Tissue culture methods in the laboratory; diagnosis of cases of poliomyelitis; with observations on the behaviour of Coxsackie viruses in tissue culture.
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Enterovirus↗
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Results for “DIAGNOSIS, LABORATORY”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
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[Laboratory diagnosis of monarthritis: how much, what for, when?].
Analysis of the synovial fluid is the major investigation of monoarthritis. Appearance, viscosity (low if inflamed), cell number and differential, presence of crystals or organisms are all relevant. If septic arthritis is suspected, culture of other sites such as blood, urine, sputum etc. is essential, and may alone yield the organism. If mycobacterium is possible, synovial membrane staining and culture is usually necessary. Gonococcal may be lost in culture if the specimen is not immediately processed. Partially treated sepsis may produce sterile culture, and early work suggests that P.C.R. may diagnose these cases. Other investigations such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein indicate inflammatory activity, though they are not specific. Antibodies such as antinuclear antibodies, rheumatoid factors lead towards an "autoimmune" disease diagnosis, that do not alone measure activity. Specific antibodies to virus e.g. parvovirus may be diagnostic. The monoarthritis must be seen in the total patient context, where often clues e.g., asymptomatic uveitis (in juvenile chronic arthritis) and psoriasis may give the diagnosis.
Adolescent↗
METHODS OF LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF GONORRHOEA USED IN THE USSR.
In this review of gonorrhoea diagnostic methods in current use in the USSR, the author stresses first the value of the examination of smears for the detection of the typical forms of the gonococcus. Where atypical L-forms are present, as may occur after treatment with antibiotics or sulfanilamide, microscopy may be misleading and a combination of laboratory methods is called for, including the use of culture techniques. Transport media for the maintenance of material for culture have been little used in the USSR so far, but experiments with the Stuart medium and modifications of it have shown promise.Although the complement-fixation test has lately fallen rather into disuse for gonorrhoea diagnosis, the author considers the inherent value of this serological method to warrant its further use provided that new and improved antigens and techniques can be developed capable of yielding specific reactions with both typical and atypical forms of the gonococcus.
Complement Fixation Tests↗
[Laboratory diagnosis of cystinuria].
Delayed diagnosis, apparently due to insufficient knowledge of partly simple methods of cystine determination and their practical application, is often a particular problem in the treatment of cystine lithiasis. The present paper gives a survey of a variety of laboratory methods to determine cystine in the urine both qualitatively and quantitatively. Their applicability in various diagnostic situations is discussed. In clinico-chemical routine, colorimetric cystine determinations using Brands test, but partibularly the nickel/dithionite reagent, is an established and reliable laboratory method. Possibilities of its use as quick screening assays are described.
Adult↗
Microsporidial infections in humans: current practice and developments in laboratory diagnosis.
Microsporidia are small, intracellular parasites that infect a wide range of hosts, including vertebrates, invertebrates and fish. They were discovered more than a century ago. The first well documented human case, however, was not reported until 100 years later. Since the first case of intestinal microsporidiosis was reported in 1985, numerous cases of microsporidiosis have been reported in immunocompromised patients, especially those in the later stages of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Microsporidia also have been described in various other clinical conditions, including keratoconjunctivitis, sinusitis, peritonitis and myositis. The numbers of cases reported have risen dramatically since 1985, which can be explained partly by the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic and partly by increased laboratory awareness. Some studies have shown that up to 50% of selected AIDS patients are infected with microsporidia. Diagnosis depended initially on the use of invasive techniques, namely histological examination of biopsy material. Since then, however, there have been important advances in the detection of microsporidial spores in clinical samples. Recent developments in the diagnosis of microsporidiosis are described, including light microscopy staining methods, fluorescent staining, electron microscopy and molecular techniques.
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
Herpes simplex and varicella-zoster infections: clinical and laboratory diagnosis.
One of a dentist's most common diagnostic challenges is determining the cause of vesiculo-ulcerative disorders of the oral cavity. The most common etiology of oral vesicles is herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a less common etiology of vesicles in the oral cavity. Dentists often are able to differentiate these two viruses based on the clinical presentation of infectious symptoms; however, further laboratory testing is required to identify herpetically induced vesiculo-ulcerative lesions definitively. This article reviews the basic clinical signs and symptoms of HSV and VZV infection and describes the various laboratory tests that can determine the definitive etiology of the vesiculo-ulcerative disorder.
Cytodiagnosis↗
[Clinical features and current laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis of grippotyphosa serogroup].
AIM: To characterize persistence of the causative agent in the blood of patients with leptospirosis, to evaluate significance of the results of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with isolation of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and microagglutination reaction (MAR) in diagnosis of leptospirosis at different stages of the disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 94 patients with leptospirosis: 51 (54.2%) males, 43 (45.8%) females, 74 (78. 7%) urban and 20 (21.3%) rural citizens in acute leptospirosis, early and late convalescence. Leptospirosis was diagnosed on the basis of clinico-epidemiological, laboratory-device data. All the patients were divided into 2 groups: with leptospiral jaundice (n = 33, 35.1%) and without leptospiral jaundice (n = 61, 64.9%). The disease of moderate severity was in 64 (68%) patients. Verification of the diagnosis was based on determination of specific antibodies titer in MAR using standard set of diagnostic cultures. PCR determined rRNA of leptospira in the blood on the disease day 5, 10 and 15, 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 months after the disease onset. The results were processed with methods of parametric and non-parametric statistics. CONCLUSION: PCR demonstrated diagnostic value in early leptospirosis (sensitivity of the method in the disease week 1 was 86%). Diagnostic significance of MAR reached 81.8% later - in 3 weeks. Detection of leptospiral rRNA by PCR in the autopsy material allows one to recommend this method for additional verification of the diagnosis including as an alternative to bacterioscopic test.
Agglutination Tests↗
Laboratory diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections in estonia in 2001-2002: shortcomings with impact on diagnostic quality and surveillance.
OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to comprehensively characterize the range, content, and performance of sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing services in Estonia during the period 2001 to 2002 and to determine if the observed diagnostic laboratory practices and methods adhered to international evidence-based recommendations. STUDY: Survey data, focusing on organization and performance characteristics of STI diagnostics services, were assessed using questionnaires, telephone interviews, and site visits to all responding facilities providing STI diagnostics services in Estonia. Guidelines of international evidence-based recommendations for STI testing were used as references. RESULTS: There were significant shortcomings in STI testing availability and practices. Among all participating laboratories diagnosing STIs, only a minority (n = 16, 28%) offered testing for the full minimum range of relevant STIs in Estonia, i.e., Treponema pallidum, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Trichomonas vaginalis. In addition, because testing methods used were not properly selected, confirmation of several infections in accordance with evidence-based requirements was not possible, which has an impact both on STI diagnostic quality and surveillance.
Animals↗
[The laboratory diagnosis of mycoplasmosis and ureaplasmosis in urological and gynecological patients].
The survey of 630 patients with urogenital pathology, habitual miscarriage and sterility revealed that they were mostly (91-100%) infected with M. hominis and/or U.urealyticum. This fact indicates the necessity of organizing the epidemiological control of these infections. It is expedient to use the complex of laboratory methods for diagnosing these infections through the effectiveness of such methods may vary in different nosological forms. Thus, colpitis and nonspecific urethritis were shown to be most effectively diagnosed by the serological methods.
Abortion, Habitual↗
[Course entitled "Laboratory diagnosis of diseases of the circulatory system. Effect of the presence of bacteria in the blood"].
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Bacterial Infections↗
Laboratory diagnosis by chemical methods.
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Automation↗
[Laboratory diagnosis in preventive cardiology].
In recent years a large number of coronary artery disease risk factors were discovered. The knowledge of these factors improves the estimate of the coronary artery disease (CAD) risk--however it still remains to be only an "estimate". A perfect prediction of an upcoming CAD event is not possible, despite all high score laboratory technology. Therefore the use of specialized laboratory procedures should be applied carefully. Knowing the blood levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol and Lp(a) can be sufficient for many therapeutical decisions. Severe dyslipidemia, familial CAD and CAD without any obvious reasons demand a more specialized work-up, however, risk stratification factors such as family history, clinical history (CAD, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoker) and genetics are crucial, apart from the above mentioned laboratory values. Purely on the basis of the lipidologic baseline concentrations we can't give well based recommendations for the treatment of individual patients. Currently there are expert systems available which allow a risk estimate once important laboratory values (LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, Triglycerides) as well as clinical data (blood pressure, family history, clinical history) are available. This system can be accessed by internet under "http:/(/)www.chd-taskforce.com".
Coronary Artery Disease↗
[Clinical laboratory diagnosis and aging. 2: Suitability of clinico-chemical basic parameters as markers ob biological aging].
In 262 men (about half of them 44.4 +/- 0.9 and 63.0 +/- 0.9 years old, resp.) and 239 women (about half of them 44.4 +/- 0.9 and 62.8 +/- 0.8 years old, resp.) the results of 12 clinical chemical analytes were used to calculate laboratory indices which were compared with the biological age in accordance with Ries. The indices were calculated by using concentrations of alkaline phosphatase, iron, total protein, total cholesterol, glucose, uric acid, urea, HDL cholesterol, creatinine, LDL cholesterol, transferrin, and triglycerides. Only in the younger group of women are the correlations between laboratory indices and biological age significant. In the same group, several single parameters also significantly correlate with pre-aging. Among them are alkaline phosphatase, the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, bilirubin, triglycerides, and glucose.
Adult↗
Laboratory diagnosis of infection status in infants perinatally exposed to human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
Accurate and timely diagnosis of infection status in infants born to women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is of paramount importance. The comparative accuracy of five diagnostic decision rules was evaluated in 208 HIV-exposed infants (32 infected, 176 uninfected) based on laboratory testing during the first 6 months of life. Diagnostic rules A and B, which required single blood samples analyzed by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (rule A) or culture, PCR, and p24 antigen detection (rule B) were more prone to incorrect diagnoses than were rules requiring 2 blood samples analyzed by a single assay (rule C) or combinations of culture and PCR (rules D and E). Rule D, which used PCR as the initial test, established the most useful algorithm: a positive PCR result followed by a positive culture in the second sample confirmed infected status, while two consecutive negative PCR results reconfirmed as negative at 6 months of age established uninfected status.
Blood↗
[Quality control of laboratory diagnosis of urogenital infectious].
The diagnosis of urogenital infections in practical public health services is not always supported by adequate measures aimed at quality control. Scientists developing new diagnostic methods should pay special attention to improvement of methods for quality control of diagnostic studies in a laboratory. Introduction of methods precluding regular quality control is not advisable. In cases when quality control studies are impossible for objective reasons, a complex of methods should be used in diagnostic studies.
Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗
[An educational module for organization of a system for controlling quality of laboratory diagnosis of infections for the Central Asia regions].
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Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗
Laboratory diagnosis of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in Africa.
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Africa↗
[Cytokines, their receptors and inhibitors. Importance in laboratory diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis].
The present paper reviews the literature on biological activities of human cytokines in homeostasis, as modulated by their secretion, expression of membrane-bound and soluble receptors as well as by means of other cytokines and specific inhibitors, respectively. The role of structure and properties of interleukins 1, 2, 6 and their receptors in pathophysiology and laboratory diagnostics of rheumatoid arthritis, is discussed. Methods of quantitative determination of cytokines are described.
Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗