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PubMed1995

Comparison of body composition between German and American adults with mental retardation.

Several studies have confirmed that there is a high incidence of obesity among adults with mental retardation (MR) living in the United States. However, there has never been a systematic comparison of the anthropometric characteristics between adults with MR from different countries. The purpose of this study was to compare the body composition levels of 210 adults with MR residing in two different residential settings in the United States and in Germany. Subjects' mean age was 31.7 yr. Skinfold measurements were used to estimate percent body fat (PBF), and height and weight were used to compute body mass index (BMI). Results indicated that PBF was significantly higher among females (P < 0.001); subjects in the institutional setting had significantly lower PBF and BMI levels than subjects in the family setting (P < 0.001); and PBF and BMI levels were significantly higher in subjects from the United States compared with the German subjects (P < 0.001). These findings indicate a need for further investigation into the caloric intake, energy expenditure, lifestyle, and metabolic characteristics of adults with MR living in the United States and Germany.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1997

Nutrient intakes by young children in a prospective randomized trial of a low-saturated fat, low-cholesterol diet. The STRIP Baby Project. Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project for Babies.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of individualized and repeatedly given dietary counseling on fat intake and nutrient intake of children aged 8 months to 4 years. DESIGN: Prospective randomized clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS: Children (N = 1062) from 1054 families were randomized to an intervention (n = 540) or a control (n = 522) group when each child participant was 6 months old. INTERVENTIONS: The children in the intervention group were counseled to reduce their intake of saturated fat and cholesterol but to ensure their adequate energy intake. Dietary issues were discussed with the families of the children in the control group only briefly according to the current practice of well-baby clinics. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Food consumption was evaluated by using 3- and 4-day food records that were kept at 5- to 12-month intervals, and nutrient intakes were analyzed with a Micro Nutrica computer program (Social Insurance Institution, Turku, Finland). RESULTS: The intake of fat (29% of the energy intake) and cholesterol (70 mg) showed no differences between the groups of children at 8 months of age. The fat intake in the children in the intervention group was then continuously 2% of the energy intake below that of the children in the control group (P < .001). After the age of 13 months, the cholesterol intake of the children in the control group exceeded that of the children in the intervention group by 20 mg (P < .001). The children in the intervention group consumed 3% (of the energy intake) less saturated (P < .001) and 1% (of the energy intake) more polyunsaturated fats (P < .001) than did the children in the control group at age 13 months and older. The carbohydrate intake was slightly higher in the children in the intervention group than in the children in the control group. Intakes of vitamins, minerals, and trace elements showed no differences between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: The intakes of fat by the children in the intervention and control groups were markedly below values that were recommended for the first 2 years of life. Despite the low intake of fat, the intake of other nutrients fulfilled current recommendations, except for vitamin D and iron. Individualized dietary counseling that led to clear changes in the type of fat intake had a minimal effect on vitamin or mineral intakes.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2001

High intake of energy, sucrose, and polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with increased risk of preeclampsia.

OBJECTIVE: Preeclampsia is associated with high body mass index, insulin resistance, and hypertriglyceridemia. Our objective was to investigate prospectively whether diet in the first half of pregnancy is associated with the risk for preeclampsia. STUDY DESIGN: This prospective, population-based, cohort study of pregnant women investigated dietary intake early in the second trimester with a quantitative food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: The questionnaire was completed by 3133 women (83%). Preeclampsia developed in 85 women. Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) for preeclampsia was 3.7 (1.5-8.9) for energy intake of >3350 kcal/d compared with < or =2000 kcal/d. Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) for preeclampsia was 3.6 (1.3-9.8) for sucrose intake (percent of total energy) of >25% compared with < or =8.5% and 2.6 (1.3-5.4) for polyunsaturated fatty acids intake (percent of total energy) of >7.5% compared with < or =5.2%. Other energy-providing nutrients were not associated with the risk for preeclampsia. CONCLUSION: The current study suggests that high intakes of energy, sucrose, and polyunsaturated fatty acids independently increase the risk for preeclampsia.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Utilization and requirement of egg protein in Japanese women.

Utilization and requirement of egg protein in Japanese women with two levels of energy intake were estimated. In experiment 1, fifteen female students were given semi-purified diet containing whole egg as the sole nitrogen source for 12 days. Nitrogen intakes were 50 for five, 75 for two and 100 mg N/kg for eight subjects. Habitual energy intake was determined individually by detailed inquiry about the foods consumed before the experiment was started. Mean energy intake was 33 kcal/kg. In experiment 2, eighteen other subjects were given the same diet containing four intake levels of egg protein (30, 50, 75, 100 mg N/kg) with an energy intake of about 100 kcal/day added to that calculated by the food intake inquiry. The mean energy intake was 37 kcal/kg. The total nitrogen contents of the experimental diet, urine and feces were analyzed and the nitrogen balance was estimated from these figures. Significant rectilinear relations were found between nitrogen intake (X, mg N/kg) and balance (Y, mg N/kg). The regression equations were: Experiment 1: Y = 0.256X - 34.4 (n = 15, r = 0.742) Experiment 2: Y = 0.326X - 29.7 (n = 18, r = 0.645) The maintenance intakes of whole egg protein for apparent nitrogen equilibrium were calculated to be 134 and 91 mg N/kg with energy intakes of 33 and 37 kcal/kg, respectively. Net protein utilization (NPU) and digestibility of egg protein were calculated using the obligatory N losses previously determined in Japanese women. The NPUs at the maintenance level of egg protein with energy intakes of 33 and 37 kcal/kg were estimated as 31 and 47, respectively. The mean digestibility of egg protein was 96%.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Spanish food patterns.

Data from household food budgetary surveys and regional, population-based, cross-sectional studies show a declining trend in energy intake in the last decades, also applicable to protein, fat and carbohydrate intakes in absolute terms. The pattern suggests a lower fat content in the diet. Protein intake is 200% of the recommended level. Spanish food patterns underwent dramatic changes between the 1960s and the 1980s, including an important increase in fat intake, up to 44% energy intake from fat in the 1980s. The trend changed in the 1990s, and current fat supply provides an average of 37% of energy intake. Main sources of fat in the Spanish diet are added fats for cooking (49% of total fat intake), especially olive oil; meat and meat products (25%); and a lower percentage provided by milk and dairy products. Most saturated fatty acids are supplied by meats (30%) and dairy products (27%). Rapid urbanisation processes and the growing proportion of females in the active workforce have led to important changes in food patterns in the last decades. On the one hand, some changes had a positive impact, such as increasing variety in the diet and access to food; on the other hand, some changes moved the Spanish diet away from the traditional Mediterranean food pattern. Current food patterns evidence high consumption of animal products: meat, fish, milk and dairy products. It seems advisable to increase consumption of plant foods, particularly whole-grain cereals, potatoes and pulses. Intake of fruit and vegetables shows a shift towards a greater consumption of processed foods rather than fresh products, and overall a greater consumption would be recommended.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Estimating energy needs of pediatric patients with burns.

Recent reports indicate that formulas used to estimate the energy needs of pediatric patients with burns overestimate the energy consumption that results in maintenance of body weight in these patients. The purpose of this project was to determine which of four formulas (identified as Boston, Galveston, UCSD original, or UCSD modified) most accurately estimated the energy consumption needed to maintain body weight in pediatric patients with burns. The medical records of 12 subjects, 1 to 12 years of age, who maintained body weight (within +/- 10% of dry weight) were reviewed retrospectively. Analysis of variance was used to compare the patients' energy intakes with their estimated energy needs by use of each of the four formulas. All four formulas overestimated the energy intakes that resulted in maintenance of body weight (p < 0.05), but the estimate that used the Galveston formula was closest to actual energy consumption.

Body Weight↗

PubMed1994

Growth and intakes of energy and zinc in infants fed human milk.

The objectives of this study were to examine the growth pattern of healthy infants who were fed human milk exclusively for > or = 5 months and its relationship to intakes of milk, energy, and zinc. Monthly anthropometric measurements were obtained on 71 infants through 7 months of age and on 43 through 9 months. Milk zinc concentrations were determined and milk intake was measured by 3-day test weighing. Mean (+/- SD) calculated energy intake from human milk was 106 +/- 20, 79 +/- 11, 70 +/- 10, and 57 +/- 12 kcal/kg per day at 2 weeks and 3, 5, and 7 months of age, respectively; intake from milk plus solids was 70 +/- 13 kcal/kg at 7 months. Zinc intakes from human milk were 2.3 +/- 0.68, 1.0 +/- 0.43, 0.81 +/- 0.42, and 0.52 +/- 0.31 mg/day at these points. The maximum mean weight-for-age percentile for both sexes was 62 at 2 months; the mean percentile declined to 33 by 7 months and to 25 by 9 months of age. Mean length-for-age percentile declined from 43 at 2 weeks of age to 28 and 26 by 7 and 9 months of age, respectively. Energy intake at 2 weeks of age was positively associated with the weight increment from 2 weeks to 7 months of age (p = 0.003) and with a change in weight-for-age z scores from 2 weeks to 3 months of age (p = 0.028). Mean energy intakes of healthy breast-fed infants are lower through the first 7 months of life than current recommendations. Zinc intakes of breast-fed infants are likely to be adequate, on average, through 5 months of breast-feeding but subsequently are marginal without the introduction of weaning foods. Revision of standards for growth based on observations in breast-fed infants may be appropriate, but the possibility of growth-limiting nutrient deficiencies should also be investigated.

Body Height↗

PubMed2006

Eating patterns and dietary composition in relation to BMI in younger and older adults.

OBJECTIVE: To compare relative associations of eating patterns and dietary composition with body mass index (BMI) in younger (aged 20-59 years, n=1792) and older (aged 60-90 years, n=893) participants in the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals, collected 1994-1996. METHODS: Data from two 24-h dietary recalls from individuals reporting physiologically plausible energy intake (within +/-22% of predicted energy requirements, based on previously published methods) were used. RESULTS: Mean reported energy intake was 96 and 95% of predicted energy requirements in younger and older subjects, respectively. Older subjects were less likely than younger subjects to skip a meal, but snacking was common in both age groups. Fiber density was significantly higher in the older group. A higher BMI in both age groups was associated with a higher total daily energy intake, and higher energy intakes at all eating occasions. In both age groups, eating frequency was positively associated with energy intake, and eating more than three times a day was associated with being overweight or obese. In the younger group but not the older group, a lower fiber density coupled with higher percentage of energy from fat was independently associated with having a higher BMI. CONCLUSIONS: While no one eating occasion contributes more than any other to excess adiposity, eating more often than three times a day may play a role in overweight and obesity in both younger and older persons. A reduced satiety response to dietary fiber in addition to lower energy expenditure may potentially further contribute to weight gain in older persons.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Diet and gallstones in Italy: the cross-sectional MICOL results.

Fifteen thousand nine hundred ten men and 13,674 women (age, 30-69 years) were enrolled in an epidemiological survey of the general population, between December 1984 and April 1987. Each participant was submitted to ultrasonography (US) of the gallbladder and completed a food-frequency questionnaire, covering 38 food items. A common portion size was identified and subjects were asked how often each item was consumed. Nutrient intake was computed by multiplying the intake frequency and nutrient content per portion for each item, and then by summing the product over all foods. Each nutrient intake was adjusted for energy intake. Alcohol intake was calculated by summing the consumption of wine, beer, and liquor. Having excluded subjects aware of having gallstones (GS) or previously submitted to cholecystectomy (to avoid prothopatic bias), 787 males and 1,014 females with GS and 14,272 males and 10,836 females without GS were available for analysis. Relative risks (RR) of GS were computed by quintiles of nutrient intake. The overnight fasting period was calculated as the difference between the specified time of dinner and the time of the next meal (breakfast or lunch). A significant negative association was found between RR of GS and total energy intake for males (chi2 for trend = 8.37; P = .004), fiber intake for females (chi2 = 5.45; P = .02), and daily alcohol consumption for males (chi2 = 10.86; P = .001). A positive association was observed between RR of GS and carbohydrate (chi2 = 5.95; P = .01 for males; chi2 = 9.39; P = .002 for females) and protein intake only for males (chi2 = 10.92; P = .01). Prevalence of GS was higher among subjects who had an overnight fasting period of over 12 hours than subjects with that of less than 12 hours. (RR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.01-1.80 for males; RR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.03-1.60 for females). These data do not confirm that high energy intake is associated with an increased risk of GS. Factors protecting against GS comprise: low carbohydrate (males and females) and protein (males) intakes, high fiber (females) and moderate alcohol intake (males) consumption, and a shorter overnight fasting period for both sexes.

Cholelithiasis↗

PubMed1991

Growth and development of Leghorn pullets subjected to abrupt changes in environmental temperature and dietary energy level.

Four trials were conducted to note the response of pullets to changes in environmental temperature and energy level at 56 days of age. In each trial, birds were fed diets providing either 2,500 or 3,000 kcal ME/kg throughout rearing, or with a single diet change from 2,500 to 3,000 and 3,000 to 2,500 kcal ME/kg occurring at 56 days. Each of the four diet scenarios was tested with six replicate caged groups each containing 10 pullets. In Trials 1 and 2 environmental temperature was maintained at 18 and 30 C, respectively, to 126 days. In Trials 3 and 4, temperature was changed at 56 days from 18 to 30 C and 30 to 18 C, respectively. Regardless of environmental temperature conditions, diet change per se had minimal effect on growth and development. Rather dietary energy level used from 56 to 126 days had the greatest effect on growth, with birds fed the highest energy content diet generally being heaviest. However, this effect was not significant (P greater than .05) in all trials, which is probably related to a lack of effect on energy intake under such conditions. Final body weight was more closely associated with energy intake than with protein intake and energy intake was maximized when high-energy diets were used after 56 days of age. Consumption of high-energy diets after 56 days, regardless of trial conditions, always resulted in increased carcass fat content at 126 days. It was concluded that abrupt and major changes in environmental temperature or dietary energy as used in these trials have little deleterious effect on pullet development. Conditions prevailing during later stages of growth have a far greater effect than changes per se in these parameters.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2006

Meal and snack patterns are associated with dietary intake of energy and nutrients in US adults.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that specific meal and snack patterns are associated with selected nutrient intakes in US adults. DESIGN: Using the 24-hour dietary recall from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, meal and snack patterns were described in relation to nutrient intakes. SUBJECTS: The study included US adults aged 20 years or older (n=15,978). STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: All statistical analyses accounted for the survey design and sample weights. Linear regression analyses controlled for confounding factors, including energy intakes. Wald F tests were used for determination of significance between means of nutrient intakes by daily eating frequency or meal pattern groups. RESULTS: Daily eating frequency was positively related to carbohydrate, folic acid, vitamin C, calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium, and fiber intakes and inversely related to protein, total fat, cholesterol, and sodium intakes. Meal patterns were further categorized into the five most commonly reported meal and snack combinations by population percentages including breakfast (B), lunch (L), dinner (D), and > or =2 snacks (S) (31.6%); B, L, D and 1 S (15.4%); B, D and > or =2 S (13.1%); B, L, D (8.3%); and L, D and > or =2 S (7.6%). Groups reporting B, L, D and 1 S and B, L, D and > or =2 S had the highest intakes of all micronutrients examined except cholesterol, vitamin B-6, and sodium. Breakfast skippers (L, D and > or =2 S) had the lowest intakes of all micronutrients examined except sodium. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this cross-sectional survey suggest that meal and snack patterns may be markers for nutrient intakes and therefore diet quality. Complete nutrient intakes should be considered in investigations of meal patterns and health outcomes.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Partitioning of nutrients in Merino ewes. I. Contribution of skeletal muscle, the pregnant uterus and the lactating mammary gland to total energy expenditure.

The contribution of leg muscle, pregnant uterine tissue and lactating mammary gland to overall energy utilization was determined in Merino ewes. Ewes were offered one of three diets based on chaffed oaten hay (7.9 MJ metabolizable energy per kilogram dry matter); chaffed lucerne hay (8.6 MJ/kg); or a 50:50 (w/w) mixture of chaffed oaten and lucerne hays (8.2 MJ/kg). Measurements were made during five different physiological states: dry (non-pregnant), at 94 and 125 days after mating, and at 20 and 50 days after lambing. Tissue energy use was calculated from oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide output obtained from measurement of blood flow and arteriovenous difference. Whole-body energy use was calculated from carbon dioxide energy rate. Energy use by leg muscle was 144 +/- 8 (mean +/- s.e.) kJ kg-1 day-1, and unrelated to metabolizable energy intake, but leg energy use increased with ewe body weight. On the basis that leg muscle was representative of all muscle, total muscle energy use accounted for 26 +/- 4% of whole-body energy expenditure in dry ewes. Uterine energy use per unit weight was respectively 348 +/- 53 and 254 +/- 23 kJ kg-1 day-1 at 94 and 125 days after mating. Milk production was highly correlated with weight of secretory tissue, and with blood flow to the mammary gland. The ratio of blood flow to milk produced was 473:1 in ewes producing from 200 to 1000 ml of milk per day. The mammary gland used energy to produce milk with an efficiency of 0.90 +/- 0.01, a value close to the theoretical estimate of 0.89. On the basis that metabolic rate does not increase during lactation, the efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for milk production was 0.51 +/- 0.05. Examination of energy use by different tissues indicated that energy use by muscle was related to weight, but energy use by remaining tissues (whole body less muscle, uterus and mammary gland) was related to metabolizable energy intake. The results reveal an increase in energy use by the remaining tissue in lactating ewes (8500 +/- 569 kJ/day) compared with dry (5634 +/- 216 kJ/day) and pregnant ewes (5815 +/- 393 kJ/day).

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Energy budget in free-living animals: a novel approach based on the doubly labeled water method.

We provide a theoretical and practical model for the calculation of energy balance of free-living animals using the doubly labeled water method. Energy expenditure, metabolizable energy intake, and body energy balance (energy retention, negative or positive) of animals are estimated using CO2 production, water influx, and dietary habits. This model accounts for CO2 produced from the 1) oxidation of dietary substrates, 2) catabolism of body tissue, and 3) deposition of body energy. We examined the model using data from studies on five homeotherms reported in the literature. The ratios between daily energy expenditure using our model and that presented in the reports ranged between 0.76 and 1.18. Metabolizable energy intakes were as low as 43% of energy expenditure in negative energy-balanced hummingbirds and as high as 245% of energy expenditure in positive energy-balanced koala bears. This model is the first that allows theoretical calculation of all energy budget components, including energy retention, in free-living animals using the doubly labeled water method.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Energy balance and breast cancer risk: a prospective cohort study.

While there is evidence that breast cancer risk is positively associated with body mass index (in postmenopausal women) and energy intake and inversely associated with physical activity, few studies have examined breast cancer risk in association with energy balance, the balance between energy intake and expenditure. Therefore, in the cohort study reported here, we studied the independent and combined associations of vigorous physical activity, energy consumption, and body mass index (BMI), with breast cancer risk. The investigation was conducted in 49,613 Canadian women who were participants in the National Breast Screening Study (NBSS) and who completed self-administered lifestyle and food frequency questionnaires between 1980 and 1985. Linkages to national mortality and cancer databases yielded data on deaths and cancer incidence, with follow-up ending between 1998 and 2000. During a mean 16.4 years of follow-up, we observed 2545 incident breast cancer cases. Due to exclusions for various reasons, the analyses were based on 40,318 subjects amongst whom there were 1673 incident cases of breast cancer. Participation in vigorous physical activity and body mass index were not independently associated with breast cancer risk in the total cohort. A statistically significant positive trend was observed, however, between energy intake and breast cancer risk (P (trend )= 0.01). Although there was some variation in risk associated with vigorous physical activity, and BMI when the analyses were stratified by menopausal status, these interactions were not statistically significant. The interaction between menopausal status and energy intake, however, was of borderline statistical significance (P (interaction )= 0.06), with a statistically significant increased risk of breast cancer associated with highest versus lowest quartile of energy intake among premenopausal women (Hazard Ratio [HR] = 1.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.13- 1.85, P (trend) = 0.001). There was evidence of an increased risk of breast cancer associated with a relatively high body mass index among postmenopausal women in the highest quartile level of energy intake (Hazard Ratio [HR] = 1.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01- 2.93, P (trend) = 0.05). In addition, there was evidence of an increased risk of breast cancer among premenopausal, physically inactive, overweight/obese women who consumed > or =1972 kcal/day compared to physically active normal weight women who consumed <1972 kcal/day (HR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.08-2.37). Our data suggest that obese premenopausal women with relatively high energy intake may be at increased risk of breast cancer. In addition, energy imbalance, represented by a relatively high energy intake, lack of participation in vigorous physical activity, and a relatively high body mass index, may be associated with increased breast cancer risk, particularly among premenopausal women.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Dietary intake and practices in the Hong Kong Chinese population.

OBJECTIVES: To examine dietary intake and practices of the adult Hong Kong Chinese population to provide a basis for future public health recommendations with regard to prevention of certain chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and osteoporosis. PARTICIPANTS: Age and sex stratified random sample of the Hong Kong Chinese population aged 25 to 74 years (500 men, 510 women). METHOD: A food frequency method over a one week period was used for nutrient quantification, and a separate questionnaire was used for assessment of dietary habits. Information was obtained by interview. RESULTS: Men had higher intakes of energy and higher nutrient density of vitamin D, monounsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol, but lower nutrient density of protein, many vitamins, calcium, iron, copper, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. There was an age related decrease in energy intake and other nutrients except for vitamin C, sodium, potassium, and percentage of total calorie from carbohydrate, which all increased with age. Approximately 50% of the population had a cholesterol intake of < or = 300 mg; 60% had a fat intake < or = 30% of total energy; and 85% had a percentage of energy from saturated fats < or = 10%; criteria considered desirable for cardiovascular health. Seventy eight per cent of the population had sodium intake values in the range shown to be associated with the age related rise in blood pressure with age. Mean calcium intake was lower than the FAO/WHO recommendations. The awareness of the value of wholemeal bread and polyunsaturated fat spreads was lower in this population compared with that in Australia. There was a marked difference in types of cooking oil compared with Singaporeans, the latter using more coconut/palm/mixed vegetable oils. CONCLUSION: Although the current intake pattern for cardiovascular health for fat, saturated fatty acid, and cholesterol fall within the recommended range for over 50% of the population, follow up surveys to monitor the pattern would be needed. Decreasing salt consumption, increasing calcium intake, and increasing the awareness of the health value of fibre may all be beneficial in the context of chronic disease prevention.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Intakes of energy and macronutrients and the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

BACKGROUND: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common disease of older men. Although the etiology remains unclear, nutritional factors may have an effect on the disease. OBJECTIVE: Because the literature on the relations between macronutrient intakes and BPH risk is limited, we examined these relations among men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. DESIGN: We followed men aged 40-75 y from baseline in 1986 to 1994. Total BPH cases (n = 3523) comprised men who reported BPH surgery (n = 1589) or who did not undergo surgery but scored 15-35 points on the lower urinary tract symptom questionnaire of the American Urological Association (n = 1934); non-cases were men who scored < or = 7 points (n = 24388). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were calculated by using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: The ORs rose with increasing total energy intake in a comparison of the highest and lowest quintiles for total BPH (OR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.45) and symptoms of BPH (1.43; 1.23, 1.66). Energy-adjusted total protein intake was positively associated with total BPH (1.18; 1.05, 1.33) and BPH surgery (1.26; 1.06, 1.49). Energy-adjusted total fat intake was not associated with risk of total BPH, but intakes of eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic, and arachidonic acids were associated with a moderate increase in risk of total BPH. CONCLUSIONS: We observed modest direct associations between BPH and intakes of total energy, protein, and specific long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Because eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic, and arachidonic acids are highly unsaturated fatty acids, our findings support a possible role of oxidative stress in the etiology of BPH.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

[Increase of physical activity by improvement of the nutritional status].

Physical activity is affected by nutritional modifications and, in turn, influences growth, cognition, social behavior, work performance and other functions. Studies in preschool children showed that: 1. A decrease in energy intake during four to seven days reduced the time allocated to energy-demanding activities and increased sedentary activities. 2. Children with mild weight deficit were more sedentary than well-nourished counterparts. 3. Children became more active when nutritional status improved. 4. A 10% reduction in energy intake reduced total energy expenditure by 15% without affecting weight gain nor basal metabolism. Studies of men working in non-mechanized agriculture showed that: 1. Dietary improvements led to faster salaried work, reduction of napping time and greater physical activity after work. 2. An increase in energy intake increased total daily energy expenditure, tending to maintain energy balance and relatively stable body weight within the cyclic variations of the agricultural year. 3. Food supplementation did not necessarily improve productivity. Other labor incentives without dietary improvements increased energy expenditure during working hours, which resulted in weight loss. In conclusion, good health and nutrition provide the biological basis for adequate physical activity that may improve cognitive development, social interactions, economic productivity and the quality of life of an individual or a population, but other incentives are required for the optimal expression of that biologic potential.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Estimation of energy requirements in persons with severe central nervous system impairment.

We measured resting metabolic rate (RMR) in 12 persons (aged 10 to 30 years) with severe impairment of the central nervous system requiring gastrostomy feedings, and compared our findings with the RMR predicted from standardized equations. The RMR was 70.6% +/- 15.7% of that predicted from the Mayo Clinic nomogram, 63.7% +/- 18% of that predicted from the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University equation, and 75.4% +/- 17.3% of that predicted from the Robertson and Reid equation. Energy intake was 756 +/- 225 kcal/day and RMR was 708 +/- 231 kcal/day; RMR adjusted for changes in body energy stores was 729 +/- 231 kcal/day. No significant differences were found between energy intake and RMR, or between energy intake and the sum of RMR and changes in body energy stores. These findings demonstrate that standardized equations overestimate energy needs of individuals with severe CNS impairment. Measures of energy intake adjusted for weight changes represent a valid method to determine energy requirements in a group of individuals with severe CNS impairment. Length was found to be significantly correlated with RMR (r = 0.79; p < 0.01). When the regression equation was tested on another group of subjects from the same residential facility, the equation predicted energy needs reasonably well for those individuals with similar energy intakes but not for all patients with CNS disorders.

Adolescent↗