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PubMed2005

The occurrence of nymphal stage of Linguatula serrata in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis): nymphal morphometry and lymph node pathology.

The mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of buffaloes (n = 100) were examined for the presence of parasitic infection. The nymphal stage of Linguatula serrata was observed in two buffaloes. A single white-coloured nymph with transversely striated spines on a segmented body, two pairs of oral suckers and hooks was observed in the MLN. The morphometrics of the nymphs were studied. The affected lymph nodes were grossly enlarged with cyst and showed pathological lesions of fibroblastic reaction with a mild underlying inflammatory zone.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Morphometry of cytoarchitecture of the lateral hypothalamic area in the rat.

The cytoarchitecture of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) in rats was studied with cresyl violet-stained coronal celloidin sections and with sections of the brain impregnated by a Golgi method. Unimodality was established in the frequency distribution histogram of both the somatic cross-sectional area of the LHA neurons and somatic shape (elongation and circularity). The predominant somatic orientation was in the dorsomedial-ventrolateral direction: bimodality of the frequency distribution of somatic orientation was denied. These findings suggest that the LHA neurons examined in the present study are not subdivisible on the basis of the somatic area, shape or orientation. Although the neurons were classified into eight types based upon the dendritic pattern, those in the LHA largely consisted of only three of them; Type III (dendrites extending in two directions along the long axis of soma), Type IV (three directions) and Type VIII (four directions) jointly accounted for 97.1 percent of the total neurons examined. This finding suggests that the parameter of dendritic pattern serves an important purpose in the typing of the rat LHA neurons. The orientation of intrinsic dendrites and intrinsic axons in the LHA has also been described.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Morphometry of the human pineal gland: relationship to the adrenal cortex.

To investigate the role of the pineal gland in the endocrine system, we examined 26 autopsy cases dying from non-neoplastic diseases. The study was carried out on the hypothetic basis of the possible influences of the pineal gland on the pituitary-adrenal axis, which we believe to be existing also in man. Measurements on the pineal gland revealed that the weight of the gland was directly proportional to the volume (r=0.94; P less than 0.001) and also to the nuclear density of the parenchyme (r=0.65; P less than 0.01). Then, the interrelationship between the weight of the pineal gland and the thickness of the adrenal cortex was determined (r=-0.56; P less than 0.05). The pineal gland was significantly larger in weight in the prednisolone treated patients (166 +/- 66 mg. [+/-SD]) than in the others (97 +/- 52 mg; P less than 0.05). We conclude that the functional antagonism exists between the pineal gland and the adrenal cortex in man, although the mechanism involved has not been clarified yet.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Experimental study on size-limitation of myocardial infarct in swine produced by a coronary balloon-catheterization. I. Preliminary report; morphometry of infarct size.

Experimental myocardial infarction was produced in 15 subject swine using a balloon catheter to occlude the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). After 30 minutes obstruction, the LAD was reperfused, and then the animals were sacrificed at 3 hours, 6 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours after the onset of coronary occlusion, respectively. During and after the experiment they were investigated physiologically and pathomorphologically to measure the size of myocardial infarct, and the obtained results are as follows; Experimentally produced myocardial infarcts could be detected histopathologically by routine gross and light-microscopical means in the group which had suffered from ischemia for over 24 hours till sacrifice. Ischemic areas could not be distinguished from normal areas of the myocardium by routine techniques, but could be identified enzyme-histochemically in the groups observed for less than 6 hours. The mean weight ratio of infarcted myocardium to total ventricular myocardium was 25 +/- 3.6%. This method was useful for measuring infarct size.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Correlation of nuclear morphometry and immunostaining for p53 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.

BACKGROUND: In an attempt to determine the biological significance of nuclear morphometric findings, measurements of mean nuclear volume (MNV) and nuclear roundness factor (NRF) were compared to the immunoreactivity of p53 expression and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in human bladder cancer. METHODS: MNV and NRF were measured using stereological methods. Expression of p53 and PCNA were determined by immunohistochemical staining. Specimens from 111 patients with previously untreated bladder cancer were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean MNV was 235.8 +/- 133.6 microm3 for the 81 patients with p53-labeling index (LI) less than 10% and 337.2 +/- 141.0 microm3 for the 30 patients with p53 LI greater than 10% (P = 0.008). There was no significant correlation between NRF and expression of p53. The mean MNV was 220.1 +/- 120.5 microm3 for the 67 patients with PCNA LI less than 28% (the mean value of PCNA LI) and 328.9 +/- 149.2 microm3 in 44 patients with PCNA LI greater than 28% (P = 0.0001). The mean NRF was 80.7 +/- 4.2 for the 67 patients with PCNA LI less than 28%, and 82.3 +/- 3.4 for the 44 patients with PCNA LI more than 28% (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Nuclear morphometric findings may reflect the proliferative potential of cancer cells of the bladder, as indicated by findings of immunostaining for p53 and PCNA.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lens morphometry determined by B-mode ultrasonography of the normal and cataractous canine lens.

PURPOSE: To determine axial lens thickness, anterior chamber depth and axial globe length in canine eyes with normal lenses and in eyes with immature, mature, congenital, posterior polar and diabetic cataract. METHODS: B-mode ultrasonography was performed in 50 normal dogs and, as a prephacoemulsification screening procedure, in 100 dogs with cataract. Axial B-mode ultrasonograms were used to determine lens thickness, anterior chamber depth and globe diameter. Statistical comparisons between groups were made by analysis of variance and multivariate analysis, with a significance level of P < 0.05. RESULTS: Axial globe lengths were not statistically significantly different between groups apart from the smaller globes in younger dogs with congenital cataract. Axial lens thickness in diabetics (8.4 +/- 0.9 mm) was statistically significantly different from the lens thickness in normal eyes (6.7 +/- 1.0 mm), eyes with immature cataract (6.4 +/- 0.8 mm) and eyes with mature cataract (7.4 +/- 0.9 mm) although these groups, while varying in thickness, were not statistically significantly different from each other. Anterior chamber depth was statistically significantly reduced in eyes with diabetic cataract (2.9 +/- 0.1 mm) from that in normal eyes (3.8 +/- 0.1 mm), eyes with immature cataract (3.5 +/- 0.1 mm) and eyes with mature cataract (3.2 +/- 0.6 mm) although these groups, while varying in chamber depth, were not statistically significantly different from each other. CONCLUSIONS: Lenses with diabetic cataracts were significantly increased in axial thickness compared to lenses in other eyes, although lenses with mature cataracts showed a trend towards increased axial thickness and immature cataracts demonstrated a trend towards reduced thickness. While previous studies on cataract pathobiology have suggested a reduction in lens thickness in immature cataract through lens protein loss and an increase in thickness in mature cataracts through intumescence, this study is the first to document these changes in the canine lens.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Comparison of morphometry and DNA flow cytometry with standard prognostic factors in bladder cancer.

In 83 bladder cancer patients with adequate follow-up (mean 13 years, range 9-22) the prognostic value of morphometric, DNA flow cytometric and clinical parameters was assessed. Paraffin embedded material was used in flow cytometry. Univariate life-table analysis showed the statistically significant relation of clinical stage, histological grade, mean nuclear area, the Standard Deviation (SD) of nuclear area, mean maximal nuclear diameter, mean nuclear perimeter and the volume corrected mitotic index (M/V index) to survival when bladder cancer deaths alone were used in the analysis. The recurrence of bladder cancer could be predicted with the M/V index. Survival analysis with Cox's regression model pointed to primary tumour clinical stage as the most important prognostic factor of crude survival. Histologically, grade and the SD of nuclear area were the best prognostic factors. Primary tumour stage and histological grade were the best predictors of death from bladder cancer. In Cox's model, histoquantitative methods are almost as good as clinical staging in predicting prognosis. DNA flow cytometry of paraffin embedded material offered no advantage over clinical stage, histological grade or morphology in assessing prognosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

A pediatric twin study of brain morphometry.

BACKGROUND: Longitudinal pediatric neuroimaging studies have demonstrated increasing volumes of white matter and regionally-specific inverted U shaped developmental trajectories of gray matter volumes during childhood and adolescence. Studies of monozygotic and dyzygotic twins during this developmental period allow exploration of genetic and non-genetic influences on these developmental trajectories. METHOD: Magnetic resonance imaging brain scans were acquired on a pediatric sample of 90 monozygotic twin pairs, 38 same-sex dyzygotic twin pairs, and 158 unrelated typically developing singletons. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate the additive genetic, common environment, and unique environment effects, as well as age by heritability interactions, on measures of brain volumes from these images. RESULTS: Consistent with previous adult studies, additive genetic effects accounted for a substantial portion of variability in nearly all brain regions with the notable exception of the cerebellum. Significant age by heritability interactions were observed with gray matter volumes showing a reduction in heritability with increasing age, while white matter volume heritability increased with greater age. CONCLUSION: Understanding the relative contributions of genetic and nongenetic factors on developmental brain trajectories may have implications for better understanding brain-based disorders and typical cognitive development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Morphometry and pathology of the paraspinous muscles in idiopathic scoliosis.

Muscle biopsies from the apex of both sides of the curve of 31 patients with idiopathic scoliosis showed abnormalities in fiber-type distribution in 68 per cent and in fiber size in 55 per cent. There was no preference for either side. Type 1 fiber predominance was as common as type 1 fiber deficiency. Atrophy occurred in 33 per cent and affected mainly type 1 fibers: atrophy of type 2 fibers was rare. Hypertrophy was limited to type 2 fibers, and occurred in 26 per cent. The strength factor for type 1 fibers exceeded that for type 2. Type 2A fibers were no larger than 2B fibers: there was a large type 2A predominance, more so on the convex side. Most of the muscle changes appear to be secondary and compensatory: none suggests a pathogenesis for the curve.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Quantitative morphometry of lupus nephritis: the significance of collagen, tubular space, and inflammatory infiltrate.

BACKGROUND: Lupus nephritis encompasses a wide range of parenchymal injuries and severity. Better predictors of outcome are needed for patients newly diagnosed with lupus nephritis, so that an appropriate management strategy may be selected. METHODS: A single-center cohort of first renal biopsies for lupus nephritis was chosen. Histologic sections of whole biopsy cores were stained with picro-Sirius red, and light microscopic images (x100) were digitally captured. Using a simple, freely available software package, the cortex of each biopsy was evaluated for four different parameters: area occupied by nuclei, intratubular space, fibrillary collagen, and collagenous matrix. Clinical and laboratory data were collected retrospectively from the time of biopsy and throughout follow-up. RESULTS: A high nuclear index at initial biopsy correlated with clinical parameters of disease activity, at the time of biopsy. High collagen matrix index predicted both relapse and progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The fibrillary collagen index predicted progressive disease as assessed by doubling of serum creatinine, and relapse. Increased tubular space also predicted progressive disease as determined by doubling of creatinine and renal death. CONCLUSION: A simple automated system for objectively scoring biopsies of lupus nephritis predicts renal survival and may provide a useful adjunct to guide patient management.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Locus ceruleus morphometry in aging and schizophrenia.

The locus ceruleus (LC), a pigmented brainstem nucleus rich in noradrenergic neurons, has been proposed to be involved in the pathophysiology of aging and schizophrenia. We undertook a quantitative neuropathological study of the LC in these two conditions. A computing planimeter was employed to count the total number of neurons and measure the volume of the LC, neuronal cross-sectional area, and percent of neuronal area occupied by neuromelanin in the brains of 39 subjects; 13 "normative", 15 leucotomized schizophrenic (most had died in the preneuroleptic era), and 11 leucotomized non-schizophrenic control patients, ranging in age from 11 to 94 years. There was a significant inverse correlation between age and total number of LC neurons, neuronal size, and LC volume, and a significant positive correlation between age and the percentage of neuronal area occupied by neuromelanin. Although schizophrenics did not differ significantly from control groups on any of the parameters of LC morphology, there was a trend for reduced LC volume in schizophrenic brains. Also, the LC of leucotomized patients tended to have increased neuromelanin content and slightly increased cell counts compared to normals, although the importance of this finding is not clear.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Morphometry of fetal growth.

Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) complicates about 5% of all pregnancies and is responsible for substantial perinatal mortality and morbidity. With ultrasound, it is possible to assess fetal brain growth indirectly by measurement of the biparietal diameter, head circumference and transcerebellar diameter. As liver size is affected most profoundly by IUGR, measurement of the abdominal circumference of the fetus provides the earliest evidence of fetal growth restriction. Placental size, assessed with ultrasound, can also indicate the severity of the condition. Once a fetus is diagnosed as having IUGR, its well-being can be monitored with standard heart-rate testing and ultrasound assessment of fetal behaviour. Doppler analysis of the wave form of the fetal arterial and venous circulation hold the greatest promise for managing pregnancies complicated by IUGR.

Biometry↗
PubMed1991

Temporal artery morphology and morphometry in giant cell arteritis.

Paraffin sections and more than 7,000 plastic cross-sections of temporal arteries from 27 patients with a clinical diagnosis of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), 16 patients with a clinical diagnosis of temporal arteritis (TA) and 18 age- and sex-matched postmortem controls were studied using light microscopy. A new method was developed to permit a morphometric comparison between biopsies and autopsy specimens. Two stages of inflammation were discerned in TA. In atrophic arterial segments there was a focal, foreign-body, giant-cell reaction to the calcified internal elastic membrane (IEM) with a spatially correlated, mononuclear cell infiltration. Isolated giant cells were also found to attack the IEM in these cases. The majority of the biopsies displayed a different picture with a diffuse macrophage attack on media and intima with numerous and apparently macrophage-derived giant cells, which did not attack calcifications. The latter arteries were significantly widened (p less than 0.02), which indicates that this phase is the later one. Non-inflamed segments of PMR vessels displayed a significant, non-reactive media atrophy compared with controls (p less than 0.03) and their IEM calcifications were significantly larger (p less than 0.02). The circumference was smaller in atrophic PMR arteries than in inflamed TA arteries (p less than 0.006), which contradicts post-inflammatory scarring.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Lung morphometry by unbiased methods in emphysema: bronchial and blood vessel volume, alveolar surface area and capillary length.

We have estimated lung volume, bronchial volume, vessel volume, alveolar surface area and capillary length in patients who died of lung failure due to emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and in patients with no clinical signs of respiratory disease. Unbiased morphometric methods were applied to the right lung. The patients with emphysema had equal lung volumes and bronchial and vessel volumes compared to the control group. The alveolar surface area and surface density were significantly decreased to about 67%, of control values. The capillary length and length density were significantly decreased to about 68% of control values. The proportional decreases in alveolar surface area and capillary length suggest that compensatory capillary proliferation has not occurred. These unbiased morphometric studies of emphysema have yielded results in end-stage emphysema that are comparable to those previously reported using biased methods. However, the unbiased methods may provide new insights when applied to earlier stages of the disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Morphometry of myocardial apex in endurance-trained mice of different ages.

Mitochondrial volume density, surface density of the outer mitochondrial membrane, the mean number and size of mitochondria, and the mean surface density of crista membranes together with the volume densities of myofibrils and sarcoplasmic space were morphometrically analyzed in cardiac muscle of two groups of sedentary control mice aged 3 and 7 months, and in two groups of mice trained either 1 month rather intensely or 4 months moderately. Of the calculated mitochondrial variables only the surface density of the outer mitochondrial membrane differed between the older controls and the older trained animals, the density being slightly smaller in the trained group. The myofibrillar volume density of the order controls was smaller than that of the younger controls, while the sarcoplasmic volume density was larger. The latter difference, possibly a function of age, was also observed in the trained groups. The results suggest that at a certain steady state level of exercise-induced cardiac muscle hypertrophy the muscle cells of trained mice do not differ markedly in ultrastructural properties from those of sedentary controls.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1984

The hemodynamic effect of bilateral carotid artery ligation and the morphometry of the main communicating circuit in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.

After reducing the number of patent conduit arteries to the brain by bilateral ligation of the carotid artery, the percentage decrease in blood pressure from the aorta to the internal carotid artery distal to the ligation was larger in spontaneously hypertensive rats than in normotensive rats. The pressure drop corresponded to the degree of hypertension as well as to morphometrically determined structural arterial alteration in the main communicating circuit, i.e. larger media to internal radius ratio and smaller internal radius in the posterior communicating arteries, the proximal part of the posterior cerebral arteries, the basilar artery and the vertebral arteries. The discrepancy between the sum of the luminal cross sectional areas of the communicating circuit and the luminal areas of the ligated conduit arteries was larger in the hypertensive than in the normotensive rats. It is to be expected that occlusion of conduit arteries to the brain will have a larger impact on the cerebral arterial perfusion pressure head in the presence of such hypertensive structural alterations known to increase flow resistance.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effect of endurance training on muscle microvascular filtration capacity and vascular bed morphometry in the elderly.

AIM: Exercise training is a strong stimulus for vascular remodelling and could restore age-induced vascular alterations. The purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that an increase in vascular bed filtration capacity would corroborate microvascular adaptation with training. METHODS: We quantified (1) microvascularization from vastus lateralis muscle biopsy to measure the capillary to fibre interface (LC/PF) and (2) the microvascular filtration capacity (K(f)) in lower limbs through a venous congestion plethysmography procedure. Twelve healthy older subjects (74 +/- 4 years) were submitted to a 14-week training programme during which lower-limbs were trained for endurance exercise. RESULTS: The training programme induced a significant increase in the aerobic exercise capacity of lower limbs (+11% V(O2peak); P < 0.05; +28% Citrate Synthase Activity; P < 0.01). K(f) was largely increased (4.3 +/- 0.9 10(-3) mL min(-1) mmHg(-1) 100 mL(-1) post-training vs. 2.4 +/- 0.8 pre-training, mean +/- SD; P < 0.05) and microvascularization developed as shown by the rise in LC/PF (0.29 +/- 0.06 post- vs. 0.23 +/- 0.06 pre-training; P < 0.05). Furthermore, K(f) and LC/PF were correlated (r = 0.65, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These results demonstrated the microvascular adaptation to endurance training in the elderly. The increase in K(f) with endurance training was probably related to a greater surface of exchange with an increased microvessel/fibre interface area. We conclude that measurement of the microvascular filtration rate reflects the change in the muscle exchange area and is influenced by exercise training.

Aged↗