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PubMed2001

Technical note: using calcium carbonate as an osmolar control treatment for acid-base studies in horses.

The efficacy of using calcium carbonate as an osmolar control treatment for acid-base studies in horses receiving alkalizing compounds was evaluated. Six mares were nasogastrically intubated with isomolar quantities of sodium or calcium as sodium bicarbonate or calcium carbonate or with water during three treatment periods. Doses of the carbonic acid salts were 500 mg/kg sodium bicarbonate mixed with 4 L of distilled water (positive control) and 595 mg/kg calcium carbonate mixed with 2 L of distilled water to yield isoosmolar treatments. Four liters of distilled water served as the negative control. Jugular venous blood samples were drawn before intubation and at hourly intervals for 6 h after intubation. The serum electrolytes Na+ and K+, blood pH, and HCO3- were determined. The sodium bicarbonate treatment increased blood pH and HCO3- (P < 0.01) above both the water and CaCO3 treatments. No differences (P > 0.05) were found between the water and CaCO3 treatments. These data indicate that calcium carbonate may serve as a suitable osmolar control treatment for studying the effects of treatments that affect acid-base status of horses.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗

PubMed1987

Simultaneous measures of rates of ruminal digestion and passage of feeds for prediction of ruminal nitrogen and dry matter digestion in lactating dairy cows.

Three ruminal-cannulated Holstein cows in early lactation were fed three diets, each containing different energy and protein supplements in two consecutive 3 X 3 Latin squares. Each supplement contained a combination of three different feedstuffs (ground corn, soybean meal and wheat mids; corn gluten feed, rolled oats and distiller's dried grains; ground barley, brewer's grains and cottonseed meal). Diets consisted of 30% corn silage, 10% alfalfa hay, 10% alfalfa haylage, 17.7% ground corn plus minerals and vitamins, with the remainder as supplemental feedstuffs individually marked for measurement of ruminal turnover and in situ digestion rates. An extra period at the end of each Latin square was used to measure ruminal turnover and in situ digestion of individual forages. Diet had no effect on dry matter intake or milk yield. Mean fractional turnover (per hour) rate, measured by labeling feedstuffs with cerium, samarium or lanthanum was .044, .048, .049, .043, .047, .046, .050, .047, .049, .037, .046 and .045 for corn, soybean meal, wheat mids, corn gluten feed, oats, distiller's dried grains with solubles, barley, brewer's dried grains, cottonseed meal, alfalfa hay, corn silage and alfalfa haylage (P greater than .1), respectively. In situ-predicted ruminal degradation of N weighted for rate of passage was 61.4, 67.0, 81.5, 74.8, 86.3, 71.0, 75.7, 52.1, 54.2, 60.8, 71.7 and 70.9% for respective feedstuffs (P less than .05). In comparison with mean literature values for in vivo-measured N degradability, mean literature value = 1.172 (in situ predicted) -9.73 (P less than .05, R2 = .51). Results are interpreted to indicate a tendency for overestimating ruminal N degradability by in situ methods in feedstuffs of low degradability, while underestimating degradability in more highly degraded feedstuffs. Estimates were 11 to 17 percentage units lower than literature values for alfalfa hay and haylage and 17 units lower than literature values for distiller's dried grains.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1983

Presynaptic binding of amino acids: characterization of the binding and dissociation properties of taurine, GABA, glutamate, tyrosine and norleucine.

Calf brain synaptic plasma membranes (SPM) were saturated under extracellular conditions with [14C] glutamic acid, [14C] GABA, [14C] taurine, [3H] tyrosine or [14C] norleucine and the resulting labelled membrane complexes fractionated by a differential extraction procedure using 0.9% NaCl, distilled water, n-butanol-water, 0.05 M NaOH and 0.5% Triton X-100 solutions in this order. Free and protein-bound radioactivities were measured in the extracts. Glutamate had the highest and taurine the lowest affinity to be bound to the original membranes, the ratios of bound/free label being 1/40 for glutamate, about 1/200 for GABA and norleucine, 1/673 for tyrosine and 1/1447 for taurine. The molar binding capacities were lowest for tyrosine and highest for glutamate. About two thirds of the proteins of SPM could be solubilized, and one third of them remained insoluble after the extractor series. Triton X-100 was the most effective solubilizer, liberating about 24% of the membrane proteins, but only 4-7% of the label. Distilled water solubilized about 15%, 0.9% NaCl 10% and 0.05 M NaOH also about 10% of the proteins. NaOH was the most potent solubilizer for the protein-bound label (50-70%), even though used in the fourth position in the series. On the other hand, 0.9% NaCl and distilled water extracted the mostly loosely-bound radioactivity from SPM. It appeared that GABA and norleucine had in general the highest affinity to dissociate off, and taurine, tyrosine and glutamate the highest affinity to associate with the protein fractions of SPM.

Aminocaproates↗

PubMed1984

The effect of alcohol beverage restrictions on consumption: a 25-year longitudinal analysis.

This project analyzed the impact of state regulation and control measures on per capita apparent distilled spirits consumption using a 25-year period, 1955-1980. The project was an effort to determine if statistically significant associations between regulation of spirits and per capita consumption could be found for the 48 states of the continental United States. A series of regression models was employed to obtain estimates of the effects of a set of independent variables, including alcoholic beverage control laws, price and price-related variables, and social/cultural control variables on apparent distilled spirits consumption. Most previous studies of the relationship of restrictions on spirits availability have led to a belief that control efforts have little or no impact on per capita consumption. This study was undertaken with the expectation of similar findings. What was found instead was that certain laws and regulations do seem to play a significant role in holding down distilled spirits consumption. The regression models developed predict a decrease of about two drinks per month per person if the state was to shift its regulatory laws (including the price of liquor, which is not always subject to regulation) from being relatively loose to being relatively strict. This decrease in drinking would cut down the level of consumption in the median state by nearly one-fourth.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1996

Effect of different post-harvest treatments on antinutritional factors in seeds of the tribal pulse, Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.

The effect of soaking, cooking and autoclaving on the levels of certain antinutritional factors present in the tribal pulse, Mucuna pruriens, were studied. The amount of reduction of total free phenolics was found to be greater in sodium bicarbonate solution (56%) compared to distilled water (47%); subjected to cooking and autoclaving these were further reduced to 49%. Autoclaving (45 min) significantly reduced the tannin content (71%). Insignificant reduction in content of L-DOPA was observed in all the processes. Distilled water soaking was found to be ineffective in eliminating lectin activity; whereas very significant reduction was noticed against all the human blood groups ABO without any specificity in samples subjected to cooking and autoclaving. Soaking in distilled water was more effective (27% reduction) than sodium bicarbonate solution (17% reduction) in lowering the contents of phytic acid. Cooking for 90 min and autoclaving for 45 min resulted in eliminating phytic acid to the extent of 18% and 44%, respectively. Loss of HCN was greater under autoclaving (75%) than the other processes studied. Of the three oligosaccharides analysed, soaking effected maximum reduction in the level of stachyose followed by verbascose and raffinose. Autoclaving effected greater reduction (59-81%) compared to ordinary cooking (40-60% reduction). Of all the different treatments studied, autoclaving seemed to be the best method in eliminating the investigated antinutrients more efficiently except L-DOPA.

Fabaceae↗

PubMed1975

Tannic acid-iron alum reactions: stain of choice for macroscopic sections of brain to be embedded in plastic.

As a macroscopic stain for gross brain sections to be embedded in plastic, tannic acid-iron alum is superior to the generally recommended LeMasurier's variation of the Berlin blue technique because of its greater permanency in plastic. However, as originally adopted for use with brain tissue by Mulligan, the intense black staining of gray matter is too dark for plastic embedded specimens. A modification of this method designed to overcome this difficulty is described. Staining procedure: Wash formalin-fixed brain slices overnight in running water. Wash in distilled water, 2 changes, 30 minutes each. Place slices individually in Mulligan's solution at a temperature of 60-65 C for 4 minutes. Rinse in ice water for 10 seconds. Mordant in 0.4% tannic acid in distilled water for 1 minute. Wash in running tap water for 1 minute. Develop in 0.08% ferric ammonium sulfate in distilled water until gray matter is light gray, about 10-15 seconds. Wash in lukewarm running water for 1 hour, then gently hand-rub whitish film from myelinated surfaces. Store briefly in 3% formalin or 25% glycerine if necessary depending on plastic embedding procedure to be followed.

Aluminum↗

PubMed1977

A simple stain for myelin in frozen sections: a modification of Mahon's method.

A simple and rapid method for demonstrating myelinated nerve fibers in frozen sections of the central and peripheral nervous system is described. Material fixed by perfusion with mixed aldehydes gives the best results but the method also works on specimens fixed by immersion in formaldehyde. Frozen sections varying in thickness from 15-50 micron are mounted on slides subbed with chrome alum-gelatin. After hydration (60-120 min), sections are mordanted (20-40 min) in 2.5% iron alum and rinsed briefly in three changes of distilled H2O (total 2 min). Staining is for 60-180 min in 20 cc freshly made 10% alcoholic hematoxylin diluted with 165 cc distilled H2O to which 15 cc saturated Li2CO3 is added. The sections are washed in distilled H2O (5-15 min) and dehydrated in graded alcohols without differentiation in mordant, and covered. Myelin stains a dark blue-purple against a light grey background. Fiber tracts, as well as individual myelinated fibers, are clearly demonstrated.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Chromosomal banding patterns produced by methyl green-pyronin staining after trypsin treatment.

A method is described for producing banding patterns with methyl green-pyronin (MGP) stain in chromosomes of fibrosarcoma cells. 1) The stain was made by mixing equal volumes of 2% aqueous pyronin G, 2% aqueous methyl green, distilled water, and 0.1 M acetate buffer (pH 5.7). 2) Treatment with colcemide and hypotonic KCl (0.075 M) was performed as usual. 3) Metaphase chromosomes were prepared using the flame-drying technique and treated with 0.25% trypsin at 37 C for 45 to 90 seconds. Before staining, the slides were rinsed in PBS, in distilled water, and then were dipped in 0.05 M acetate buffer. 4) Chromosomes were stained for more than 20 minutes, rinsed in distilled water, and hot-air dried. Satisfactory results were obtained in uncontracted metaphase chromosomes. MGP stain has the advantage of permitting much longer trypsin treatment and staining time than the trypsin-Giemsa method while providing satisfactory banding patterns.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

A modification of the tannic acid-phosphomolybdic acid-dye stain for demonstrating myoepithelial cells in formalin fixed tissue.

A modified tannic acid-phosphomolybdic acid-dye procedure is used for staining myoepithelial cells in formalin fixed surgical and autopsy material. Paraffin sections are brought to water, mordanted for 1 hr in Bouin's fixative previously heated to 56 C, cooled while still in Bouin's, rinsed in tap water until sections are colorless, rinsed in distilled water, treated with 5% aqueous tannic acid 5-20 min, rinsed in distilled water 30 sec or less, treated with 1% aqueous phosphomolybdic acid 10-15 min, rinsed 30 sec in distilled water, rinsed in methanol, stained 1 hr in a saturated solution of amido black or phloxine B in 9:1 methanol:acetic acid, rinsed in 9:1 methanol:acetic acid, dehydrated, cleared and mounted. Myoepithelial cells of sweat, lacrimal, salivary, bronchial, and mammary glands are blue-green with amido black or pink with phloxine B. Fine processes of myoepithelial cells are well delineated. Background staining is minimal and the procedure is highly reproducible.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Interaction of protein percent with caloric density and protein source for lactating cows.

Experiment 1 was to test effect of three ratios of energy to protein in complete mixed diets for 36 lactating cows in three, 28-d periods. Energy was varied with cottonseed hulls, pelleted ground corrugated boxes, and a mixture of the two. Crude protein was varied with soybean meal to give energy:crude protein of 5.7, 5.0, and 4.6 for each energy amount. Cottonseed meal was compared with soybean meal in corrugated box diets. Feed intake was much higher with cottonseed hulls, and appreciable feedlot bloat resulted from pelleted ground corrugated box diets. Data adjusted to equal feed intake showed significant effect of energy to crude protein ratio on milk yield and improved digestion of organic matter with soybean meal vs. cottonseed meal. Experiment 2 tested the hypothesis that lactating cows consuming high-protein alfalfa may benefit from supplemental protein. Diets were 50% forage. Six diets were 14 or 18% crude protein in three ratios of alfalfa hay to corn silage (0:100, 50:50, 100:0). Additional corn silage diets were to compare: 14 versus 18% protein from distiller's dried grains with solubles only and with .5 or .9% urea (four diets); two 14% protein diets compared .6% added potassium chloride with or without .5% urea. Thirty-six Holstein cows in early lactation received one of the 12 diets in each of three 28-d periods. Distiller's grains with solubles markedly depressed milk yield (2.2 kg/d) and milk protein (.22%); heat damage of distiller's grains was evident. Protein interacted with alfalfa so gain in milk from 18 versus 14% increased from .55 to 1.36 to 2.66 kg/d as alfalfa changed from 0 to 50 to 100%. Thus, crude protein of alfalfa was not as effective as that from soybean meal in supporting milk yield.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1990

Dissociation of calcium soaps of long-chain fatty acids in rumen fluid.

Dissociation of 5% solutions of calcium soaps of soya, tallow, stearic acid, and palm fatty acid distillate was studied by titration with 1 N HCl. Release of calcium ions was directly correlated with decrease in pH value. Estimated pKa values were 5.6, 4.6, 4.5, and 4.5 for calcium soaps of soya, palm fatty acid distillate, tallow, and stearic acid, respectively. Dissociation of 5% solutions in acetate buffer at pH values of 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, and 6.5 was measured in terms of release of soluble calcium. Dissociation was maximum at pH 5.0, minimum at pH 6.5, and dependent on unsaturation of fatty acids in the soaps. Soluble calcium in the acetate-buffered rumen fluid was higher than predicted from pKa of calcium soaps, due to formation of soluble calcium acetate; however, the relative patterns were similar to their pKa values. Unsaturated soaps are less satisfactory for maintaining normal rumen function, because dissociation is relatively higher. Calcium soaps of palm fatty acid distillate were satisfactorily stable to pH 5.5.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Effect of postweaning age on rate of in situ protein disappearance in calves weaned at 5 weeks of age.

Four rumen-cannulated calves were used in a block design to evaluate the in situ rate of protein disappearance in the rumen of soybean meal, heat-treated soybean meal, corn gluten feed, and corn distillers grains at 2, 4, and 8 wk after weaning. The rates of degradation of the four feeds also were evaluated in an in situ experiment using lactating cows and in an enzymatic in vitro experiment using Streptomyces griseus to determine whether the in vitro method could predict protein degradation in the rumen of calves. An interaction between protein source and age after weaning occurred for rate of CP disappearance. For soybean meal and corn gluten feed, the rate of disappearance of CP increased with age, but no age effect on rate of CP disappearance occurred for heat-treated soybean meal or distillers grains. Rates of CP disappearance between cows and calves were similar for distillers grains and corn gluten feed, but no similarities existed between the in vitro and in situ methods. During the first 4 wk after weaning, feedstuffs high in degradable protein have lower rumen degradation rates than they do at 8 wk after weaning. Rumen degradation rates of low degradable proteins do not change during the first 8 wk after weaning. In addition, the cow in situ and in vitro methods were not suitable for prediction of rumen protein degradability of early weaned calves.

Aging↗

PubMed1994

Influence of pH and rapidly fermentable carbohydrate on mineral release in and flow from the rumen.

Objectives for this study were to determine the effect of energy supplementation on mineral release in and outflow from the rumen, independent of pH. Nonlactating Holstein cattle with ruminal cannulas were limit-fed chopped alfalfa hay with or without energy supplement. Treatments were 1) control, alfalfa plus ruminal infusion of 3 L/d of distilled water; 2) acid, alfalfa plus infusion of 3 L/d of 1N HCl; 3) energy supplement, alfalfa and ground corn plus infusion of 3 L/d of distilled water; and 4) buffered energy supplement, alfalfa, and ground corn plus infusion of 3 L/d of distilled water containing 90 g of NaHCO3. Macromineral intake was standardized across treatments by adjustment of infusion solutions with inorganic mineral sources. Dry matter consumed was 5 kg/d on treatments 1 and 2 and 8.4 kg/d on treatments 3 and 4. Mean ruminal pH was 6.8, 6.1, 5.6, and 6.2 for treatments 1 through 4, respectively. Ruminal pH was more significant than energy supplementation in dispersion of Ca, Mg, and P in ruminal digesta. Only 1, 17, and 27% of dietary K, Mg, and P flowed with solids from the rumen, but 52% of Ca and 41% of Cu remained with the solid phase.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1996

Prevention of cerebrovasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage in rabbits by the platelet-activating factor antagonist, E5880.

Recently, an important role of platelet-activating factor (PAF), an inflammation mediator, has been demonstrated in the genesis of cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In the current study, the authors examined whether intravenous administration of the novel PAF antagonist, E5880, can prevent vasospasm following SAH in rabbits. A vasospasm model was produced in three groups of rabbits using two subarachnoid injections of autologous arterial blood, followed by intravenous administration of distilled water (control), a low dose of E5880 (0.1 mg/kg in distilled water), or a high dose of E5880 (0.5 mg/kg in distilled water). Neurological deterioration was largely prevented in the rabbits that received E5880. Basilar artery constriction was also reduced by both doses of E5880. Histological examination at autopsy predominantly showed ischemic changes in the brain. Animals in each E5880-treated group exhibited ischemic changes less frequently than those in the control group. Plasma thromboxane B2 concentrations were reduced in rabbits treated with E5880. Platelet-activating factor was immunolocalized in the intima and media of the basilar artery in the control group. The PAF immunoreactivity demonstrated in the basilar artery was decreased in the E5880 groups in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, this study provides evidence that PAF may play a role in the pathogenesis of vasospasm after SAH and that intravenous administration of E5880 is a promising approach in preventing vasospasm.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

[Experimental study on the effect of the topical application of steroids on olfactory disturbance in mice].

Although the topical treatment with steroids is the widespread method for olfactory disorders in human, the reports are limitted to clinical observations. The aim of this report is to evaluate the effect of topically applied of steroids in mice on the repairing course by the experimental olfactory disorders caused by zinc sulfate. The olfaction of mice was estimated by the record of behavioral task, using Cycloheximide, commonly used as repellent in rodents. When mice taste Cycloheximide for the first time, immediately the mice experience a very disagreeable taste leading to the simultaneous memory of the odor of Cycloheximide. Those who once experienced the taste and odor of Cycloheximide, will avoid simply by the odor next time. Two bottles were offered to mice, one containing distilled water and the other 0.01% Cycloheximide. When the mouse drank the distilled water, the response was interpreted as a correct response. When the Cycloheximide solution was chosen, an error. Twenty four mice were tested at ten times during a 10-minute trial, and the rates of correct response were counted. From the next day after the treatment of zinc sulfate, nasal application of 0.1% beta-methasone (group A), or nasal application of distilled water (group B) were applied to each group of twelve mice for five days. The results were as follows. 1. In the first experiment, the correct response was 85% (group A), and 80.8% (group B), however at the second trial, all responses were correct.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Intranasal↗

PubMed2005

Color stability of a dental composite after immersion in various media.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of staining solutions on the different shades of a dental composite, and to compare these effects with that of distilled water. Two shades of effect (ET1 and ET2), two shades of enamel (EL and EM), and two shades of dentin (DA1 and DA2) were used. Specimens were immersed in three staining solutions (chlorhexidine gluconate, filtered coffee, and orange juice) and distilled water. Color changes were characterized using the CIELAB color space. Since significant interactions occurred, the staining effect of each solution on each shade was determined using one-way ANOVA and the levels of factor in one-way ANOVA were compared using Tukey's method (p < or = 0.05). The staining solutions were found to be more chromogenic than distilled water, and EM and DA2 shades were found to be more color-stable. Based on the color change results in this study, chlorhexidine gluconate (1.45), filtered coffee (1.43), and orange juice (1.02) were determined as having "slight" staining effects on the tested shades. As for the tested shades in this study, they revealed acceptable color change results.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

PubMed2003

Application of fluid modeling to determine threshold leak size for liquid foods.

In this study, the mechanism by which a package defect converts to a leaker was examined in an effort to develop a relationship between threshold leak size and loss of package sterility. The threshold leak size is the hole size at which the onset of leakage occurs. The threshold pressure is the pressure required to initiate a leak. Leak initiation was studied in terms of the interaction between three components: liquid attributes of liquid food products, defect size, and pressures required to initiate liquid flow. Liquid surface tension, viscosity, and density values were obtained for 16 liquids. The imposed pressures required to initiate flow through microtubes with interior diameters of 0, 2, 5, 7, 10, 20, and 50 microm were measured with the use of 63 test cells filled with safranin red dye, tryptic soy broth, and distilled water with surface tensions of 18.69, 44.09, and 64.67 mN/m, respectively. Significant differences (P<0.05) between threshold pressures observed for safranin red dye, tryptic soy broth, and distilled water were found. Liquids with low surface tensions, such as safranin red dye, required significantly lower threshold imposed pressures than did liquids with high surface tensions, such as distilled water (P<0.05). An equation to quantify the relationship between liquid surface tension, threshold imposed pressure, and defect size was developed. Threshold pressures observed were not significantly different (P>0.05) from those predicted by the equation. Imposed pressures and vacuums generated within packages during random vibration and sweep resonance tests were measured for brick-style aseptic packages (250 ml), metal cans (76.2 by 114.3 mm [425 ml]), 1-qt gable-top packages (946 ml), 0.5-gal gable-top packages (1.89 liters), and 1-gal milk jugs (4.25 liters). Significant differences between packages were found with respect to observed generated pressures during vibration testing (P<0.05). An equation to calculate threshold size on the basis of liquid surface tension and imposed pressure was established.

Chemical Phenomena↗

PubMed2005

Evaluation of consumable household products for decontaminating retail skinless, boneless chicken breasts.

The effect of 15 consumable products, including juices, wines, and vinegar, used as rinsing agents on microbial loads of retail skinless, boneless chicken breasts was evaluated in two studies. Ten breasts were rinsed for 1 min with each solution. Samples were swabbed before and after rinsing with a cellulose sponge and evaluated for total aerobic (APC), total coliform (TCC), and generic Escherichia coli counts by Petrifilm methods. No differences were found in initial APC or TCC in either study, with initial mean APC ranging from 5.30 to 7.05 log CFU/cm2 and initial mean TCC ranging from 2.21 to 3.36 log CFU/cm2. In study 1, the APC for breasts rinsed with distilled white vinegar (3.22 log CFU/cm2) was lower than for those rinsed with all other solutions except cranberry juice cocktail (3.86 log CFU/cm2). The TCC for breasts rinsed with distilled white vinegar (0.00 log CFU/cm2) and cranberry juice cocktail (0.20 log CFU/cm2) were lower than those for all other solutions except 10% NaCl (0.43 log CFU/cm2) and 10% NaHCO3 (0.48 log CFU/cm2). In study 2, APC values for breasts rinsed with red wine (5.29 log CFU/cm2) and white wine (5.32 log CFU/cm2) were lower than for breasts rinsed with the other three solutions. The TCC after rinsing with chicken broth (4.48 log CFU/cm2) was higher than for all other solutions except Italian dressing. Although distilled white vinegar was the most effective rinsing agent, all solutions produced lower counts after rinsing, indicating that consumers could use rinsing to remove microorganisms from chicken breast surfaces prior to cooking.

Animals↗