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Results for “sensorimotor function”

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PubMed1993

A functional in vitro model for studying the cellular and molecular basis of spinal cord injury.

Very little is understood about how spinal cord injury affects the molecular mechanisms responsible for generating locomotion. Recently, it has been shown in the spinal cord that the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, a specific class of excitatory amino acid receptors, plays a major role in the neurogenesis of locomotion. Paradoxically, studies of the brain and the spinal cord have shown that overeactivation of this receptor can cause excitotoxicity and subsequent cell death. The ultimate goal of these experiments was to develop an isolated brain stem/spinal cord/hind limb preparation that would allow study of issues related to excitotoxicity and the neurogenesis of locomotion. Findings indicate that: 1) exposure of the spinal cord to the excitatory amino acids produced an alternating gate of the hind limbs; 2) application of N-methyl-D-aspartate inhibitors were effective in preventing hind limb movement initiated by exposure to N-methyl-D-aspartate; 3) sensorimotor stimulation of the tail produced hind limb movement that could be evoked for periods up to 8 hours; and 4) an excitotoxic event produced substantial loss of protein and possible osmotic changes. This study represents the first step in developing a powerful model for examining the effect of spinal cord injury on molecular mechanisms responsible for the neurogenesis of locomotion both at the brain stem, spinal motor generator, or sensorimotor level. The opportunity of observing hind limb movement in this preparation represents a powerful functional bioassay for evaluating the extent of spinal cord injury.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Morphological Characterization of a Cortico-cortical relay in the cat sensorimotor cortex.

One feature of the cerebral cortex circuitry is the complex network of fibers which links its different functional regions. Our knowledge of the specific relationships between neurons which form these pathways is limited. The cortico-cortical connections between primary somatosensory cortex (SI) and primary motor cortext (MI) were the focus of the study. The aims were twofold: first, to identify characteristics of inter-areal cortico-cortical connections; and second, to determine if pathways exist which support the notion that peripheral signals are integrated in the somatosensory cortext before being relayed to the motor cortex. Neurons in area 2 of SI, which projected to the motor cortex were identified. The morphological characteristics of these neurons and the pattern of input that they received from the area 3a were determined. The fluorescent retrograde tracer, fast blue, was injected into the electrophysiologically defined forepaw representation of motor cortex and the anterograde tracer, dextran-tetramethylrhodamine (DR), was injected into the somatotopically matched region of area 3a. Labeled neurons in area 2 which were located in a field of labeled axons arising from area 3a were identified in fixed tissue sections. Some of these labeled cells were impaled with a Lucifer yellow (LY)-filled micropipette and were intracellulary labeled by iontophoretic injection of LY Cells in area 2 that projected to the motor cortex were located primarily in layers II-III. They were all classified as pyramidal neurons and were morphologically similar. Their apical dendrites for the most part did not extend beyond layer II. Their apical tufts exhibited 2-4 branches within layers II-III, while basal dendrites exhibited more numerous tertiary basal dendritic branches. Light microscopic (LM) examination revealed the presence of appositions between LY-filled profiles and DR-labeled axons. Appositions were observed between swellings along DR-labeled axons and dendritic shafts or spines of 1 degrees, 2 degrees and 3 degrees branches of apical and 1 degrees and 2 degrees branches of basal dendrites. The appositions were primarily on proximal segments of labeled dendritic shafts. Fewer appositions with distal dendrites were observed and some of these were with dendritic spines. No appositions with the somata were observed. Only one or two appositions were observed for individual cells. The pattern of cortico-cortical synaptic input arising from area 3a onto this population of cells was predicted from these LM findings. An ultrastructural analysis was performed to confirm the existence of contacts and the predicted pattern of connectivity. Neurons in area 2 which projected to the motor cortex, and area 3a axons which projected to area 2, were identified with electron dense retrograde and anterograde tracers respectively. Labeled neurons located in a field of labeled axons were examined throughout a sequential series of ultrathin sections. Electron microscopic analysis revealed a similar pattern, but with a slightly higher density of synaptic input (1-8 contacts per target cell) than that predicted from the LM studies. These results revealed a specific density and pattern of coritco-cortical input onto an identified population of cortico-cortical projection neurons. Individual target cells received only sparse input from a functionally different but somatotopically related region of the cortex. The pattern of input onto cells was unexpected in that most axons contacted the shafts of proximal dendrites. This aspect of the connection may exemplify a unique feature of the cortical circuit which helps to define its functional role. The significance of these results in defining cortical function is that the particular cortical circuit described may provide an anatomical substrate for the modulation of motor cortex activity by integrated signals from the sensory cortex. The synaptic relationships of neurons in this pathway may be characteristic of i

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Selective alterations of white matter associated with visuospatial and sensorimotor dysfunction in turner syndrome.

Turner syndrome (TS) is a neurogenetic disorder characterized by impaired spatial, numerical, and motor functioning but relatively spared verbal ability. Results from previous neuroimaging studies suggest that gray matter alterations in parietal and frontal regions may contribute to atypical visuospatial and executive functioning in TS. Recent findings in TS also indicate variations in the shape of parietal gyri and white matter microstructural anomalies of the temporal lobe. Diffusion tensor imaging and structural imaging methods were used to determine whether 10 females with TS and 10 age- and gender-matched control subjects exhibited differences in fractional anisotropy, white matter density, and local brain shape. Relative to controls, females with TS had lower fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the deep white matter of the left parietal-occipital region extending anteriorly along the superior longitudinal fasciculus into the deep white matter of the frontal lobe. In addition, decreased FA values were located bilaterally in the internal capsule extending into the globus pallidus and in the right prefrontal region. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis showed corresponding white matter density differences in the internal capsules and left centrum semiovale. Tensor-based morphometry analysis indicated that the FA and VBM results were not attributable to differences in the local shape of brain structures. Compared with controls, females with TS had increases in FA values and white matter density in language-related areas of the inferior parietal and temporal lobes. These complementary analyses provide evidence for alterations in white matter pathways that subserve affected and preserved cognitive functions in TS.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1973

Evidence for higher functions of the cerebellum: eating and grooming elicited by cerebellar stimulation in cats.

Well-organized eating and grooming behaviors were elicited in cats by stimulation of a zone in the cerebellum that extended from the fastigial nucleus to the superior cerebellar peduncle. Behaviors appeared to result from the facilitation of specific sensorimotor mechanisms, rather than the induction of generalized "drive" states. The results emphasize the need for a broad view of cerebellar function.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Ca2+-independent protein kinase C Apl II mediates the serotonin-induced facilitation at depressed aplysia sensorimotor synapses.

At nondepressed Aplysia sensory to motor synapses, serotonin (5-HT) facilitates transmitter release primarily through a protein kinase A pathway. In contrast, at depressed Aplysia sensory to motor synapses, 5-HT facilitates transmitter release primarily through a protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent pathway. It is known that only two phorbol ester-activated PKC isoforms, the Ca(2+)-dependent PKC Apl I and the Ca(2+)-independent PKC Apl II, exist in the Aplysia nervous system. For the first time, we have now been able to functionally determine which isoform of PKC is involved in a particular form of plasticity. We microinjected cultured sensorimotor pairs of neurons with various PKC constructs tagged with the enhanced green fluorescent protein as a reporter for successful plasmid expression. Our results demonstrate that short-term facilitation of depressed synapses is mediated by PKC Apl II. Dominant-negative PKC Apl II, but not dominant-negative PKC Apl I, disrupted the normal kinetics of 5-HT-induced facilitation by completely blocking its rapid onset. This effect was specific to depressed synapses, because dominant-negative PKC Apl II did not inhibit 5-HT-mediated facilitation of nondepressed synapses. Our results suggest that not only different signal transduction pathways but also different isoforms of a specific cascade may mediate physiological responses according to the state of a synapse.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Rapid development of synaptic connections and plasticity between sensory neurons and motor neurons of Aplysia in cell culture: implications for learning and regulation of synaptic strength.

We describe here the time course of functional synapse formation and of the development of short-term synaptic plasticity at Aplysia sensorimotor synapses in cell culture, as well as the effects of blocking protein synthesis or postsynaptic receptors on the development of synaptic transmission and plasticity. We find that synaptic responses can be elicited in 50% of sensory neuron-motor neuron pairs by 1 h after cell contact and that short-term homosynaptic depression and synaptic augmentation and restoration by the endogenous facilitatory transmitter serotonin are present at the earliest stages of synapse formation. Neither block of protein synthesis with anisomycin nor block of two types of postsynaptic glutamate receptor has any effect on the development of synaptic transmission or synaptic plasticity. The rapidity of synapse formation and maturation and their independence of protein synthesis suggest that changes in the number of functional synapses could contribute to short- and intermediate-term forms of synaptic plasticity and learning.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

The effects of alcohol hangover on cognitive functions in healthy subjects.

A hangover is characterized by the constellation of unpleasant physical and mental symptoms that occur between 8 and 16 h after drinking alcohol. We evaluated the effects of experimentally-induced alcohol hangover on cognitive functions using the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery. A total of 13 normal adult males participated in this study. They did not have any previous histories of psychiatric or medical disorders. We defined the experimentally-induced hangover condition at 13 h after drinking a high dose of alcohol (1.5 g/kg of body weight). We evaluated the changes of cognitive functions before drinking alcohol and during experimentally-induced hangover state. The Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery was administrated in order to examine the changes of cognitive functions. Cognitive functions, such as visual, memory, and intellectual process functions, were decreased during the hangover state. Among summary scales, the profile elevation scale was also increased. Among localization scales, the scores of left frontal, sensorimotor, parietal-occipital dysfunction, and right parietal-occipital scales were increased during the hangover state. These results indicate that alcohol hangovers have a negative effect on cognitive functions, particularly on the higher cortical and visual functions associated with the left hemisphere and right posterior hemisphere.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Specific cerebellar activation during Braille reading in blind subjects.

The traditional view that the cerebellum is involved only in the control of movements has been changed recently. It has been suggested that the human cerebellum is involved in cognition and language. Likewise, besides cortical activity in sensorimotor and visual areas, an increased global activation of the cerebellum has been revealed during Braille reading in blind subjects. Our purpose was to investigate whether there is cerebellar activation during Braille reading by blind subjects other than sensorimotor activation related to finger movements. Early blind and normal sighted subjects were studied with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during Braille reading, tactile discrimination of nonsense dots, dots forming symbols, and finger tapping. The experiments were done in block design. Echo planar imaging sequences were carried out on a 1.5-T MR scanner. All blind individuals reading Braille showed robust activation of the posterior and lateral aspects of cerebellar hemispheral lobules Crus I bilaterally but more predominately on the right side. Additionally, activation was present in the medial cerebellum within lobules IV, V, and VIIIA, predominantly on the right. Discriminating nonsense dots did not reveal any activation of Crus I, but did reveal activation within the medial part of lobules IV, V, and VIIIA, predominately on the right. Analysis of sighted subjects during reading of printed text revealed activation of the posterolateral cerebellar hemisphere in Crus I bilaterally, predominantly on the right. Tactile analysis of dots representing symbols revealed an activation in lobules IV and VIII and in right Crus II but not in Crus I. In conclusion, parts of cerebellar activation during Braille reading in blind subjects (i.e., within lobules IV, V, and VIII) overlap with the known hand representation within the cerebellum and are likely related to the sensorimotor part of the task. Cerebellar activation during Braille reading within bilateral Crus I may be due to language processes or inner speech similar to those found during text reading in normal sighted subjects. Object recognition did not account for Crus I activation.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2003

A fronto-parietal circuit for tactile object discrimination: an event-related fMRI study.

Previous studies of somatosensory object discrimination have been focused on the primary and secondary sensorimotor cortices. However, we expected the prefrontal cortex to also become involved in sequential tactile discrimination on the basis of its role in working memory and stimulus discrimination as established in other domains. To investigate the contributions of the different cerebral structures to tactile discrimination of sequentially presented objects, we obtained event-related functional magnetic resonance images from seven healthy volunteers. Our results show that right hand object exploration involved left sensorimotor cortices, bilateral premotor, parietal and temporal cortex, putamen, thalamus, and cerebellum. Tactile exploration of parallelepipeds for subsequent object discrimination activated further areas in the dorsal and ventral portions of the premotor cortex, as well as parietal, midtemporal, and occipital areas of both cerebral hemispheres. Discriminating a parallelepiped from the preceding one involved a bilateral prefrontal-anterior cingulate-superior temporal-posterior parietal circuit. While the prefrontal cortex was active with right hemisphere dominance during discrimination, there was left hemispheric prefrontal activation during the delay period between object presentations. Delay related activity was further seen in the anterior intraparietal area and the fusiform gyrus. The results reveal a prominent role of the human prefrontal cortex for somatosensory object discrimination in correspondence with recent models on stimulus discrimination and working memory.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Cortical areas involved in virtual movement of phantom limbs: comparison with normal subjects.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate that amputees performing "virtual" movements of their amputated limb activate cortical areas previously devoted to their missing limb, we studied amputees with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomographic (PET) scans and compared the results with those of normal volunteers performing imaginary movements during fMRI acquisitions. METHODS: Ten amputees (age range, 33-92 yr; average age, 49 yr; six men and four women; eight upper-limb and two lower-limb amputations) able to move their phantom limb at will were studied by fMRI (all patients) and PET scan (seven patients). The time between amputation and fMRI and PET studies ranged from 1 to 27 years (average, 13 yr). Patients were asked to perform virtual movements of the amputated limb and normal movements of the contralateral normal limb according to the functional images acquisition procedure. Movements of the stump were also used to differentiate stump cortical areas from virtual movement-activated areas. Ten right-handed volunteers, age- and sex-matched to the amputees, were also studied by fMRI. All volunteers were asked to perform four tasks during their fMRI study: imaginary movements of their right arm (1 task) and foot (1 task) and real movements of their left arm (1 task) and foot (1 task). RESULTS: In amputees, virtual movements of the missing limbs produced contralateral primary sensorimotor cortex activation on both fMRI and PET scans. These activation areas, different from the stump activation areas, were similar in location to contralateral normal limb-activated areas. Quantitatively, in two amputees who claimed to be able to perform both slow and fast virtual movements, regional cerebral blood flow measured by PET scan in the precentral gyrus increased significantly during fast movements in comparison with slow virtual movements. In normal subjects, significant differences between real versus imaginary fMRI activations were found (for both foot and hand movements); imaginary right hand and foot tasks activated primarily the contralateral supplementary motor areas, with no significant activation detected in the contralateral precentral or postcentral gyri. CONCLUSION: Primary sensorimotor cortical areas can be activated by phantom-limb movements and thus can be considered functional for several years or decades after amputation. In this study, we found that the location of the activation of these areas is comparable to that of activations produced by normal movements in control subjects or in amputees.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

FMRI studies of the supplementary motor area and the premotor cortex.

Brain activation patterns associated with three motor tasks, differing in the mode of movement selection, were studied in seven right-handed subjects, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The tasks consisted of sequences of finger movements in which the next finger was selected (i) according to a fixed sequence (FIX), (ii) in response to an external sensory cue (RAND), or (iii) on the basis of free, internal selection (SELF). Periods of hand relaxation (REST) alternating with the tasks served as a control. Functional maps resulting from comparison of the motor tasks with REST reveal activation in primary sensorimotor cortex, medial and lateral premotor areas, cingulate cortex, and parietal cortex. The task activation level, defined as the percentage MR signal increase for each task relative to REST, and the differential activation, defined as the percentage MR signal increase for RAND and SELF relative to FIX, were calculated in each area. All areas showed a higher activation level for RAND and SELF than for FIX. A significant difference in activation level or differential activation between SELF and RAND was found in the posterior part of the superior frontal sulcus, in a part of the premotor cortex on the lateral brain surface, in the anterior cingulate motor cortex, and in the posterior part of the superior parietal cortex. The high-resolution and single-subject approach, provided by fMRI, allowed the distinguishing of multiple foci in medial frontal areas, premotor cortex, and parietal cortex, reflecting the functional heterogeneity of these areas suggested by previous studies.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

The relation of play and sensorimotor behavior to language in the second year.

The concurrent and predictive relations of sensorimotor behavior and play to language in the second year were assessed. 19 preterm and 20 full-term infants were tested at 13 1/2 and 22 months of age. Functional play directed toward dolls and other persons and meaningfully related sequences of functional and symbolic acts at 13 1/2 months were associated with language measured at 13 1/2 months and 9 months later. Concurrent positive relations between sensorimotor behavior and language were found only at 22 months for object-permanence skills. There were no significant positive relations between sensorimotor behaviors at 13 1/2 months and language at 22 months. The consistent relations found between play and language in this research derived from the infants' ability to translate experience into symbols that are used as a means of interacting and communicating with others. Sensorimotor behavior and language were much more loosely associated in the same age period.

Cognition↗

PubMed2001

The inferior parietal lobule is the target of output from the superior colliculus, hippocampus, and cerebellum.

The inferior parietal lobule (IPL) is a functionally and anatomically heterogeneous region that is concerned with multiple aspects of sensory processing and sensorimotor integration. Although considerable information is available about the corticocortical connections to the IPL, much less is known about the origin and importance of subcortical inputs to this cortical region. To examine this issue, we used retrograde transneuronal transport of the McIntyre-B strain of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) to identify the second-order neurons in subcortical nuclei that project to the IPL. Four monkeys (Cebus apella) received injections of HSV1 into three different subregions of the IPL. Injections into a portion of the lateral intraparietal area labeled second-order neurons primarily in the superficial (visual) layers of the superior colliculus. Injections of HSV1 into a portion of area 7a labeled many second-order neurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. In contrast, virus injections within a portion of area 7b labeled second-order neurons in posterior regions of the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum. These observations have some important functional implications. The IPL is known to be involved in oculomotor and attentional mechanisms, the establishment of maps of extrapersonal space, and the adaptive recalibration of eye-hand coordination. Our findings suggest that these functions are subserved by distinct subcortical systems from the superior colliculus, hippocampus, and cerebellum. Furthermore, the finding that each system appears to target a separate subregion of the IPL provides an anatomical substrate for understanding the functional heterogeneity of the IPL.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Sensorimotor gating abnormalities in young males with fragile X syndrome and Fmr1-knockout mice.

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common single gene (FMR1) disorder affecting cognitive and behavioral function in humans. This syndrome is characterized by a cluster of abnormalities including lower IQ, attention deficits, impairments in adaptive behavior and increased incidence of autism. Here, we show that young males with FXS have profound deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI), a basic marker of sensorimotor gating that has been extensively studied in rodents. Importantly, the magnitude of the PPI impairments in the fragile X children predicted the severity of their IQ, attention, adaptive behavior and autistic phenotypes. Additionally, these measures were highly correlated with each other, suggesting that a shared mechanism underlies this complex phenotypic cluster. Studies in Fmr1-knockout mice also revealed sensorimotor gating and learning abnormalities. However, PPI and learning were enhanced rather than reduced in the mutants. Therefore, these data show that mutations of the FMR1 gene impact equivalent processes in both humans and mice. However, since these phenotypic changes are opposite in direction, they also suggest that murine compensatory mechanisms following loss of FMR1 function differ from those in humans.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1982

[Compensatory processes after unilateral cutting of the brachia of the posterior colliculi in cats].

The ability for spatial analysis of stimuli of various sensory modalities was studied in cats with a unilateral section of the brachia of the posterior colliculi. To study the possible mechanisms of compensation of localization function in different periods following the brachia section, cortical evoked potentials to sound and light were recorded, and various areas of the neocortex removed (the temporal, parietal or sensorimotor). It was suggested that after a unilateral section of the brachia, compensation of localization of non-acoustic stimuli is linked with the recovery of interhemispheric functional symmetry within the corresponding analyser systems; localization of sound stimuli is restored primarily due to activation of the temporal neocortex in the intact hemisphere, i.e. involvement of one-hemisphere binaural mechanism.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed2005

Cortical reorganization and associated functional motor recovery after virtual reality in patients with chronic stroke: an experimenter-blind preliminary study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of virtual reality (VR) on cortical reorganization and motor recovery. DESIGN: Nonparametric pre- and posttest design with experimenter blinded. SETTING: University medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Five patients with hemiparesis (age, 59.8+/-3.4y) were recruited. INTERVENTION: Five patients received VR for 60 minutes a day, 5 times a week for 4 weeks. VR was designed to provide a virtual rehabilitation scene where the intensity of practice and sensory feedback could be systematically manipulated to provide the most appropriate, individualized motor retraining program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cortical activation and associated motor recovery were measured before and after VR using functional magnetic resonance imaging and standardized motor tests, respectively. Nonparametric tests were used at P less than .05. RESULTS: Prior to VR, the bilateral primary sensorimotor cortices (SM1s), contralesional premotor cortex, and contralesional or ipsilesional supplementary motor area were activated. After VR, the altered activations disappeared and predominantly the ipsilesional SM1 was activated (P<.05). Motor function was improved (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: This is a novel demonstration of VR-induced neuroplastic changes and associated motor recovery in chronic stroke.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Delayed treatment with monoclonal antibody IN-1 1 week after stroke results in recovery of function and corticorubral plasticity in adult rats.

Neuronal death due to ischemic stroke results in permanent deficits in sensory, language, and motor functions. The growth-restrictive environment of the adult central nervous system (CNS) is an obstacle to functional recovery after stroke and other CNS injuries. In this regard, Nogo-A is a potent neurite growth-inhibitory protein known to restrict neuronal plasticity in adults. Previously, we have found that treatment with monoclonal antibody (mAb) IN-1 to neutralize Nogo-A immediately after stroke enhanced motor cortico-efferent plasticity and recovery of skilled forelimb function in rats. However, immediate treatment for stroke is often not clinically feasible. Thus, the present study was undertaken to determine whether cortico-efferent plasticity and functional recovery would occur if treatment with mAb IN-1 was delayed 1 week after stroke. Adult rats were trained on a forelimb-reaching task, and the middle cerebral artery was occluded to induce focal cerebral ischemia to the forelimb sensorimotor cortex. After 1 week, animals received mAb IN-1 treatment, control antibody, or no treatment, and were tested for 9 more weeks. To assess cortico-efferent plasticity, the sensorimotor cortex opposite the stroke lesion was injected with an anterograde neuroanatomical tracer. Behavioral analysis demonstrated a recovery of skilled forelimb function, and anatomical studies revealed neuroplasticity at the level of the red nucleus in animals treated with mAb IN-1, thus demonstrating the efficacy of this treatment even if administered 1 week after stroke.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Behavioural aspects of cerebellar function in adults with Asperger syndrome.

Aside from social deficits, Asperger and autistic individuals also exhibit motor control abnormalities such as impaired gait, balance, manual dexterity and grip. One brain area that has consistently been reported on autopsy and imaging studies to be abnormal in such individuals is the cerebellum. As the cerebellum controls sensorimotor coordination and lesions here typically cause hypotonia, dysmetria and dyscoordination, we performed a series of quantitative tests aimed at investigating cerebellar function in Asperger individuals. Tests examining visually guided movement (rapid pointing), speeded complex movement (finger tapping, rapid hand turning), muscle tone (catching dropped weight), prediction, coordination and timing (balance, grip force and interval timing) were conducted on 12 Asperger subjects and 12 age and IQ matched controls. In comparison to control subjects, Asperger subject's demonstrated: (i) decreased pointing accuracy and rate, (ii) increased postural instability, and (iii) decreased timing accuracy. IQ was found to co-vary with some parameters of each of these tasks and no further impairments were found on the remaining tests. We suggest that these specific deficits reflect impairment in the ability to integrate sensory input with appropriate motor commands and are consistent with cerebellar dysfunction in Asperger syndrome.

Adolescent↗