosis and metastatic pattern.

BACKGROUND: To establish the prognosis, metastatic pattern, sites of treatment failure, and effect of various treatment modalities, a large series of patients with endometrial clear cell carcinomas (ECCC) was analyzed. METHODS: Between 1970 and 1992, 181 patients with ECCC were treated. All pathologic slides and medical journals were reviewed. Clinical and histopathologic characteristics and type of treatment were analyzed with the univariate log rank test and multivariate Cox analysis. RESULTS: The 5- and 10-year actuarial disease free survival rates were 43% and 39%, respectively. Pathologic stage, clinical stage, age, and myometrial invasion were the only significant prognostic variables in the univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, pathologic stage and age were the sole independent prognostic factors. Two-thirds of the patients with relapse relapsed outside the pelvis. The most frequent extrapelvic sites of relapse were the upper abdomen, lungs, and liver. Four of six patients treated with platinum-containing combination chemotherapy showed response, whereas none of the patients treated with single agent alkylating chemotherapy or progestagens responded. CONCLUSIONS: Pathologic stage and age were the two most important prognostic factors in clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium. In Stage I disease, depth of myometrial invasion, age, and subtype of clear cell carcinoma were the sole independent prognostic factors. Two-thirds of the patients relapsed outside the pelvis.

Actuarial Analysis↗