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PubMed1994

High and low exercisers among 14- and 15-year-old children.

To investigate ways in which young people's attitudes about, and motivation for, exercise vary with the levels of exercise they take, a self-completed questionnaire was given to 382 children aged 14-15 in two secondary schools in Devon. It was found that the high exercisers (defined by those in the highest quartile) had attitudes to exercise which were more favourable, received more encouragement to exercise and encouraged others to exercise more. The majority of low exercisers had positive beliefs about the value of exercise although approximately half in boys and one-third in girls were satisfied with the amount and kind of exercise they undertook. Low-exercising boys and girls at all exercise levels preferred their exercise to be noncompetitive. The majority of both sexes accepted that their future health depended on their current behaviour and, in girls, strength of this belief was directly related to exercise level. It may be concluded that advice to young people and physical education programmes in schools should take account of the attitudes and beliefs about exercise held by pupils of all physical abilities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Levels and causes of stress among residents.

Medical and dental residents at the University of Rochester Medical Center were surveyed to measure stress and its causes. Their stress, as measured by the brief symptom inventory, showed levels slightly above those of an adult comparison group. The average levels of stress decreased with the residents' advancing levels of training. Comparison of the top quartile with the lowest quartile of scores of everyday stress showed significantly elevated stress for rotations in the emergency room, greater frequency of being on call, and lesser amount of sleep. The residents' reports showed that the bleakest three days of residency tended to occur in the first year and during intensive care rotations. Stress during these bleakest times was significantly higher than everyday levels. The residents described the major causes of distress during bleakest times as lack of sleep, inadequate support from senior professionals, large patient load, and competition from peers. "High quality" teaching rounds, a night-float system, and sick leave were felt by the residents to lessen stress. To cope with the stress, the residents reported they talked to others, tried to see humor in the situation, or slept.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Perspectives on medical school admission.

This article is the author's formulation of important issues concerning medical school admission: that (1) in recent years, almost all applicants who have been admitted to medical school have obtained the M.D. degree and been licensed to practice; (2) given this high success rate, an accepted applicant's economic security is virtually guaranteed; (3) the admission decision contributes directly to the formation of a highly paid, high-status professional elite; (4) the link between students' academic aptitude for medical education and their achievement in medical school is weak; (5) schools pay lip-service to the importance of students' character, motivation, and other personal qualities but continue to select students with high grades in science courses and high MCAT scores; (6) admission officers and committees often confuse selecting students with predicting their achievement in medical school; (7) two core values in American culture (self-reliance and competition) encourage the use of norm-referenced measurement in all phases of education; and (8) there are alternatives to the traditional approach to defining eligibility for professional education.

Achievement↗
PubMed1999

The plight of premedical education: myths and misperceptions--Part I: The "premedical syndrome".

The preparation for medical study and the process of gaining admission to medical school have long been contentious subjects, plagued by myths and misperceptions. In the first of two articles about the plight of premedical education, the author focuses on the myths of the "premedical syndrome" and the "cutthroat" medical student. He describes the origins of these myths, what purposes they may serve, why they persist, and why he believes they truly are myths and not accurate reflections of reality.

Competitive Behavior↗
PubMed2006

Data withholding and the next generation of scientists: results of a national survey.

PURPOSE: To provide the first national data on the nature, extent, and consequences of withholding among life science trainees. METHOD: In 2003, the authors surveyed 1,077 second-year doctoral students and postdoctoral fellows in life sciences at 50 U.S. universities, with a comparison group of trainees in computer science and chemical engineering. The study variables examined trainees' exposure to and the consequences of data withholding. RESULTS: Two hundred forty-six trainees (23.0%) reported that they had asked for and been denied access to information, data, materials, or programming associated with published research and 221 (20.6%) to unpublished research. Eighty-five trainees (7.9%) reported that they had denied another academic scientist's request(s) related to their own published research. Five hundred thirty-three trainees (50.8%) reported that withholding had had a negative effect on the progress of their research, 508 (48.5%) on the rate of discovery in their lab/research group, 472 (45.0%) on the quality of their relationships with academic scientists, 346 (33.0%) on the quality of their education, and 299 (28.5%) on the level of communication in their lab/research group. Trainees denied access to research were significantly more likely to report that data withholding had had a negative effect on several aspects of the educational experience. CONCLUSIONS: Data withholding had demonstrated negative effects on trainees. The life sciences, more so than chemical engineering or computer science, will have to address this issue among its trainees. Failure to do so could result in delayed research, inefficient training, and a culture of withholding among future life scientists.

Access to Information↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Using the synergy of online education and simulation to inspire a new model for a community critical care course.

Advances in patient simulator technology, and the availability of online critical care orientation modules for nurses, provide nurse educators with a golden opportunity to create an innovative model for critical care orientation. Combining the advantages of online education with the benefits of simulation learning creates a course far superior to that produced by using the current educational approaches. This new model captures the flexibility and cost-effectiveness benefits of online learning while engaging the participants in active hands-on experiences to better prepare them for clinical practice. Simulation lab experiences allow the participant to experience a variety of emergent critical situations, take action, and review consequences of choices without jeopardizing patient safety. However, initiating and maintaining a simulator lab is an overwhelming expense for most hospitals. A collaborative education arrangement where hospitals partner to offer a community critical care course and share online and simulator lab costs would make this education model affordable, support national patient safety goals, and meet the need in our communities for highly qualified critical care nurses.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1976

Recent life changes and outcome of prolonged competitive stress.

To test the predictive utility of subjects' recent life changes with regard to outcome of prolonged competitive stress, the authors studied racers (N = 25) in a long distance Alaskan sled race, the Iditarod. Rank order correlations between subjects' 1-year life change units (LCU) total and adjusted place of finish proved significant by both Kendall's and Spearman's Test. Thus, lowe LCU scores correlated with better performance and higher scores with poorer performance. Differences between subgroupings of the racers are considered. The work suggests that the usefulness of recent life changes assessment may be extended beyong physical illness, particularly in the study of response and adaptation to prolonged stress.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Variability in precompetition anxiety and performance in college track and field athletes.

The influence of anxiety on sport performance was examined using the inverted-U hypothesis and Zone of Optimal Function (ZOF) theory. Sixty-seven collegiate track and field athletes completed versions of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) to determine baseline state anxiety, recalled best anxiety, and precompetition anxiety. Precompetition state anxiety was determined 1 h before competition in four meets. Three variants of the inverted-U hypothesis were examined: 1) task-specific anxiety, 2) individualized median precompetition anxiety, and 3) mean precompetition anxiety. For ZOF, optimal anxiety was established from anxiety scores based on recalled best performance. Subjects were grouped as either inside or outside of optimal anxiety levels according to inverted-U or ZOF criteria. Mean group performance was determined by transforming individual results using intra- and interindividual standards. ANOVA revealed that subjects possessing optimal anxiety according to inverted-U criteria performed no better (P > 0.05) than cases outside optimal. Subjects with precompetition anxiety values within their individual ZOF performed significantly (P < 0.05) better than cases with anxiety outside ZOF for all contrasts. The largest (P < 0.05) performance decrements resulted when anxiety was within a 1 SD range above or below ZOF. These results indicate that ZOF theory was more efficacious than the variants of the inverted-U hypothesis examined.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Marathon medical services: strategies to reduce runner morbidity.

Grandma's Marathon has been run each year in June since 1977 in Duluth, MN. It is ranked in the top 20 marathons and in 1993 was ranked the ninth largest and fourth fastest in the United States. As Grandma's Marathon continues to grow each year, so do concerns for the runners' safety. A half marathon was added in 1991 and earlier race times have been implemented to make the race safer for the runners. During the years of 1989-1995, data from the medical tent, weather bureau, and race booklets were analyzed using odds ratios to predict factors associated with a need for medical assistance. The odds of needing assistance were almost two times higher before implementing the half marathon and the odds of needing assistance decreased with earlier start times. Except for 1994 when the race was later, the percent of finishers seeking medical attention has decreased each year, a fact that we feel is a direct result of these race changes. Thus, the addition a half marathon and earlier start times can help decrease the number of people needing medical assistance.

Competitive Behavior↗
PubMed1996

Acute injuries in cross-country and downhill off-road bicycle racing.

This study was conducted to investigate injury patterns at three major off-road bicycle races in the Western United States in 1995. All cyclists forced out of the cross-country (CC) and downhill (DH) competitions due to injury were examined and interviewed. The overall injury rates were 0.49% (20/4074) for the CC and 0.51% (11/2158) for the DH event. In the CC there were 0.37 injured cyclists for every 100 h of racing time versus 4.34 injured cyclists/100 h in the DH (P = 0.01). Injury rates in the CC were higher for women than for men (1.05% vs 0.40%, P = 0.04; 0.75/100 h vs 0.31/100 h, P = 0.01). Injured CC cyclists who fell forward over their handlebars had higher mean injury severity scores (3.0 vs 1.3, P = 0.01) and required more emergency room visits (6/100 vs 1/10, P = 0.02) than cyclists who fell off their bicycles (5/6 vs 5/14, P = 0.05) and were taken to the hospital (4/6 vs 3/14, P = 0.05) more often than men. These data suggest that 1) the risk of being injured during a race is similar in the CC And DH events, 2) the long-term risk may be greater to DH racers than to CC competitors, 3) the severity of injury is greater when a CC cyclists falls forward off the bicycle, and 4) women CC competitors are more likely to fall forward off their bicycles and be injured than men.

Bicycling↗
PubMed2000

Consistency of swimming performance within and between competitions.

PURPOSE: The consistency of performance between events impacts how athletes should specialize in events, how competitions should be structured, and how changes in performance affect an athlete's placing in an event. We have therefore determined the consistency of swimming performance in events within and between two national-level competitions. METHODS: We used mixed linear modeling to analyze official performance times of 149 male and 162 female swimmers at a junior national championship, and of 117 male and 104 female swimmers at an open national championship 20 d later. The events differed in stroke (backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly, freestyle, and individual medley) or distance (50-1500 m). RESULTS: Swimmers were most consistent in their performance for the same event between the two competitions (typical variation between competitions, 1.4%; 95% likely range of true value, 1.3-1.5%). They were less consistent between distances of a given stroke within each competition (1.7%; 1.5-1.9%) and least consistent between strokes for a given distance (2.7%; 2.3-3.1%). Variation in performance between the longest continuous freestyle distances (400, 800, and 1500 m) in the open competition was half that between widely spaced freestyle distances (50, 200, and 800 m). Faster swimmers were more consistent (1.1%; 0.9-1.4%) for the same event between competitions than slower swimmers (1.5%; 1.3-1.9%). CONCLUSIONS: (a) Swimmers are stroke specialists rather than distance specialists; with the present set of events in competitions, they should concentrate training and competing on a particular stroke rather than a particular distance. (b) More swimmers would have a chance of winning a medal if events of a given stroke differed more widely in distance. (c) Factors that affect performance time by as little as 0.5% will affect the placing of a top junior swimmer.

Adolescent↗