PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “TOXOPLASMOSIS, OCULAR”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,531 records · Page 85Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Eye signs that alert the clinician to a diagnosis of AIDS.

One of the hallmarks of progressive immune deficiency is a steady decline in the absolute number of CD4+ T-lymphocytes. As the immune response thus becomes suppressed, opportunistic systemic infections such as protozoal (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, disseminated toxoplasmosis), viral (Cytomegalovirus pneumonitis and colitis and persistent invasive herpes simplex lesions), fungal (cryptococcossis and esophageal candidiasis) and bacterial infections (atypical mycobacterial and extrapulmonary tuberculosis) set in to claim their toll. Ocular complications occur in about 75% of AIDS patients and may be divided into four categories: Retinal microangiopathy, Opportunistic infections, Tumours, Neuro-ophthalmological lesions. Only the most frequently occurring manifestations will be highlighted.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pathologic correlations between ocular and cerebral lesions in 36 AIDS patients.

The eyes and brain have rarely been studied simultaneously in AIDS patients. We have examined both the eyes and brain of 36 patients autopsied these past 3 years. Ten cases had concomitant involvement of eyes and brain by the same pathology: cryptococcus neoformans in 1, aspergillus in another, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in 5, and B cell lymphomas in 2 (1 patient had the last 2 disorders associated). One patient presented pericapillary microhemorrhages in the retina of the left ocular globe as well as in the right occipital lobe. Six other patients had isolated CMV retinopathy and 4 others had B cell cerebral lymphomas. Eleven patients with foci of cerebral toxoplasmosis did not have visible cysts of toxoplasma gondii in their retina, in agreement with the other series devoted to the concomitant study of the eyes and brain in AIDS patients. On the other hand, their simultaneous involvement in an AIDS patient must first point to CMV infection.

AIDS Dementia Complex↗
PubMed1981

Serum antibody levels of uveitis patients to bovine retinal antigens.

Serum samples from 91 uveitis patients and controls were tested by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique to determine their relative antibody titers to bovine retinal S antigen and to a detergent extract of saline-washed bovine retina, or P antigen. Only those patients whose uveitis fell into the categories of toxoplasmosis, iritis, herpes keratouveitis, pars planitis, sarcoidosis. Behçet's syndrome, and Vogt-Koyamagi-Harada syndrome are presented in this study. Significantly elevated titers (P less than 0.05) of antibody to S antigen were found in the diagnostic categories of iritis, toxoplasmosis, sarcoidosis, and Behçet's. Elevated titers to the detergent extract were found in iritis (granulomatous and hypopyon subcategories only), toxoplasmosis, sarcoidosis, and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome. The anti-S titers of patients treated with systemic steroids were depressed below normal levels. A separate control group of patients with nonuveal ocular inflammations (conjunctivitis, episcleritis, etc.) had titers very similar to normal controls. The posttreatment titers to S antigen of patients receiving laser photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy were significantly elevated over normal controls.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1996

[Visual and central oculomotor disorders in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome].

A clinical evaluation of visual and central oculomotor defects are presented in a series of 56 patients who were HIV carriers, of whom 47 fulfilled criteria for AIDS. Changes were detected in 22% of the asymptomatic patients (2/9), in 36% of the AIDS patients with no neurological complications and in 93% (15/16) of the AIDS patients with neurological involvement. Some changes were seen in 55% of the patients with AIDS. The commonest defects were alterations of saccadic movements and visual pursuit (35% respectively) and of opticokinetic nystagmus (28%). Only one homonymous visual defect was found. No brain stem syndromes were seen, except for one case of bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia. The commonest neurological complications were toxoplasmosis, the AIDS dementia complex (ADC) and multifocal leukoencephalopathy (MLP). Neuro-ophthalmological changes are described, in the literature, in 2-12%. Central oculomotor disorders, including supranuclear, nuclear and internuclear ophthalmoplegias are frequent and probably underestimated. Nystagmus is a common sign and there are isolated descriptions of flutter, opsoclonus and ocular dipping. The causes of visual and oculomotor changes reflect the incidence of parenchymatous neurological complications of AIDS. MLP is the commonest cause of change in the retrogeniculate optic pathways. Oculographic studies show changes in saccadic movements and ocular pursuit and signs of unstable visual fixation. These changes are seen in all ADC patients, in a large proportion of those without dementia and also in asymptomatic carriers, suggesting that oculography may be useful for prognosis.

AIDS Dementia Complex↗
PubMed2001

Unusual retinal vasculitis in a patient with protein S deficiency and systemic toxoplasmosis: a case report.

A 28-year old female patient presented with unilateral dropped visual acuity and a central scotoma. Fundus examination and a fluorescein angiogram were suggestive for central retinal vein prethrombosis. Further tests revealed an isolated protein S deficiency for which oral anticoagulation therapy was initiated. Six months later she presented with new symptoms of a right retrobulbar pain on ocular movements. The retinal vessels had normalized with improved visual acuity. Re-evaluation of the fluorescein angiogram taken six months earlier showed an image compatible with unilateral vasculitis. During this six month period persisting high levels of IgG and IgM antibodies against Toxoplasma were observed while no signs of other active infection could be found. This report illustrates that in cases of prethrombosis with vasculitis in a young patient, a full medical examination and a thorough investigation of infectious diseases are warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Ocular manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Ophthalmologic findings in individuals with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are fairly common. A noninfectious microvasculopathy of the retina is the most frequent manifestation. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is the opportunistic infection most likely to cause visual loss and must be differentiated from toxoplasmosis or herpetic retinitis. Ganciclovir, foscarnet, and cidofovir are the agents available to slow the progression of CMV retinitis, but they have significant toxicities.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1985

Hydrocephalus following toxoplasmosis.

Between 1966-1983 ten children with hydrocephalus following toxoplasmosis were shunted. Hydrocephalus was diagnosed at ages ranging from birth to one year. Except for one with stenosis of the foramen of Monro all had aqueductal obstruction. A high ventricular fluid pressure and distinct cerebral mantle reduction were always present. Intracerebral calcifications were common. Only 1 had normal eyes. All 9 survivors remained shunt dependent during a mean follow-up period of 9.6 years. One fifth of revisions were related to problems specific for toxoplasma-associated hydrocephalus. A temporary external ventricular drainage or a multiple shunt system were found useful in some cases. Two thirds of the children had a reasonable outcome. Neonatal hydrocephalus, extensive intracerebral calcification and severe ocular involvement were poor prognostic indicators.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMed1997

Changing trends in the etiologic diagnosis of uveitis.

Just as different fads that seize the imagination of the general public are often carried to excess, so diagnostic or therapeutic fads may take over in the practice of medicine. Analysis of 33 surveys of the causes of uveitis reported by ophthalmologists over the course of 120 years shows how some diagnoses such as syphilis and tuberculosis fell from favor because tests ruled out these diseases, whereas others such as toxoplasmosis became popular because of the finding of the organism in a few cases by a famous ophthalmic pathologist. Yet others (pars planitis, sarcoidosis) were not even causes of disease, but rather merely descriptive, or the ocular component of a systemic disease whose etiology and pathogenesis remain unknown. We will examine the waxing and waning of these diagnostic categories and the impressive confidence of some clinicians in their own diagnostic acumen as they made diagnoses often unsupported by objective evidence.

Europe↗
PubMed1996

[Why are AIDS patients frequently visually impaired?].

Patients with HIV infection and, above all, patients with full-blown AIDS can get a variety of ocular diseases as well as some cerebral maladies which have an influence on ocular functions. First there are hematogenous opportunistic infections of the retina or the choroid. The cytomegalovirus [CMV] retinitis was found in nearly 20% of all AIDS patients. Without treatment this disease destroys the retina completely, and the involved eye becomes blind. This can be prevented by modern therapeutic strategies in most of the cases. Other infections affecting the retina are toxoplasmosis, systemic varizella zoster or herpes simplex virus infections, syphilis or, seldom, fungal or bacterial pathogens. The choroid mainly can be infested by mycobacteria, cryptococci and pneumocystis carinii. Early detection and treatment of all inflammations are necessary. The anterior eye can be affected by a sicca syndrome and various superficial infections but also noninfectious inflammation. The anterior uvea can be involved in various opportunistic infections of the posterior eye segment. An HIV-associated isolated anterior uveitis has been described in earlier stages of the HIV infection. Treatment of mycobacterial infections with rifabutin can cause an anterior uveitis as well. 1 to 2% of HIV-infected persons suffer from a zoster ophthalmicus with more severe keratitis than it occurs in immunocompetent persons. Last but not least, there are various cerebral affections which can cause visual disturbances. So the optic nerve can be involved in various forms of retinitic or meningoencephalitic processes, of ischemic mechanisms or elevated intracranial pressure. Neuroophthalmological symptoms also include homonymous hemianopsia caused by foci of cerebral toxoplasmosis, progressive multifocal leucencephalopathy or primary intracerebral malignant lymphoma situated in the central neuron of the afferent visual pathway. A variety of oculomotor abnormalities can be caused by a great variety of cerebral disease. Moreover, there are signs of neuroretinal dysfunction in computed perimetry and in color vision or contrast sensitivity testing. Some sight threatening diseases initially can be symptomless for the patient, though they should be treated immediately in order to keep the remaining visual damage small. Thus, regular ophthalmological investigations are necessary in patients with an advanced stage of the immunodeficiency, regardless whether they have ocular complaints or not. Moreover, the patients have to be advised to attend an ophthalmologist immediately, when they notice any kind of visual disturbances or ocular symptoms.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2002

[Congenital toxoplasmosis: prevention in the pregnant woman and management of the neonate].

The management of a pregnant women or a child infected by Toxoplasma gondii rests on the screening of pregnant women at risk of infection. Treatment is prescribed if an infection occurs. A prenatal diagnosis (detection of T. gondii in amniotic fluid) may be performed, a positive result leading to a reinforcement of the treatment. After birth, the follow-up of the child is needed in order to prevent and detect the sequellae, mainly ocular. For all these steps, the biological methods used to diagnose T. gondii infection are of paramount importance.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Solitary granuloma in ocular Toxocara-canis infection (Canine round worm)].

Two cases of Toxocara canis infection are reported. They presented a solitary granuloma at the posterior ocular pole. The eyes affected by parasites were practically blind. In the first case the condition was discovered accidentally on a pre-employment examination; in the second case, after a change of doctor - the previous diagnosis was toxoplasmosis. The latter mistake is very common in Toxocara infections. Our diagnoses were confirmed by Lamina's microprecipitation test. For treatment the Anthelminthinc 'Minzolum', or photocoagulation with steroid treatment can be used.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Neuro-ophthalmic findings in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

We reviewed the neuro-ophthalmic findings in 177 subjects with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex who underwent an eye examination in one center from January 1984 to May 1989. The findings included ocular motor nerve palsies (five cases), papilledema (two cases), cytomegalovirus optic neuritis (two cases), cortical blindness (one case), conjugate gaze palsy (one case), and altitudinal visual field defect (one case). These findings were attributed to central nervous system toxoplasmosis (four cases) or lymphoma (one case), cryptococcal meningitis (two cases), systemic cytomegalovirus infections (two cases), and herpes simplex encephalitis (one case). Of 177 patients, 61 patients were tested for syphilis. Twenty-six patients had positive rapid plasma reagin titers, and 28 had positive fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorbed tests. Human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals need to be screened routinely for syphilis.

AIDS-Related Complex↗
PubMed1989

[Importance of ocular biopsies in the etiologic diagnosis of uveitis].

In many uveitis cases a biopsy of ocular tissues can enable an exact diagnosis to be established, unnecessary additional examinations to be avoided, and an appropriate therapeutic regimen to be selected. In general, follicle biopsy is performed where sarcoidosis is suspected, keratocentesis in viral uveitis and toxoplasmosis, and vitreous biopsy in tentatively diagnosed primary intraocular lymphoma (reticulosarcoma) and bacterial or mycotic endophthalmitis.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1992

[Congenital toxoplasmosis in the Alpes-Maritimes region. Apropos of 26 cases observed between 1984 and 1990].

Twenty-six cases of congenital toxoplasmosis observed in the department of Alpes Maritimes (Chief Town: Nice) between 1984 and 1990 are reported. All affected children were treated by pyrimethamine and sulfonamide as soon as the diagnosis was established. None of them exhibited serious sequellae. In most cases (58%) there were no clinical manifestations in agreement with other reports. Benign manifestations were observed in 10 cases (38%): 4 chorioretinitis; 4 intracranial calcifications: 1 febrile seizure; 7 hyperproteinorachias: 3 isolated and 4 associated with other signs. In 3 cases, secondary lesions appeared during the treatment period. This confirms the need for active therapeutic research in order to decrease the risk of late ocular complication which is the major problem of the disease.

Child↗
PubMed1999

Primary ocular Epstein-Barr virus-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in a patient with AIDS: a clinicopathologic report.

OBJECTIVE: To report an unusual case of chronic multifocal chorioretinitis with vitritis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) that was resistant to antiviral and antitoxoplasmic medication and required a retinal biopsy for definitive diagnosis. METHODS: Vitreous biopsy, pars plana vitrectomy, and retinal biopsy were performed. The vitreous biopsy material was sent for bacterial, fungal, and viral culture, and the vitreous cassette was sent for cytology. The retinal biopsy material was divided and sent for polymerase chain reaction testing for toxoplasmosis and virology and pathologic tissue analysis. RESULTS: Vitreous cytology showed a mixed population of lymphocytes and histiocytes, but all other microbiologic and virologic studies were negative. Tissue analysis revealed an infiltrate of atypical mononuclear cells extending from the inner limiting membrane through the outer plexiform layer characteristic of a B cell, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the central nervous system (NHL-CNS). In situ hybridization for the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was positive. An extensive systemic evaluation did not show evidence of extraocular tumor. CONCLUSION: Although rare, primary ocular NHL-CNS can be seen in patients with AIDS, and its clinical presentation often closely resembles other disorders. To our knowledge, this case represents the first ocular NHL in which EBV is shown to be associated.

Adult↗