Objective measuring techniques with the aid of pupillography [proceedings].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Color↗
SEARCH · PubMed Health
Results for “Eye Color”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Mydriasis and heredity.
Routine ophthalmoscopy and fundoscopy of 673 individuals revealed 42 whose irides failed to dilate to a clinically useful degree within 25 to 30 min after the administration of drops of 1% mydracil. These individuals occurred with different frequency among the Aymara, Mestizo, and non-Aymara groups which made up the sample of examinees. The phenomenon was most common among the Aymara, less common among the Mestizos, and least common among the non-Aymara. Distribution of affected individuals within the three groups suggests that the trait is inherited.
Adolescent↗
Clinical comparison of pilocarpine preparations in heavily pigmented eyes: an evaluation of the influence of polymer vehicles on corneal penetration, drug availability, and duration of hypotensive activity.
Heavily pigmented eyes have been shown to be relatively resistant to pilocarpine, and present special problems in management of open-angle glaucoma. Studies have suggested that the hypotensive effect of pilocarpine may be influenced by the vehicle; therefore, 13 relatively resistant black patients (26 eyes) were selected for a clinical comparison of pilocarpine as delivered in two different polymer vehicles. One vehicle was composed of 1.67% polyvinylpyrrolidone and BP water-soluble polymers (Adsorbobase); the other of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 0.5%. All patients had been under treatment with the pilocarpine/methylcellulose preparation; 20 of the 26 eyes were judged to be uncontrolled (IOP above 21 mm Hg). Control of intraocular pressure was promptly obtained with the pilocarpine/Adsorbobase solution, and maintained at lower pilocarpine concentrations than with the previous therapy. Often, frequency of instillation could be decreased. This clinical comparison suggests that the Adsorbobase vehicle appreciably enhances corneal penetration and availability of pilocarpine. Three cases are discussed demonstrating the need for titration when instituting a new therapy with as little as one fourth the concentration of the previous pilocarpine therapy.
Aged↗
Is the white-ivory assay of Drosophila melanogaster a useful tool in genetic toxicology?
The white-ivory assay of Drosophila is based on the detection of reversions to wild-type phenotype of ommatidia with the white-ivory mutation. A tandem quadruplication of this gene is used in order to increase the reversion probability. Although the exact mechanism implicated in reversion is not known, revertant spots are believed to arise as a consequence of intrachromosmal recombination or related phenomena. Since the white-ivory assay has not been broadly used, the number of chemicals tested until now is still limited. In this work, we have assayed 25 chemicals belonging to several chemical groups, i.e., crosslinking agents, DNA-topoisomerase inhibitors, antimetabolites/nucleotide pool inhibitors, cyclic-adduct inducers, halogenated hydrocarbons, bulky-adduct inducers, intercalating agents, oxidative damage inducers, and a multiple damage inducer, to validate this test. Cross-linking agents, halogenated hydrocarbons, and the multiple damage inducer, dounomycin, were positive. On the contrary, the three antimetabolites/nucleotide pool inhibitors tested were negative. The other chemical groups showed disparate results, since some chemicals were positive, whereas others were negative in each group. A comparison with the results obtained in the w/ w+ and mwh/flr3 assays shows that the wi assay detects a more restricted spectrum of damages than those, although, with respect to carcinogenicity, its sensitivity (0.76, with the 62 chemicals tested until now) is similar to that estimated for the mentioned somatic assays. The conclusion of this work, then, is that the wi assay is not recommended as a general screening test, because the background reversion frequencies show a high variability among solvents, the range of lesion-recognition is lower than in the w/ w+ and mwh/flr3 SMARTs, and the mechanism implicated in the white-ivory reversion is poorly understood.
Acetaldehyde↗
Infrared transillumination stereophotography of normal iris.
We studied the structure of the normal iris as seen in infrared transillumination photographs of variously pigmented eyes in subjects of different age and sex. To transilluminate the iris infrared light was passes via a fiber-glass optic through the lateral wall of the globe and photographs were taken with a Zeiss stereo slit-lamp camera. The photographs showed that the structural pattern of the iris was similar in both blue and brown eyes of either sex. The iris was rather dense in children, well developed in adults and somewhat atrophic in the elderly. On the posterior surface of the iris the radial contraction folds and the structural folds of Schwalbe and circular contraction folds were seen; they were delicate in children and more pronounced in adults and the elderly. The pupillary part of the iris ballooned forward in young people whereas in the elderly the whole iris had this configuration.
Adolescent↗
Molecular characterization of a nonsuppressible allele (prC4) of the Drosophila purple gene.
Purple gene encodes 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase (PTP synthase) in Drosophila. The enzyme PTP synthase catalyzes the conversion of dihydroneopterin triphosphate (H2-NTP) to 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin (PTP), an important intermediate for pterin compounds. The extreme purple mutant, prC4, shows a very low activity of PTP synthase. The mutant purple gene has been cloned by screening with the subgenomic library of prC4. The size and expression level of PTP synthase gene transcripts in prC4 were almost the same as those of the wild type. The genomic DNA was also examined in the purple region by Southern blot analysis, but no changes in restriction pattern could be detected. Compared with the wild type PTP synthase sequence, the mutant PTP synthase of prC4 showed three missense mutations: the replacement of alanine 7 by serine (A7S), leucine 9 by phenylalanine (L9P), and aspartic acid 168 by glycine (D168G). Significance of these mutations was discussed in relation to the formation of the oligomeric structure of PTP synthase.
Alleles↗
CaM kinase II and visual input modulate memory formation in the neuronal circuit controlling courtship conditioning.
In Drosophila, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase) has been shown to be important in the expression of both learning and memory for the associative behavior courtship conditioning. In this study we examine the role of visual input in producing this behavior and the effects of modifying visual input on CaM kinase-dependent memory formation. Inhibition of CaM kinase blocked apparent learning regardless of visual input. Visual input selectively affected the memory phase of courtship conditioning: normal visual input masked the memory effects of inhibition of CaM kinase resulting in generation of memory without apparent learning, whereas disruption of visual input revealed the CaM kinase-dependence of memory. Visual input was found to be important only during the training period, which implies that vision and CaM kinase are interacting in the formation rather than the retrieval of memory. Our results suggest a model for courtship conditioning in which multiple sensory inputs are integrated at a CaM-kinase-dependent neuronal switch to modulate courtship behavior.
Animals↗
Auditory dysfunction in occupational noise exposed workers.
Occupational noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is well known to be an epidemiologically relevant problem. The subjects affected with NIHL show alteration of hearing thresholds as well as a worsening of the cochlear analysis functions and, usually, an impaired speech discrimination in presence of background noise. The study has evaluated the relationships between hearing threshold and equivalent exposure lever per day (Lepd), age and working seniority in a homogeneous sample of occupationally noise exposed workers. Three subgroups were also selected to study the most important cochlear functions as well as nerve and central functions. The first subgroup (Nn) contained normal hearing workers exposed to non-hazardous noise, while the second (Bn) contained workers exposed to high level continuous noise during their work day without clinical evidence of NIHL. The third subgroup (Bd) included subjects affected with the typical 4 kHz notch exposed to the same noise conditions than subgroup Bn. The results show that the hearing impaired subjects have the worst overall cochlear performance; however also the normal hearing workers exposed to hazardous noise have worse performance than subgroup Nn, relatively to high frequency thresholds, frequency resolution, TEOAEs, DPOAEs, stapedial acoustic reflex dynamic parameters. The results suggest that these measures could be used in the monitoring of the NIHL as indicators of subtle alterations of the hearing function.
Acoustic Impedance Tests↗
[Role of the lawc(p1) mutation in the regulation of the white locus expression in Drosophila].
The lawcp1 mutation of the leg-arista-wing complex (lawc) gene alters expression of three proneural loci: achaete, scute, and cut. In combination with the product of the zeste (z) gene, the product of the lawc gene regulates expression of the white (w) gene. The -w B3 mutation was genetically analyzed in compounds with various z and w mutations and dominant mutations modifying the z-w interaction. The results showed that lawcp1 can enhance the transvection effect. The lawc gene was assumed to regulate expression of the white locus at the level of chromatin condensation.
Animals↗
[Important results of about 45 years balneo-medical research in Bad Hall].
It was tried to show the most essential results of a approximately 45 years' research activity on the field of iodine balneology from the Paracelsus Institute and--since 1993--from the Paracelsus-Gesellschaft Bad Hall. The papers were concerned with: basical studies about the chemistry of the iodine waters, generation of special analytic methods and techniques for iodine determinations and for investigations of the iodine metabolism, generation of new therapeutical iodine applications (for example: eye iontophoresis, electro-aerosol; preparation of the iodine water for a mineral water indoor swimming-bath and for special therapy solutions), investigation of the (favourable) iodine effects on the cardiac and circulation system, on blood rheology, thyroid function, lipid metabolism and on the antioxidant defence mechanisms (with special consequences for arteriosclerosis, diabetes mellitus and cataract), also on visual function and eye diseases (retina, color perception, contrast sensitiveness, cataract, dry eye) and respiratory diseases. Comparative studies on patients and on experimental animals as well as model experiments (e.g. on connective tissue: in vitro studies; tissue cultures) have been used to objectify many empirically observed cure effects. Possible side-effects of a cure with iodine brine (e.g. iodism) were mentioned.
Austria↗
The light gene of Drosophila melanogaster encodes a homologue of VPS41, a yeast gene involved in cellular-protein trafficking.
Mutations in a number of genes affect eye colour in Drosophila melanogaster; some of these "eye-colour" genes have been shown to be involved in various aspects of cellular transport processes. In addition, combinations of viable mutant alleles of some of these genes, such as carnation (car) combined with either light (lt) or deep-orange (dor) mutants, show lethal interactions. Recently, dor was shown to be homologous to the yeast gene PEP3 (VPS18), which is known to be involved in intracellular trafficking. We have undertaken to extend our earlier work on the lt gene, in order to examine in more detail its expression pattern and to characterize its gene product via sequencing of a cloned cDNA. The gene appears to be expressed at relatively high levels in all stages and tissues examined, and shows strong homology to VPS41, a gene involved in cellular-protein trafficking in yeast and higher eukaryotes. Further genetic experiments also point to a role for lt in transport processes: we describe lethal interactions between viable alleles of lt and dor, as well as phenotypic interactions (reductions in eye pigment) between allels of lt and another eye-colour gene, garnet (g), whose gene product has close homology to a subunit of the human adaptor complex, AP-3.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
A comparison of risk factors for malignant melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma in the UK.
Cutaneous malignant melanoma (MM), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) exhibit markedly different natural histories, but few studies have compared risk factors in individuals from a single population. Using logistic regression analysis in case and control groups, we assessed, the association of individual characteristics with MM (n = 240) and SCC (n = 184). We also compared differences in risk factors (eye/hair colour, skin type, smoking history, occupation, social class, tumour site) between MM/BCC and SCC/BCC. MM patients were more likely to have red/blonde hair and blue/green eyes than controls, and those with SCC more likely to have red/blonde hair, blue/green eyes, outdoor occupation, skin type 1 and to have smoked more. There were few differences in individual characteristics between the skin cancer groups, illustrating their non-specific nature. Tumour site, however, showed marked differences: MM patients were more likely to have a tumour on the trunk or limbs than BCC patients, while patients with SCC were more likely to have a tumour on the limbs. Reasons for this variation are unclear. The relatively weak effect of individual factors supports the view of a multifactorial disease and suggests that interactions between UV exposure and genetic predisposition may be more significant determinants of risk.
Adult↗
A novel system for the objective classification of iris colour and its correlation with response to 1% tropicamide.
Iris colour can provide an enormous amount of information about an individual. In addition to changes with pathological conditions, the colour of the iris can be a particularly useful indicator of how well a person will respond to a topically applied ocular drug. Until recently, classification of iris colour has been subjective, ranging from a basic description ('light' and 'dark') to more detailed grading systems, such as a comparison with preset photographic standards. However, variability within observers and differences in the interpretation between observers can influence the results. Objective techniques, in this respect, possess several advantages. They are able to detect differences in colour that subjective techniques are incapable of and they provide continuous data rather than discrete categories, thus improving the accuracy of drug response predictions. This study assessed iris colour by objective means. Slit-lamp photographs of various coloured irides were taken under standardised conditions. The slides were then scanned into a computer and the colour analysed using a calibrated software package. To establish the optimum colour parameter to be used for predictions of drug response, several parameters were calculated and compared with the subject response to 1% tropicamide (maximum change in pupil size, time to maximum change and total duration of effect). Many parameters had strong correlations with drug response, but the parameters 'z', 'b' (the proportion of blue in the image) and 'y' (the proportion of yellow in the image) were found to exhibit the highest correlations. They also showed better correlations with drug response than did a current iris colour grading system.
Adult↗
Increased iris pigment in a child due to latanoprost.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Eye Color↗
[Occupational argyria].
The article presents data on follow-up of 7 patients having occupational argyria. Signs and symptoms of the disease are shown. Skin and mucous membranes are the main sites involved. Conclusions on diagnosis and treatment of the disease are given.
Adult↗
Measurement of aqueous humor flow by fluorophotometry in the presence of a dilated pupil.
PURPOSE: To determine by means of fluorophotometry whether pharmacologic dilation of the pupil can interfere with the measurement of aqueous flow. METHODS: Ten normal human volunteers underwent dilation with tropicamide, phenylephrine, and a combination of the two drugs. Before and after dilation, the rate of aqueous flow was measured by the rate of disappearance of fluorescein from the cornea and the anterior chamber. RESULTS: Dilation of the pupil with tropicamide alone had no effect on the rate of clearance of fluorescein. Dilation with phenylephrine increased the rate of clearance of fluorescein by 40% and caused a small increase in the variability among subjects. Dilation with a combination of tropicamide and phenylephrine caused clearance of fluorescein at more than double the normal rate and a marked increase in variability among subjects. CONCLUSIONS: When the pupil is dilated sufficiently to permit mixing of aqueous humor in the posterior and anterior chambers, fluorescein can leave the system by a posterior route, and its rate of clearance may not be an accurate measure of the net rate of aqueous humor flow through the anterior chamber.
Adult↗
Color pattern-reversal visual evoked potential in eyes with ocular hypertension and primary open-angle glaucoma.
Color pattern-reversal visual evoked potential testing was performed in 99 normal eyes, 27 eyes with ocular hypertension and 30 eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma with the use of black-white, black-red and black-blue color checkerboard stimuli. The P1 wave peak time and amplitude of the eyes with ocular hypertension and glaucoma were significantly different from those of age-similar normal eyes, especially on the black-red and black-blue checkerboards (p less than 0.001). The differences between the ocular hypertensive and glaucomatous eyes were of less significance. The P1 peak time difference between black-white and black-red checkerboards may serve as an important parameter in the early diagnosis of glaucoma.
Adolescent↗
Red-eyed dilution (rd), a novel coat-color mutant gene in the musk shrew (Suncus murinus, Insectivora).
A novel coat-color mutant was found in the musk shrew (Suncus murinus). Mutant shrews were characterized by light-gray coat, pinkish skin and red eyes. Mating experiment demonstrated that the mutant character was controlled by a single autosomal recessive gene. The gene could be traced back to at least four heterozygous carriers captured in Naha city, Okinawa in 1983. The name, red-eyed dilution, was proposed for this mutant character with the gene symbol rd. Linkage analysis proved no close relationship of the rd locus with the cr (cream coat color) and ch (curly hair) loci. The red-eyed dilution shrews (+/+, rd/rd) could easily be distinguished from the cream coat shrews with dark-red eyes (cr/cr, +/+) and the double homozygotes exhibiting light-cream coat with pink eyes (cr/cr, rd/rd). The rd gene has been maintained in the OKI line about at 75% of its frequency in every generation. We have started to develop a new line triple-homozygous for the cr, ch and rd genes.
Animals↗