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At least 1,531 records · Page 85Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

Prewashing with acidified sodium chlorite reduces pathogenic bacteria in lightly fermented Chinese cabbage.

Efficacy of prewashing with acidified sodium chlorite (ASC) for the sanitation of lightly fermented Chinese cabbage was evaluated. The population of the natural microflora on the cabbage leaves was reduced about 2.0 log CFU/g just after washing with ASC, a significant reduction compared with the control distilled water wash (P < or = 0.05). In the control experiment, viable aerobic bacteria increased gradually when incubated at 10 degrees C; however, ASC-washed cabbage maintained a lower microbial concentration. The treatment of Chinese cabbage with ASC reduced the population of artificially inoculated Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes by 2.4 log CFU/g. The sanitation efficacy of ASC was 1.6 log CFU/g higher than that of distilled water washing. The viable cell counts of all pathogenic bacteria tested remained constant during 8 days of storage at 10 degrees C for both washing treatments, with the exception of L. monocytogenes, whose viable cell counts increased gradually with time for both treatments. No significant differences in color, odor, taste, and texture in raw leaves were observed after the ASC wash compared with after the distilled water wash. These results indicate that prewashing with ASC could control bacterial growth in lightly fermented Chinese cabbage without changing the product quality.

Brassica↗

PubMed2005

Comparison of the chlorine inactivation of Yersinia enterocolitica in chlorine demand and demand-free systems.

Inactivation of Yersinia enterocolitica by chlorine (0.6 to 20 ppm) was investigated in distilled water and in tryptic soy broth (TSB, 0.015%) at different temperatures (4, 20, and 40 degrees C). In distilled water, chlorine inactivation of Y. enterocolitica was enhanced by increasing the temperature from 4 to 20 degrees C, and survival curves were described by a model that assumed first-order kinetics followed by tailing in which the microbial concentration remained constant. The presence of TSB increased chlorine resistance of Y. enterocolitica, and survival curves were concave downward. These survival curves were described by a model based on the Weibull distribution. Chlorine decay in distilled water was independent of temperature and of the initial concentration of available chlorine and was modeled by first-order reaction kinetics. Chlorine decay in TSB was independent of the initial chlorine concentration but depended on the treatment temperature and was modeled by the addition of two first-order decay equations. The increased resistance of Y. enterocolitica to chlorine in TSB was not due only to the chlorine demand by the TSB components. These components protected Y. enterocolitica cells from the antimicrobial effect of chlorine.

Chlorine↗

PubMed1998

[Effect of sulfur salt-bromine-iodine thermal waters on albumin and IgA concentrations in nasal secretions].

In chronic rhinopharyngotubaric phlogoses, the key pathogenic element sustaining phlogosis is a persistent modification of the biological, rheological features of the nasal mucus. For centuries sulphurous thermal waters have proved effective in clinically curing such phlogoses. In order to evaluate the effect of such sulphurous-salty-bromic-iodic thermal waters a randomized, double blind study was undertaken on a sampling of 50 patients. The effect such waters have on secretory IgA (sIgA) and albumin in the nasal secretions was tested against a placebo made of distilled water. Using the method of radial immunodiffusion, the response in the IgAs (mg/l) and albumin (mg/dl) concentrations in the nasal secretions was measured for 25 patients treated with the thermal waters and 25 patients treated with distilled water. The average concentrations were statistically compared using the Student t-test for paired samples. A significant increase (p < 0.0001) was seen in the mean IgAs concentration in the patients treated with the thermal waters. On the other hand, there was a weak, not statistically significant increase in the same data mean for the group treated with distilled water. The average increase in the albumin concentration in the nasal secretions proved significant in both cases although the significance was much more marked in the group treated with the thermal waters (p = 0.001) vs. the placebo group (p = 0.039).

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed1999

Determination of ethanol in chocolate shell pralines and filled chocolates by capillary gas chromatography.

The paper describes a simple gas chromatographic method for quantification of ethanol in distillates of chocolate shell pralines and fillings. The samples were prepared in two steps. The first step consisted of ethanol distillation from the product and the second involved capillary gas chromatography of 10% v/v distillate with expected ethanol content between 0.06% and 2.5% w/w. Quantification was carried out using iso-propanol as internal standard. The range of linear method response was 0.05-3.16% w/w of ethanol, which corresponded to products with ethanol content between 0.5 and 31.6% w/w. The detection limit was 0.0158% w/w and the quantification limit was 0.058% w/w of ethanol with the relative standard deviation of 2.5%.

Cacao↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Morphological evaluation of ethylic damage on gastric mucosal repair after surgery.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The damage caused by either yeasted or distilled alcoholic beverages on repair of gastric mucosa is not totally clear. The aim of this work was to verify morphologically the effect of ethylic damage on the initial repair of gastric surgery. METHODOLOGY: Eighteen albino rats equitably were divided into an experimental group receiving a placebo (EGpl), experimental group receiving fermented ethanol (EGfe) and experimental group receiving distilled ethanol (EGde). All of the rats were submitted to standardized gastric surgery of the fundic wall. During the first 6 post-operative days, 1 ml of distilled water to EGpl, 1 ml of ethanol 11.8% to EGfe and 1 ml of ethanol 43% to EGde were intragastrically administered on a daily basis. All of the animals were killed on the 7th post-operative day and fragments of fundic mucosa at the site of suture were adequately processed and a comparative observation was carried out through light and electron microscopies. RESULTS: Both, low (wine) and high (whisky) concentrations of ethanol in the alcoholic beverage produced mild and severe erosion, respectively, on the gastric superficial lining epithelium. CONCLUSIONS: The severe erosion of the epithelium was counterbalanced by an explosive secretion of gastric mucus caused by the high concentration of ethanol, but reepithelization of surgical repair, either of EGfe or EGde was slower than of EGpl.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The multiplication dynamics of pathogenic bacteria in relation to the trophic and temperature cultivation conditions].

The comparative study of the dynamics of multiplication of Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in organic and synthetic media and in distilled water at temperatures of 37 degrees C and 6 degrees C was carried out. This study revealed that in organic media the multiplication of bacteria was good at 37 degrees C and 6 degrees C. In mineral media and distilled water their multiplication was observed only at 6 degrees C. Moreover, conditions necessary for the multiplication of pathogenic bacteria in distilled water were shown; these conditions depended on the inoculated dose, the number of autolyzed microbial cells and the state of the culture. Proofs of the multiplication of the bacteria under the conditions of minimum nutrition and low temperature were obtained with the use of labeled 3H-thymidine.

Cell Division↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Microwave-assisted extraction and accelerated solvent extraction with ethyl acetate-cyclohexane before determination of organochlorines in fish tissue by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.

Focused open-vessel microwave-assisted extraction (FOV-MAE), closed-vessel microwave-assisted extraction (CV-MAE), and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) were used for extraction before determination of organochlorine compounds (polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT, toxaphene, chlordane, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclohexanes, and dieldrin) in cod liver and fish fillets. Wet samples were extracted without the time-consuming step of lyophilization or other sample-drying procedures. Extractions were performed with the solvent mixture ethyl acetate-cyclohexane (1 + 1, v/v), which allowed direct use of gel-permeation chromatography without solvent exchange. For FOV-MAE, the solvent mixture removed water from the sample matrix via azeotropic distillation. The status of water removal was controlled during extraction by measuring the temperature of the distillate. After water removal, the temperature of the distillate increased and the solvent mixture became less polar. Only the pure extraction solvent allowed quantitative extraction of the organochlorine compounds. For CV-MAE, water could not be separated during the extraction. For this reason, the extraction procedure for wet fish tissue required 2 extraction steps: the first for manual removal of coextracted water, and the second for quantitative extraction of the organochlorine compounds with the pure solvent. Therefore, CV-MAE is less convenient for samples with high water content. For ASE, water in the sample was bound with Na2SO4. The reproducibility for each technique was very good (relative standard deviation was typically <10%); the slightly varying levels were attributed to deviations during sample cleanup and the generally low levels.

Acetates↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Nonequilibrium state of electrochemically activated water and its biological activity].

Changes in the physicochemical parameters (pH, redox potential and electroconductivity) of catholyte and anolyte produced by membrane electrolysis of distilled water and dilute (c < 10(-3) M) sodium chloride solutions were studied. The relaxation of these parameters after electrolysis and the influence of catholyte and anolyte on the growth of roots of Tradescantia viridis grafts, the development of duckweed, and the motive activity of infusoria Spirostomum ambiguum were investigated. It was found that the anolyte of distilled water stimulated development of these biological objects. The direction of shift of physicochemical parameters of catholyte and anolyte from equilibrium values and the type of their biological activity (stimulation or inhibition) depend on salt concentration in initial solution. Barbotage of initial distilled water with argon or nitrogen leads to a greater decrease in the redox potential of catholyte during electrolysis. The physicochemical parameters relax to equilibrium values, and the biological activity of catholite and anolyte decreases with time and practically disappears by the end of the day. It was found that the oxidation of reducing agent by atmospheric oxygen is not the sole cause of the relaxation of catalyte redox potential. The increase in the ionic strength of catholite and anolyte by the addition of concentrated sodium chloride after electrolysis decreases the rate of redox potential relaxation several times. The redox potential can be maintained for long periods by freezing.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of fluoride gels on micromorphology of resin-modified glass-ionomer cements and polyacid-modified resin composites.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surface micromorphology of resin-modified glass-ionomer cements and polyacid-modified resin composites subjected to a neutral sodium fluoride (NNaF) and an acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel application. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Thirty standardized cylindric specimens were randomly obtained from each of two resin-modified glass-ionomer cements-Fuji II LC Improved and Photac-Fil Aplicap-and two polyacid-modified resin composites--Dyract and F2000-amounting to 120 samples. After 1 week, the specimens were finished and polished with aluminum oxide disks. Surface treatments with fluoride gels, or distilled water as a control, were performed four times, interspersed with eight pH cycles, simulating high cariogenic challenges. Five calibrated evaluators assessed the surface micromorphology through photomicrographs. RESULTS: The Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant difference between the control and experimental groups for Fuji II LC Improved and Dyract. Photac-Fil Aplicap showed less micromorphologic change as a result of distilled water application, unlike the NNaF and APF treatments, which revealed no significant difference from each other. For F2000, there was no significant difference between the surfaces treated by NNaF and distilled water; the highest degradation occurred with the APF. CONCLUSION: Both the resin-modified glass-ionomer cements and the polyacid-modified resin composites showed erratic behaviors concerning their micromorphology when subjected to fluoride gel application.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of thermal cycling on OCA wear of composite restoratives.

This study investigated the effects of thermal cycling on wear of four commercial composite resins (Silux, Z100, Ariston and Surefil). Specimens of each material were divided into three treatment groups comprising a control and two different thermal cycling regimes. Control specimens were stored in distilled water at 35 degrees C for 178 hours. Thermal cycled specimens were stored in distilled water at 35 degrees C for 173 hours and subjected to five hours (300 cycles) of a thermal cycling regime consisting of the cycle ABAC, where A and B represent the fixed temperatures of 35 degrees C (28 seconds) and 15 degrees C (two seconds) and C, depending on the treatment group, was either 45 degrees C or 60 degrees C (two seconds). All specimens were subsequently subjected to wear testing at 20 MPa contact stress against SS304 counterbodies with distilled water as the lubricant. Wear depth (microm; n=6) was measured using profilometry every 2,000 cycles up to 10,000 cycles. Results were analyzed using ANOVA/Scheffe's test (p<0.05). The effect of thermal cycling on wear was material-dependent. The wear of Silux and Z100 were not significantly affected by thermal cycling. Thermal cycling of Ariston at an upper temperature of 60 degrees C significantly decreased wear resistance. Thermal cycling affected only the early wear resistance of Surefil.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2001

Hydrolysis kinetics of atrazine and influence factors.

The hydrolysis kinetics of atrazine in distilled water and leaching water from soil, and their influence factors were studied by incubation at 35 degrees C and HPLC analysis method. The kinetic process of atrazine hydrolysis can be described by the first-order reaction law. The results showed that the hydrolysis rate constants k in leaching water and distilled water were 1.606 x 10(-3)/d and 1.055 x 10(-3)/d, respectively; the half-life of atrazine hydrolysis in distilled water at pH 3, pH 4.5 and pH 8 were 373 days, 522 days and 657 days respectively. The results also showed that the proton in reaction solution can catalyze the atrazine hydrolysis; humic acid and NH4+ etc. substances in aqueous solution can facilitate atrazine hydrolysis; rate constants of atrazine hydrolysis with humic acid and NH4NO3 were 2.431 x 10(-3)/d and 1.498 x 10(-3)/d respectively which were 2.3 and 1.42 times of control (1.055 x 10(-3)/d); anion NO3- can inhibit catalysis of humic acid to atrazine hydrolysis.

Atrazine↗

PubMed2000

Dentin bond strength of packable composites using one-bottle adhesives.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the shear bond strength to dentin of packable composites using their respective one-bottle adhesives. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human, noncarious extracted permanent molars stored in distilled water were used. Flat buccal and lingual dentin surfaces were ground wet on 600-grit silicon carbide paper. The teeth were then distributed at random into four groups of 8 teeth (16 surfaces) each: Group 1: Gluma Comfort Bond/Solitaire II; Group 2: Bond 1/Alert; Group 3: Prime & Bond NT/Surefil; Group 4: OptiBond Solo/Prodigy Condensable. Group 5: Single Bond/Z250 (control) Cylindrical samples of the materials were prepared in plastic molds and bonded to the dentin surface according to the manufacturers' instructions. All samples were placed in distilled water for 24 hrs, thermocycled for 500 cycles in distilled water at 6 degrees C and 60 degrees C and sheared with a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. RESULTS: In MPa: Group 1: 24.39 +/- 3.54; Group 2: 28.96 +/- 4.62; Group 3: 30.77 +/- 4.71; Group 4: 30.82 +/- 3.29; Group 5: 24.93 +/- 5.14. ANOVA revealed that Groups 1 and 2 were statistically significantly different from the other groups; there was no statistically significant difference between Groups 2, 3 and 4.

Adhesives↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of cyclic temperature changes on water sorption and solubility of composite restoratives.

This study investigated the effects of cyclic temperature changes on the water sorption and solubility of four commercial composite resins (Silux Plus, Z100, Ariston pHc and Surefil). The methodology was based upon ISO 4049 procedures with modifications for specimen dimension and thermal-cycling. Eighteen disc specimens (10 +/- 1 mm diameter and 1 +/- 0.1 mm thick) were made for each composite and randomly divided into three groups. The specimens were stored in a desiccator maintained at 35 +/- 1 degrees C until a constant mass was achieved and treated as follows: Group 1--stored in distilled water at 356 degrees C for 178 hrs; Group 2--stored in distilled water at 35 degrees C for 173 hours and subjected to five hours of thermal-cycling with an upper temperature of 45 degrees C; and Group 3--stored in distilled water at 35 degrees C for 173 hours and subjected to five hours of thermal-cycling with an upper temperature of 60 degrees C. Mass after treatment was measured and specimens were re-conditioned to constant mass. The volume of the specimens was obtained and water sorption/solubility calculated. Data was analyzed using factorial ANOVA/Scheffe's post-hoc test at significance level 0.05. The effects of thermal-cycling on water sorption was material dependent. Thermal-cycling at an upper temperature of 60 degrees C significantly increased water sorption of Silux Plus. A significant increase in water sorption was also observed when Z100 was thermal-cycled at an upper temperature of 45 degrees C. The water sorption of Ariston pHc and Surefil was not affected by thermal-cycling. Thermal-cycling did not affect the solubility of all composites. For all treatment groups, Surefil had significantly lower water sorption than the other composites evaluated. The water sorption of Z100 and Surefil was significantly lower than Silux Plus and Ariston pHc.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2002

Effect of oral Kohki tea on bladder dysfunction induced by severe partial outlet obstruction.

PURPOSE: Extracts of the leaves of Engelhardtia chrysolepis, a subtropical plant that grows wild in southern China, have been used medicinally in east Asia for hundreds of years. A standard extract named Kohki tea (Maruzen Pharmaceuticals, Onomichi City, Japan) is sold over the counter in Japan as a sweet tea shown to confer many beneficial effects on general health and well-being. The tea contains strong antioxidants, including several dihydroflavonol glycosides. The results of previous studies show that natural products with antioxidant activities provide protective effects on the bladder of rabbits with partial outlet obstruction. We determined in vivo and in vitro whether oral pretreatment of rabbits with Kohki tea protects the bladder from dysfunction induced by partial outlet obstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 28 New Zealand White rabbits were separated into 4 groups of 7 each. Rabbits in groups 1 and 2 were treated by gavage with 100 mg./kg. Kohki tea daily in distilled water, while those in groups 3 and 4 were given distilled water. After 4 weeks of daily oral administration each rabbit was sedated, the bladder was catheterized and cystometry was performed at a filling rate of 1 ml. per minute. At the completion of cystometry the rabbits were immediately anesthetized. Moderate outlet obstruction was created in groups 1 and 3, and sham surgery was performed in groups 2 and 4. Treatment was continued for an additional 4 weeks, when each rabbit was sedated and cystometry was repeated. After cystometry the bladder was exposed through a midline incision, excised, weighed and 4 strips of bladder body were cut for contractility studies. The balance of the bladder was separated between smooth muscle and mucosa by blunt dissection, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -70C for biochemical analyses. RESULTS: Partial outlet obstruction stimulated similar increases in the bladder weight of all obstructed rabbits. Partial outlet obstruction resulted in a significant decrease in bladder compliance in all obstructed animals. However, the bladder of obstructed rabbits given Kohki tea were significantly more compliant than those given water. Voiding pressures in the control group and the obstructed group given distilled water were approximately equal, while obstructed rabbits given Kohki tea showed significantly higher maximal voiding pressure. The contractile responses to all forms of stimulation were reduced by obstruction to a significantly greater degree in the rabbits not given tea than in those given tea. Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-adenosine triphosphatase enzyme activity of the bladder was significantly reduced in obstructed rabbits given vehicle but activity was not reduced in obstructed rabbits given Kohki tea. CONCLUSIONS: Kohki tea had a significant protective effect on bladder function, contractile responses and bladder biochemistry in rabbits with moderate to severe partial outlet obstruction.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Sperm binding to the human zona pellucida and calcium influx in response to GnRH and progesterone.

In this study the effect of the sequential exposure of spermatozoa to progesterone and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) upon zona binding and the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration was evaluated. Sperm aliquots were treated as follows: (a) 0.7 micro mol l(-1) progesterone or 0.1% DMSO (progesterone solvent) followed by 50 nmol l(-1) of GnRH; (b) 50 nmol l(-1) of GnRH or distilled water (GnRH solvent) followed by 0.7 micro mol l(-1) of progesterone. Additional aliquots were incubated with DMSO or distilled water (controls) and with 0.7 micro mol l(-1) of progesterone or 50 nmol l(-1) of GnRH. All treatments were for 5 min. Motile spermatozoa were incubated in modified Tyrode's medium, at 37 degrees C, 5% CO2, 10 x 10(6) spermatozoa ml(-1), for 4.5 h. Intracellular Ca2+ concentration and sperm-zona binding was evaluated using fura 2 and the hemizona assay, respectively. GnRH and progesterone increased sperm-zona binding and the Ca2+ concentration. Regarding zona binding, the effect of GnRH was significantly greater when the spermatozoa had been previously treated with progesterone (progesterone-->GnRH=185 +/- 116 zona-bound spermatozoa versus DMSO-->GnRH=99 +/- 15, P < 0.001). On the other hand, previous treatment with GnRH did not modify their subsequent response to progesterone (GnRH-->progesterone= 114 +/- 19 zona-bound spermatozoa versus distilled water-->progesterone=108 +/- 22, NS). The results regarding intracellular Ca2+ showed a similar pattern. These findings suggest a priming effect of progesterone upon a GnRH-induced increase in sperm-zona binding and intracellular Ca2+.

Calcium↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of in-office bleaching products on surface finish of tooth-colored restorations.

A number of "high power" in-office bleaching products have recently been re-introduced into the market. The use of such strong oxidizing agents has raised questions as to possible adverse effects on tooth structure and restorative materials. This study evaluated the effects of 35% carbamide peroxide (Opalescence Quick) and 35% hydrogen peroxide (Opalescence Xtra) on the surface finish of four tooth-colored restorative materials (Spectrum TPH, Dyract AP, Reactmer and Fuji II LC). Twenty-seven matrix-finished specimens of each material were fabricated, stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for seven days and randomly divided into three groups. Specimens in Group 1 were stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C (control). Specimens in Groups 2 and 3 were treated with 35% carbamide peroxide and 35% hydrogen peroxide, respectively. A total of three 30-minute bleaching sessions were conducted at one-week intervals. Storage medium during the hiatus period was distilled water at 37 degrees C. Surface roughness measurements were carried out using profilometry after each bleaching session. Data was analyzed using ANOVA/Scheffe's test at a 0.05 significance level. No significant difference in surface roughness was observed between the bleached and the control groups for all materials. In-office bleaching products are not detrimental to the surface finish of composites, compomers, giomers and resin-modified glass ionomer cements.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1999

[Chemical constituents of the essential oil from the fruits of Lindera glauca and its antifungal activities].

The chemical constituents of the two essential oils extracted from the fruits of Lindera glauca by hydrodistillation and petroleum ether have been studied by means of GC-MS. Among which, 32 kinds of constituents were identified in distilling oil and 22 kinds in solvent oil. The main components in distilling oil were n-carpric acid (25.39%), germacrene A (10.71%), n-dodecanole acid (10.08%), epishyobunol acetate (7.29%) and caryophyllene oxide (5.44%), and in solvent oil were camphene (17.55%), 3,6,6-trimethyl-2-norpinene (16.85%), capric acid, ethyl ester (13.61%), eucalyptol (8.10%), and alpha-cis-ocimene (7.38%), In vitro the distilling oil exhibited more manifest antifungal properties than the solvent oil with MIC between 0.03-0.5 ml/L for pathogenic fungi species and 1.0-1.5 ml/L for moulds. Almost having not contained the sesquiterpenoids and their derivatives in the solvent oil maybe were a reason of poor inhibitory.

Antifungal Agents↗

PubMed1976

Appraisal of existing methodology in aspiration toxicity testing.

New methods or modifications of currently used methods in aspiration toxicology must be capable of accurately assessing the hazard and toxicity potentials of those products which are capable of being aspirated. The methods evaluated in the rat were intratracheal injections,intravenous injections, and modifications of the Gerarde technique. A product containing petroleum distillates and a standard viscosity petroleum distillate sample were administered to Osborne-Mendel rats, rabbits, and guinea pigs in ml/kg doses. The utility of the methods was determined by comparing lung weight increases, lung-body weight ratios, gross pathological lung changes, and mortality. The modified Gerarde technique showed the best potential for predicting aspiration hazard and toxicity based on the severity of the reactions which, using a radiolabeled oil, was shown to be a function of the amount of product which enters and reacts with the lungs. The influence of preventing the swallowing reflex to assure aspiration of the oil was assessed in the rat. The results show that less than 10% of the dose is aspirated when the swallowing reflex occurs. Methods of sacrifice were investigated for an effect on rat lung weight. No tested method except stunning with cervical dislocation produced an effect. Tests were conducted on rats and rabbits to determine differences in lung reactivity to the influence of inhalation anesthetics, pentothal sodium, or no anesthesia in response to petroleum distillate administration and to determine which test species is the better animal model. The resuls indicate that the rat is the better test model because of degree of lung reaction, size, and economy, and that inhalation anesthesia with ether is preferable over the other choices.

Animals↗