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PubMed1981

Serological profiles in Indian post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis.

The sera of 20 Indian post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKADL) patients were analysed for immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM and IgA), third component of complement (C3) and specific antibody contents and the results compared with those of normal controls and kala-azar (KA) patients as obtained in an earlier study. Mean values of serum IgG and IgM in PKADL were found to be significantly higher than those of normal controls, although these values were substantially lower to those of KA patients. No significant difference, however, was noted in the mean levels of serum IgA and C3 between PKADL and control groups. Specific antibodies to Leishmania antigen could be demonstrated in PKADL sera by the indirect haemagglutination (IHA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Most of these antibodies belonged to IgG class although some IgM antibodies were also demonstrable. Antibody titre ranges in PKADL sera were, however, definitely lower than those of KA sera. A reasonably good correlation between the severity of dermal lesions and IgG-ELISA titres was obtained. Of 12 chronic PKADL cases, only four and ten were found to be serologically positive by IHA and micro-ELISA methods respectively. All eight fresh cases were seropositive by both these tests. Analysis of the data suggests an over-all difference between the serological profiles of PKADL and KA patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Measurement of hemolytic complement and the third component of complement in nonhuman primates.

Complement, determined by hemolytic assay, and the third component of complement (C3), determined by radial immunodiffusion assay, were measured in nine nonhuman primate species. The species studied were the titi (Callicebus mollach). The sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys), the thick-tailed galago or bushbaby (Galago crassicaudatus panganiensis), the crab-eating monkey (Macaca fascicularis), the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), the bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata), the stumptailed macaque (Macaca speciosa), the yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus), and the black-and-red tamarin (Saguinus nigricollis). Both sheep and bovine erythrocytes were used in the hemolytic complement assays. With the sheep erythrocyte system, sera from four species (yellow baboon, sooty mangabey, bonnet monkey, black-and-red tamarin) had similar titers with both antibody sensitized and non-sensitized erythrocytes. In contrast, the titers obtained using sensitized bovine erythrocytes was always higher than the values obtained using non-sensitized bovine erythrocytes. In all species, the titers for non-sensitized sheep erythrocytes was higher than the titer for non-sensitized bovine erythrocytes. When the species were compared for cross reactivity using the radial immunodiffusion assay for human C3, the rhesus monkey showed the strongest cross reaction; the thick-tailed galago, a prosimian, showed no detectable cross reactivity; and the other species examined showed intermediate degrees of reactivity.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Immunological studies in seronegative spondyloarthropathies.

Immunological parameters including the serum levels of major classes of immunoglobulins and complement C3, screening of six commonly encountered autoantibodies (including rheumatoid factor) and screening for circulating immune complexes were carried out in patients with different presentations of seronegative spondyloarthropathies. Compared with 27 controls, the mean serum levels of IgG were significantly elevated (p less than 0.001) in 19 patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), 15 with Reiter's disease (RD) and nine with 'unclassified' seronegative spondarthritis. Serum IgA was significantly elevated (p less than 0.01) in Reiter's disease but not in the other two groups of patients. One patient with 'unclassified' seronegative spondarthritis showed complete absence of IgA and IgM in his serum. Serum C3 levels were estimated in 26 AS patients, 14 RD patients and nine unclassified seronegative spondarthritis patients. The values did not differ significantly from those in 27 controls. Autoantibodies were not detected in any of 29 patients with AS, 15 with RD and 10 patients with unclassified seronegative spondarthritis. Circulating immune complexes were detected by latex agglutination-inhibition technique in 5.9% of 85 controls, 61% of 18 patients with ankylosing spondylitis (p less than 0.001), 67% of 15 patients with Reiter's disease (p less than 0.05) and 78% of nine patients with unclassified seronegative spondarthritis (p less than 0.001). The findings would suggest an ongoing antigenic challenge in these diseases in which tissues may be damaged by deposits of antigen-antibody complexes.

Antigen-Antibody Complex↗

PubMed1978

[The enlarged diagnosis of the fatal penicillin accident. Immunehistologic demonstration of antigen-antibody complexes and of antibodies against the tubular basement membrane after administraiton of depot penicillin].

In a case of fatal penicillin allergy it proved possible at autopsy to demonstrate (by immunohistological examination of basal membranes of proximal renal tubuli) antigen-antibody complexes belonging to the penicillin (BPO) group and to an anti-penicilloyl antibody of the IgG type. In addition, complement C3 was detected. Antibodies against the basal membranes or renal tubuli were also demonstrated in material eluted from the kidney, although an inflammatory reaction ot the immunoligical changes had not yet been observed in light microscopy. It is undecided whether this discrepancy is due to the low dose of penicillin administered or the relatively short time lag between first injection and time of fatality. It is assumed that, pathogenetically, a reaction of the serum sickness type is probably involved. For etiological clarification the use of immunohistological methods in addition to serological procedures provides further indices for an antecedent sensitization to penicillin, because assay effectiveness does not decrease even after a lengthy postmortal time-lapse. On the other hand, tissues and serum for examination should be frozen at low temperatures immediately after autopsy.

Antigen-Antibody Complex↗

PubMed1985

Demonstration of the efficiency of specific mucous membrane defense by factor analysis.

Gastric juice and bile fractions A, B, C of 143 patients, vaginal secretion and cervical mucus of further 257 patients, and the sera of all patients, were studied for IgG, IgA, IgM, complement C3, albumin and transferrin, together with acidity tests and microbiological study. The data thus obtained, nearly 10 000 in number, were subjected to automated (factor) analysis. This revealed certain concealed relationships which has been superimposed by the manifestations: the specific defense of the mucous membranes resulting from the activity of the secretory immune system takes effect only under special conditions. The local secretory immune factors, together with the effects connected with acidity and proteolytic activity, are deployed only in the stomach and duodenum at the first level of mucous membrane defense. For the defense of the genital mucous membranes--in the period of sexual activity and reproduction--the transudative factors of the serum resulting from hormonal activity are responsible, and only if these factors are affected does the specific defense mechanism of the mucous membranes take action.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Pregnancy course and complications in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Among 165 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we observed 21 pregnancies in 19 patients since 1987. The mean duration of disease at the time of pregnancy was 4.5 +/- 3 years. All but three patients required immunosuppressive treatment before and during pregnancy. The effect of pregnancy on the course of SLE was studied. Severe disease exacerbations were rare and largely confined to patients with renal involvement. Most patients showed elevated titers of dsDNA antibodies during pregnancy but clinical activity of disease was usually mild. Complement C3 decrease appeared to be the most sensitive marker for pregnancy-related complications. The detection of antibodies to phospholipids was frequent during pregnancy in contrast to a low prevalence before and after pregnancy. Their presence could be associated with intrauterine growth retardation. Preterm delivery before the 37th week of pregnancy had to be performed in the majority of patients. None of the patients experienced abortion although three patients had to delivered in the 29th week of pregnancy because of increasing symptoms of pre-eclampsia. Two of these children died and the third child suffered from intracranial hemorrhage in the early postpartum period. Our data demonstrate that successful pregnancy outcome was related to a gestational age of more than 32 weeks, making careful monitoring and appropriate therapeutic management necessary.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Immunohistochemical studies of ulcerative colitis. With special reference to localization of immunoglobulins, secretory component, and lysozyme in view of suffering periods.

Surgically resected large bowels with ulcerative colitis (UC) and biopsies specimens from UC patients were studied immunohistochemically in terms of localization of immunoglobulins, secretory component (SC), complement (C3), and lysozyme in relation to suffering periods. In the long-standing group (suffering periods more than nine months) of UC, marked decrease or absence of IgA as well as IgM was frequently observed in the columnar epithelial cells despite residue of SC positivity. However, in the short-standing group (suffering periods from one month to four months) both SC and IgA were well preserved in the apical portion of the epithelial cells in the similar manner as observed in the control group. There was moderate to marked increase of IgA-producing cells and slight to moderate increase of IgM-producing cells in the majority of the UC cases regardless of suffering periods. Lysozyme was not demonstrable in the normal epithelial cells of the large intestine but occasionally observed in those of UC cases.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Evaluation of serum proteins in relation to body nitrogen in tumor-bearing rats.

Assessment of visceral and somatic protein stores by serum proteins in surgical oncology patients has been difficult to interpret. Tumor-bearing (methylcholanthrene sarcoma) (TB) and nontumor-bearing (NTB) Fischer 344 rats were infused with a total parenteral nutrition solution at either 25, 100, or 175% of an infusion rate that provided sufficient nutrients for normal rat growth: On the fifth day after diet initiation, the rats were exsanguinated, decapitated, eviscerated, and skinned. Serum was analyzed for transferrin (TF), complement C3, albumin (ALB), retinol-binding protein (RBP), and transthyretin (TTR). Carcass (CAR) and organ (VIS) nitrogens were determined by the Kjeldahl method. TTR, TF, and RBP correlated significantly with TB and NTB VIS nitrogen and TB CAR nitrogen. The correlation of NTB VIS nitrogen with TTR, TF, and RBP (r range = 0.70-0.85, P less than 0.001) was higher than for TB rats (r range = 0.53-0.57, P less than 0.005). The correlation of TB carcass nitrogen (r range = 0.47-0.51, P less than 0.01) with TTR, TF, and RBP was higher than for NTB carcass nitrogen which was not significant (r range = 0.25-0.37, P less than 0.57). These data indicate that TTR, TF, and RBP do correlate with components of body nitrogen mass, but factors other than nutrition may influence their metabolism in the TB host.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Effects of weakly basic amines on proteolytic processing and terminal glycosylation of secretory proteins in cultured rat hepatocytes.

We examined the effects of weakly basic amines on the secretion and post-translational modifications of secretory proteins in cultured rat hepatocytes. Weakly basic amines such as methylamine, chloroquine and NH4Cl strongly inhibited not only protein secretion, but also the proteolytic conversion of a proform of complement C3, allowing the precursor to be released into the medium. The amines, however, had no effect on the proteolytic conversion of prohaptoglobin into its subunits. Since available evidence indicates that the conversion of pro-C3 occurs at the Golgi complex while that of prohaptoglobin takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum, it is most likely that the weak bases specifically affect the proteolytic event occurring at the Golgi complex. Electron microscopic observations confirmed that the amines caused morphological changes of the Golgi complex, consisting of dilated cisternae and swollen vacuoles. When the glycosylation of alpha 1-protease inhibitor and haptoglobin was examined, it was found that the amines caused a marked accumulation in the cells of both glycoproteins corresponding to the mature secreted forms. Neuraminidase digestion demonstrated that the glycoproteins accumulating in response to the amines had acquired terminal sialic acid. The results indicate that the amines do not significantly affect terminal glycosylation, in contrast with their definite effect on proteolytic processing, despite the fact that both modifications take place in the Golgi complex.

Amines↗

PubMed1980

Serological investigations on Indian kala-azar.

Detailed serological investigations were carried out in forty-nine active kala-azar (KA) cases in North Bihar, India. Various classes of immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA, and IgM) and third component of complement (C3) levels were determined in these sera and results were compared with those obtained in normal controls. Antibody titres were determined by the indirect haemagglutination (IHA) method using soluble Leishmania antigen. Immunoglobulin G and M class-specific antibody titres were also determined separately by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinaemia with marked increase in serum IgG (and to a lesser extent in IgM) level was a rather common feature in the majority of these sera. Much of this immunoglobulin increase, however, appeared to be non-specific in nature and no absolute correlation could be noted between serum IgG or IgM levels and corresponding IgG or IgM antibody titres. Significant decrease in serum C3 level was observed in KA and this decrease was found to be independent of immunoglobulin levels or specific antibody titres. A fairly good correlation between aldehyde test and serum IgG level was evident from this study. Aldehyde-positive KA sera usually gave higher antibody titres than aldehyde-negative ones. Anti-leishmanial antibodies belonged mostly to IgG class although some IgM antibodies were also demonstrable. The latter class of antibodies probably appeared early in KA infection although their serological specificity was poorer to IgG antibodies. Out of forty-nine KA sera examined in this study thirty-six (73.5%) gave positive IHA titres while forty-six (93.9%) were positive by IgG-ELISA which appeared to be a highly specific and sensitive serodiagnostic method particularly for the early detection of KA cases.

Antibody Formation↗

PubMed1991

Arthritis induced immunologically with cationic amidated bovine serum albumin in the guinea pig. A morphological and biochemical study on the destruction of articular cartilage.

Arthritis was induced by injecting cationic amidated bovine serum albumin (aBSA) (pI approximately 9.2) into the knee joint of immunized guinea pigs and the mechanisms of articular cartilage destruction were studied morphologically and biochemically. Marked synovitis associated with polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PML) infiltration occurred within 1 day of the challenge. Articular cartilage infiltrated by PMLs was almost completely destroyed after 2 weeks. During the initial destructive process, proteoglycans were depleted from the cartilage and later collagen fibers disappeared. Granulation tissue growing in the inflamed synovium and bone marrow replaced the destroyed cartilage and joint cavity and formed fibrous scar tissue (fibrous ankylosis) by 8 weeks. Subsequently, the knee joints developed cartilagenous ankylosis by 12 weeks and finally bony ankylosis at 28 weeks. Autoradiography using 125I-aBSA and immunofluorescence studies for immunoglobulin (IgG) and complement (C3) demonstrated that the antigen is trapped in all zones of the articular cartilage and serves as a trigger for immune complex formation. Significantly increased neutral proteinase activities against substrates of proteoglycan subunits, [3H]carboxymethylated transferrin and L-pyroglutamyl-L-prolyl-L-valine-paranitroanilide were detected in homogenates of the synovium and cartilage from arthritic knee joints 1 and 2 weeks after induction. Inhibitor studies and pH curves suggested that the proteinase is leukocyte elastase. Measurable amounts of gelatinolytic activity, detected by activation with 4-aminophenylmercuric acetate and inhibited with EDTA, were also present in the same samples, but there was no detectable collagenase activity. The data on SDS-gelatin substrate gel showed that the proteinase is gelatinase derived from PMLs. These results suggest that in aBSA-induced arthritis, elastase and gelatinase from PMLs invading articular cartilage may play important roles in cartilage destruction.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1975

Hyperacute renal allograft rejection in the primate. Intrarenal effects of heparin and associated net release of factor VIII activity and kallikrein activation.

Two groups of specifically presensitized Macaca speciosa monkeys received renal allografts via anastomosis to an indwelling arteriovenous (A-V) shunt. One group was pretreated with heparin (2 mg/kg) intravenously and the other was also treated with constant heparin infusion (1 mg/kg/hr) directly into the renal artery. These studies were performed to evaluate the effects of heparin within the kidney on total and compartmental blood flow, complement (C3) levels, sequestration of formed elements, and activation of the coagulation, fibrinolytic, and kinin-forming systems during the initial 3 hours of hyperacute rejection. The results are compared with those previously reported in unmodified control allografts. Heparin prolonged blood clotting time to infinity, markedly prolonged total renal venous blood flow, and normalized compartmental distribution in both groups despite antibody deposition similar to that in controls. With heparin pretreatment only, initial morphologic injury was much reduced but then progressed rapidly. Marked initial cortical cyanosis with mottling appeared to change constantly and was associated with fluctuations in renal turgor, total blood flow, and sequestration of formed elements, all of which suggested repetitive local cortical arterial spasm and incremental destruction of the grafts. Activation of coagulation Factors II and XII was also revealed and marked net Factor VIII activity was observed in the venous effluent. The latter reflects either formation and release of this factor by the injured kidney, or provides in vivo documentation of the "hyperactivation" of Factor VIII by thrombin known to occur in vitro. The addition of intrarenal artery heparin infusion resulted in greater improvement in early total blood flow rates and more uniformly progressive cyanosis and loss of turgor, but the diffuse initial morphologic injury suggested more uniform perfusion of injured areas. Intrarenal consumption of C3 and sequestration of formed elements was similar to that in controls. Paradoxically, prompt activation and consumption of all coagulation factors, plasminogen, and prekallikrein were observed, but formed fibrin was sparse. The exess amount of Factor XIIa present during heparin blockade may have been diverted to production of plasminogen activator and kallikrein formation. The enormous numbers of neutrophils observed within vessels of grafts which showed the greatest kallikrein activation provide the probable in vivo demonstration of the chemotactic properties of kallikrein noted by others in vitro. Heparin-induced platelet aggregation may have played an important role in the failure of these grafts. These studies elucidate the intrarenal effects of heparin during hyperacute rejection and again suggest that vasoconstriction is the most important early determinant of graft failure, as blood flow appeared unrelated to the degree of vascular injury and apparent obstruction. Also, heparin may exer a beneficial effect on blood flow by other than its known action on coagulation.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

The Klebsiella pneumoniae O antigen contributes to bacteremia and lethality during murine pneumonia.

Bacterial surface carbohydrates are important pathogenic factors in gram-negative pneumonia infections. Among these factors, O antigen has been reported to protect pathogens against complement-mediated killing. To examine further the role of O antigen, we insertionally inactivated the gene encoding a galactosyltransferase necessary for serotype O1 O-antigen synthesis (wbbO) from Klebsiella pneumoniae 43816. Analysis of the mutant lipopolysaccharide by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis confirmed the absence of O antigen. In vitro, there were no detectable differences between wild-type K. pneumoniae and the O-antigen-deficient mutant in regard to avid binding by murine complement C3 or resistance to serum- or whole-blood-mediated killing. Nevertheless, the 72-h 50% lethal dose of the wild-type strain was 30-fold greater than that of the mutant (2 x 10(3) versus 6 x 10(4) CFU) after intratracheal injection in ICR strain mice. Despite being less lethal, the mutant organism exhibited comparable intrapulmonary proliferation at 24 h compared to the level of the wild type. Whole-lung chemokine expression (CCL3 and CXCL2) and bronchoalveolar inflammatory cell content were also similar between the two infections. However, whereas the wild-type organism produced bacteremia within 24 h of infection in every instance, bacteremia was not seen in mutant-infected mice. These results suggest that during murine pneumonia caused by K. pneumoniae, O antigen contributes to lethality by increasing the propensity for bacteremia and not by significantly changing the early course of intrapulmonary infection.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Follicular characteristics associated with viable pregnancy after in vitro fertilization in humans.

The aim of this study has been the development of a noninvasive method of predicting the pregnancy potential of human oocytes and embryos intended for in vitro fertilization and embryo replacement. A multifactorial system which distinguishes, with a high degree of accuracy, between normal pregnancy, abnormal pregnancy, and non-pregnancy-producing embryos is reported. The variables included are (1) follicular fluid proteins alpha 1-antitrypsin, complement C3, immunoglobulin IgG2, and total protein, and total proteoglycan level separated by isoelectric focusing; (2) follicular volume; and (3) an embryo appearance rating. The study group consisted of (1) follicles which produced embryos of known performance after transfer (a) when the number of embryos transferred = the number of implantations and, (b) where one embryo transferred = no pregnancy; (2) follicles which produced oocytes which did not cleave after insemination; and (3) follicles from which no oocyte was aspirated. Canonical discriminant analysis of follicular fluid variables and follicular volume has been used to characterize the oocyte performance groups. Correct classification was achieved in 69% of normal pregnancy, 70% of abnormal pregnancy, 33% of no pregnancy, and 47% of no cleavage oocytes. An embryo appearance rating was included with the above variables for a separate discriminant analysis of only those oocytes which had formed embryos after insemination. Correct classification was achieved in 81% of normal-pregnancy, 70% of abnormal-pregnancy, and 70% of no-pregnancy embryos.

Complement C3↗

PubMed1992

Synergistic effect of romurtide with ampicillin against pneumococcal pneumonia in mice.

The anti-infective activity of romurtide, a synthetic muramyl dipeptide (MDP) derivative, was evaluated in experimental pneumococcal pneumonia in mice deficient in the third component of complement (C3). The compound was found to be effective against the pneumonia in combination with subcutaneous ampicillin (ABPC). This synergistic effect of romurtide with ABPC was most pronounced when the compound was administered subcutaneously 1 day before infection. Romurtide alone, however, was not effective, irrespective of its treatment timing. Similarly, consecutive treatment with ABPC alone failed to kill pneumococci in the lungs completely, and resultant regrowth of the organisms provoked purulent pneumonia. In contrast, the combination treatment of romurtide with ABPC successfully prevented most of the mice from the purulent pneumonia: the initial infiltration of resident alveolar macrophages and subsequent accumulation of macrophages were observed in the pneumonic foci. In accordance with the occurrence of these cellular responses in the lungs, pneumococci were successfully eliminated from the lungs in mice treated with romurtide in combination with ABPC. Thus, romurtide was suggested to promote recovery of the mice with pneumococcal pneumonia by activating resident and accumulated macrophages in the pneumonic foci to eliminate pneumococci from the lung.

Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine↗

PubMed1983

Acute effects of growth hormone administration: vitamin A and visceral protein concentrations.

We determined albumin, total protein, somatomedin C, retinol binding protein (RBP), transferrin, prealbumin, and complement (C3) concentrations in serum, and vitamin A concentrations in plasma before initiation of growth hormone (GH) therapy and 13 h after each of 4 daily injections of GH (0.1 U/kg) in 6 GH deficient children. Levels of total protein, albumin, and transferrin did not change during the first week of GH administration, however, transferrin levels rose after 6 weeks of GH therapy. Initial somatomedin C levels were below the normal range (0.19 +/- 0.03 U/ml), and rose with GH administration in 4 of the 6 subjects, resulting in a post-treatment mean of 0.56 +/- 0.23 U/ml. With GH administration vitamin A and RBP concentrations decreased from initial values (P less than 0.05), and reached a plateau after 2 injections of GH, while there was no change in concentrations of other proteins. There was a significant linear correlation (P less than 0.05) between the levels of vitamin A and RBP before and after GH administration. We conclude that GH administration results in a selective and marked reduction in the concentrations of plasma vitamin A and serum RBP.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Hormonal activity of combinations of genistein, bisphenol A and 17beta-estradiol in the female Wistar rat.

Phytoestrogens have been described as weak estrogens, selective estrogen receptor mediators (SERMs) or to exhibit antiestrogenic properties. However, information about their activity in combination with xenoestrogens and 17beta-estradiol in vivo, is limited. Therefore, the combinatory activity of the phytoestrogen genistein (Gen), the industrial chemical bisphenol A (BPA), and ethinylestradiol (EE) in ovariectomized Wistar rats was analyzed in this study. All compounds were administered orally on three consecutive days (EE at 30 microg, Gen at 100 mg and BPA at 200 mg per kg body weight per day). The pure antiestrogen fulvestrant (3 mg/kg) served as estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist control. Effects on uterine wet weight, height of the uterine epithelium, uterine clusterin (Clu) and complement C3 expression, and the height of the vaginal epithelium were examined. Treatment with Gen alone resulted in a moderate stimulation of uterine weight; in the vagina the height of the epithelium was strongly stimulated. BPA did not stimulate any of the above-mentioned parameters significantly. In combination with EE, Gen acted on most of the analyzed parameters in an additive manner, whereas BPA significantly antagonized the effects of EE on the uterine epithelium and uterine Clu expression. Given in combination with Gen, BPA was also able to antagonize the stimulatory effect of Gen on the uterine epithelium. In summary, our results demonstrate that Gen, in contrast to BPA, does not exhibit any antiestrogenic properties, even if given at high concentrations. The results of this study characterize BPA as a functional antiestrogen, very likely the result of a lack of ability to activate ER-mediated transactivation after binding to the receptor. This is not the case for Gen. Our results point to the involvement of complex molecular mechanisms in the action of Gen. These mechanisms, especially the role of ERbeta have to be characterized in further investigations.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2003

[PPAR-gamma expression in the kidney of actively proliferating glomerulonephritis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) expressions in patients with actively proliferating glomerulonephritis such as type IV lupus nephritis (LN) and cellular crescentic glomerulonephritis (RPGN). METHODS: All patients were divided into 4 groups as follows: RPGN (17 cases); LN type IV (15 cases); mild mesangial proliferative IgA nephropathy (IgAN, 7 cases) and minimal change disease (MCD, 10 cases). Clinical parameters, immunohisto-chemistry stain and in situ hybridization of renal biopsy specimens were performed. RESULTS: Clinically, proteinuria and hematouria were increased and Ccr were decreased in LN and RPGN patients, and increased ESR and decreased complement C3 were found in group LN. Active index of renal specimens were significantly higher in LN and RPGN groups than in IgAN and MCD groups. Renal specimens of MCD patients showed no positive PPAR-gamma staining in all sections; little immunoreactivity was detected in sections of glomerular, tubular and interstitial cells from IgAN patients. Glomerular positive staining of PPAR-gamma in renal sections in LN and RPGN patients[(3.3 +/- 1.8) and (2.8 +/- 1.2) cells per section of glomerulus, respectively] were significantly increased compared with that in IgAN patients [(0.7 +/- 0.5) cells per section of glomerulus]. Similarly, tubular positive staining of PPAR-gamma in LN and RPGN patients (27.38 +/- 12.46, 23.36 +/- 10.55) were also elevated compared with that in IgAN and MCD patients(6.51 +/- 3.49, 1.72 +/- 0.31). The relevance assay results showed positive relationship between active index and glomerular or tubular PPAR-gamma immunohisto-chemistry staining cell numbers (0.478, P < 0.01; 0.513, P < 0.01). Tubular PPAR-gamma mRNA expression in LN and RPGN patients was upregulated by in situ hybridization. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate in vivo that PPAR-gamma expression was increased in active glomerulonephritis patients accompanied with clinical and pathological active inflammation. These data suggest that increase of PPAR-gamma expression in renal cells may play an important role in response to inflammatory stress.

Complement C3↗