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At least 1,531 records · Page 85Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

An evaluation of football helmets under impact conditions.

The impact attenuating characteristics of a sample of 81 football helmets used in competitive high school programs were determined using a Hodgson-Wayne State University (WSU) headform and a modified National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE) test protocol. The helmets, classified by liner type as suspension (37), padded-suspension (22), and padded (22) had been in use for 6 to 8 years. Each was subjected to two consecutive right rear boss impacts from a drop height of 1.5 m, onto a rigid anvil covered with a 45 durometer hardness rubber pad. Analogue signals from a triaxial accelerometer located at the center of gravity of the headform were analogue to digital (A/D) converted at 6060.6 Hz and processed on a Hewlett Packard 9845B minicomputer to yield a resultant acceleration-time curve from which peak acceleration (gpeak) and the Gadd Severity Index (GSI) were determined. The mean gpeak was 205 g for helmets with suspension liners, 165 g for helmets with padded-suspension liners, and 156 g for helmets with padded liners. Twenty-four suspension helmets and five padded or padded-suspension helmets had GSI values greater than 1200. Using a criterion of GSI1500, the failure rate for suspension helmets was 19% compared to 2% for padded and padded-suspension helmets combined. If the criterion chosen was GSI1200, the failure rate for suspension helmets was 65% as opposed to 11% for the padded and padded-suspension helmets combined. Suspension helmets are decidedly inferior under impact conditions to the padded and padded-suspension helmets.

Craniocerebral Trauma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Helmet protection from head injuries among recreational bicyclists.

Head injuries account for the great majority of bicycling deaths and hospital admissions. Helmet use has been suggested as an effective means of preventing injury, but few studies have addressed this issue. We collected questionnaire data by mail from 191 recreational bicyclists who reported having fallen and struck their heads in a cycling mishap. Information was collected on the nature of the mishap, the extent of injury, and the helmet status of the rider at the time of the fall. Fifty-seven percent of riders were wearing helmets during the mishap. Helmet wearers were significantly older than those not wearing helmets. Helmet wearers experienced significantly fewer skull fractures (1% versus 11%) and facial soft tissue injuries (5% versus 18%) than those not wearing helmets (chi 2 = 6.7, 6.5; P = 0.01, 0.01). No other variables accounted for differences in injuries. These data support the contention that bicycle helmets are effective in preventing head injuries.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

An evaluation of lenses designed to block light emitted by light-curing units.

A number of protective lenses are available to prevent ocular injury from wavelength spectrum generated by visible light. Four of the five lenses tested absorbed virtually all of the radiation transmitted in the 200 to 800 nm level. Protective eyewear should be used when blue and ultraviolet light-curing units are involved.

Composite Resins↗
PubMed1984

Reducing self-injury and corresponding self-restraint through the strategic use of protective clothing.

We examined the use of protective clothing to reduce a retarded male's face-punching and leg-kicking and two corresponding forms of self-restraint--arm and leg self-restraint. The resident was observed each day in three sessions of randomly ordered conditions (one condition per session): without any protective clothing, with a padded helmet, and with a padded helmet and padded slippers. Use of the padded helmet substantially reduced face-punching and arm self-restraint. The addition of padded slippers reduced leg-kicking and leg self-restraint. These results suggest a practical and effective means of controlling self-injury and self-restraint. They are also consistent with the possibility that the resident's arm restraint was maintained in part by escape or avoidance of face-punching and that his leg restraint was maintained in part by escape or avoidance of leg-kicking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Bicyclists, helmets and head injuries: a rider-based study of helmet use and effectiveness.

We interviewed 516 bicyclists over age 10 regarding helmet use and head injuries. Although 19 per cent owned helmets, only 8 per cent were wearing them when interviewed. Riders wearing helmets were more highly educated and reported higher car seat belt use. Nearly 4 per cent of the bicyclists reported striking their heads in a cycling mishap during the previous 18 months; those wearing helmets at the time of the mishap were less likely to have sustained head injuries.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Efficiency of respirator canisters with methyl bromide.

Two kinds of respirator canisters, an organic vapor (OV) canister containing activated carbon and a methyl bromide (MB) canister containing activated carbon impregnated with triethylenediamine were investigated for their filtration efficiency of MB gas under various conditions of MB concentration, humidity and temperature. At lower MB concentrations, the breakthrough time of the OV canister was shorter than that of the MB canister. It also decreased with an increase in temperature, whereas the breakthrough time of the MB canister did not change with temperature. Humidity affected the breakthrough times of the OV canister as much as those of the MB canister. The desorption and the remaining filtration efficiency of MB gas were examined in both canisters which had been used for fumigation in plant quarantine. More than 5 ppm of MB gas leaked from 11 out of 18 used OV canisters, whereas less than 0.1 ppm MB leaked out from each of the used MB canisters. The mean remaining breakthrough time of the used OV canisters was 9.3 min, whereas that of the used MB canisters was 74.4 min. From the present study, it was shown that the gas masks with the OV canisters were not suitable for fumigating with MB gas.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed1979

Five-year review of spinal cord injuries in motorcyclists.

One hundred and twenty motorcyclists with significant spinal cord injuries, who were admitted to hospital over a five-year period, have been reviewed. Fifty-one per cent of them suffered direct injuries to the vertebral column and spinal cord, the majority remaining permanently paraplegic. Thirteen of the 25 riders who became tetraplegic were wearing open-face helmets, and 11 of these remained permanently paralysed. The survey suggests that the open-face helmet offers less protection to the cervical spinal cord than the full-face helmet. There is an urgent need to review standards for the design of helmets worn by motorcyclists.

Accidents↗
PubMed2004

[Use of preventive strategies by surgeons and HIV exposure].

The objective of this study was to estimate how often surgeons use surgical gowns, masks, gloves and eyewear in the context of occupational exposure to HIV. The authors also wanted to determine what factors were associated with the use of these strategies. Generally surgeons reported infrequent use of preventive strategies. Regular use of double gloving was reported only by 8.5% of respondents, eye protection by 23%. About three-quarters of surgeons reported they always used masks and gowns, 86%--single gloves. Doctors who used eye protection regularly had less blood contacts via conjunctiva per year than surgeons who used such protection seldom or never (mean = 17.6 SD 52.2 vs mean = 21.5 SD 73.6; p<0.003). The older surgeons were more likely than the other respondents to use preventive strategies (p<0.01). Also, the orthopaedic surgeons more than the others adopted such strategies (p<0.0007). To improve the situation, efforts will need to be done to motivate the surgeons to adopt preventive strategies through adequate education system. Improving the comfort of barrier precautions and making them available may also increase the compliance with protection against HIV in the operation room.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bicycle helmets for children.

Children riding bicycles are at significant risk for head injuries. Although we can attempt to reduce the likelihood of an accident by teaching and enforcing safe riding skills, this will do little to reduce the incidence of a head injury if an accident occurs. Wearing a properly fitted and maintained helmet that has been certified is the best method for reducing a tragic injury. Choosing to have a child wear a helmet may cause adjustments, but it hardly compares to those imposed by any type of head injury.

Adolescent↗