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PubMed2003

Osmotonicity of acetoacetate: possible implications for cerebral edema in diabetic ketoacidosis.

BACKGROUND: Rapid drops in blood glucose and sodium levels during treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) can cause a drop in the osmotonicity of plasma, resulting in cerebral edema. Ketone bodies are assumed to move freely in and out of cells, so it is assumed that they do not contribute to the tonicity of plasma or influence fluid shifts. The assumption that ketone bodies do not contribute to osmotonicity has not been tested previously. The experiment described here was done to check if acetoacetate has osmotonicity. MATERIAL/METHODS: A modified erythrocyte fragility test was used to check the osmotonic and osmoprotective effects of the ketone body. Red blood cells were suspended in different test tubes containing distilled water, normal saline, glucose, urea and acetoacetic acid (lithium salt C4H5O3Li). All solutions (except the tube with distilled water) were made to match the osmolality of plasma. We hypothesized that solutions in which red cell hemolysis does not take place have greater tonicity than the tonicity of 0.45% saline. RESULTS: Spectrophotometry showed that there was no hemolysis in the solutions of normal saline or solutions containing glucose or acetoacetate. Complete hemolysis was demonstrated in the tube with plain distilled water and also in the solutions containing urea. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that acetoacetate is functionally similar to glucose in that it contributes to increased osmotonicity. The drop in ketone body levels can produce a drop in the osmolar tonicity of plasma and precipitate cerebral edema.

Acetoacetates↗

PubMed1976

The survival of Toxoplasma gondii trophozoites in changes in osmotic pressure.

It has generally been assumed that the trophozoites of Toxoplasma gondii cannot survive long outside the body and they cannot resist even small changes in osmotic pressure, and that toxoplasmosis is transmitted by transplacental infection, cysts and oocysts. In an attempt to demonstrate that trophozoites can resist changes in osmotic pressure, some were preserved in ascitic fluid made hypertonic with 1%, 2%, 5%, and 10% salt excess of sodium chloride and in ascitic fluid made hypotonic by mixing it in the ratio 3 : 7, 1 : 9 and 1 : 49 with distilled water. The trophozoites remained infectious in 1% salt excess for 29 days, in 2% for 15 days, in 5% for 5 days and in 10% salt excess for 2 days and in ascitic fluid diluted 3 : 7 with distilled water for 15 days and in ascitic fluid diluted 1 : 9 with distilled water for 3 days. We suggest that trophozoites, being resistant to changes in osmotic pressure, may survive outside the body long enough to transmit the disease.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

[Extractible properties of PDLLA under different extraction conditions].

This assay was made to investigate the extractible properties of PDLLA under different extraction conditions. The ratio of test sample to extraction medium was 0.2 g to 1 ml. The distilled water, artificial saliva, Eagle's MEM and hexane were selected respectively as the extraction medium. The samples were extracted under 37 degrees C 24 h, 72 h, 1 w, 2 w and 3 w; 50 degrees C 72 h; 70 degrees C 24 h and 72 h; 121 degrees C 1 h. By use of gas chromatography, the ethyl alcohol, xylene and ethyl acetate content were measured. The results showed the ethyl alcohol content < 1.998 ug/ml, xylene contents was < 53.39 ug/ml and ethyl acetate content < 3.647 ug/m of PDLLA in distilled water, artificial saliva and Eagle's MEM under the condition of 37 degrees C from 24 h to 3 w. The ethyl alcohol content and xylene content in hexane were higher than those in the other three aqueous solutions. When the extracted temperature was increased, the contents of above three components were kept at the original level. There was almost no difference in the extractible properties of PDLLA among distilled water, artificial saliva and Eagle's MEM. The results did not change even if the extraction time and temperature were increased. It is a new concept to evaluate the safety of biomaterials by combining chemical and biological extraction tests, which will be significance in narrowing the gap between physical-chemical tests and biological tests for medical devices.

Biocompatible Materials↗

PubMed2000

Crayfish broth for bacterial culture.

OBJECTIVE: To formulate a new growth medium for bacteriological studies. METHODS: Sun dried white shrimps, Nematopalaemon hastatus, were ground into fine powder and infused in distilled water at 7+/-1 degrees C for 24 h. The pH of the infusion was adjusted to 7.2 with NaOH (0.1 m) and HCl (0.1 m) and evaporated to dryness. Crayfish broth (CB) was produced by reconstituting the concentrate in distilled water and sodium chloride was added at 0.9% w/v. Crayfish infusion agar (CIA) and crayfish starch agar (CSA) were prepared with CB as nutrient base. The crayfish broth and agar were evaluated alongside with nutrient broth and agar (Oxoid) for ability to support growth of pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. Crayfish broth was tested for suitability for sugar fermentation and indole test and results compared with those obtained with peptone water. Its suitability as a sensitivity test medium was evaluated using ampicillin (10 microg) and gentamicin (10 microg) discs and results compared with those obtained using Mueller-Hinton agar (Oxoid). RESULTS: Crayfish broth comprises crayfish infusion concentrate 3.5 g and sodium chloride 9.0 g dissolved in one litre of distilled water. The crayfish broth, CSA supported the growth of the test pathogens with cultural characteristics similar to those seen on nutrient agar. The pH of the spent crayfish broth was near neutral (pH 6.9). The broth was as important as peptone water for sugar fermentation test but was not suitable for indole test. The results of antibiotic susceptibility test on CIA were comparable with those obtained on Mueller-Hinton agar with difference in zone diameters of not more than 1 mm. CONCLUSION: Crayfish broth possesses enormous potential as a new growth medium for bacterial studies.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

[Effects of fungus on the growth of Dendrobium candidum and D. nobile in vitro culture].

OBJECTIVE: To examine effects of fungus AR-18 (Epulorhiza sp.) on the growth of Dendrobium candidum and D. nobile in vitro culture. METHODS: Effects of fungus AR-18 on fresh weight and dry weight of D. candidum and D. nobile were studied in vitro culture, when agar was used as rest, and effects of fungus AR-18 and nutrients on fresh weight and dry weight of D. candidum and D. nobile were studied in vitro culture, when vermiculite was used as rest. RESULTS: In agar medium, effects of fungus AR-18 on fresh weight and dry weight of D. candidum and D. nobile were not significant (P > 0.05). However, in vermiculite medium, the effect of fungus AR-18 on fresh weight of D. nobile was significant (P < 0.05). Fresh weight of D. nobile inoculated with fungus AR-18 was increased by 16% compared with the non-inoculated ones (control). The effect of fungus AR-18 on dry weight of D. nobile was very significant (P < 0.01). Dry weight of D. nobile inoculated with fungus AR-18 was increased by 21% compared with the control. In vermiculite medium, the effect of combination treatment (Fungus AR-18 + Distilled H2O) on fresh weight of D. nobile was very significant (P < 0.01). Fresh weight of D. nobile inoculated with fungus AR-18 was increased by 47% compared with the control, while the effect of combination treatment (Fungus AR-18 + Nutrients) on fresh weight of D. nobile was not significant (P > 0.05). In addition, the effect of combinations treatment (Fungus AR-18 + Nutrients) and (Fungus AR-18 + Distilled H2O) on dry weight of D. nobile was not significant (P > 0.05). So the combination treatment (Fungus AR-18 + Distilled H2O) was the best for the growth of D. nobile. In vermiculite medium, effects of fungus AR-18 and nutrients on fresh weight and dry weight of D. candidum were not significant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: It is important in vitro culture to select a proper rest for the control of the growth of fungus to establish a beneficial symbiotic relationship between plants and fungi. If the fungus AR-18 is utilized as biological manure in got-up planting of D. nobile, a good result may be obtained.

Agar↗

PubMed1992

[Test of nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity to water mist in patients with atopic bronchial asthma].

22 males with atopic asthma in clinical remission and 22 healthy males were evaluated. The age of the 44 males ranged from 19 to 23 years. Atopy was diagnosed in patients with a characteristic medical history, positive skin prick tests and elevated serum IgE levels. All patients underwent a bronchial provocation test to distilled water mist. The aerosol was produced in a ultrasonic nebuliser (Thomex) at a speed of 2 ml/min. All spirometric tests were carried out using Pneumoscreen (Jaeger) before and after inhalation of 2, 6, 12, 20 and 30 ml of distilled water. A positive test was defined: as a decrease of FEV1 by/or more 10%, decrease of MEF50 by/or more 25% and increase of Raw by/or more 30%. A positive test was found in 7 patients with atopic asthma after inhalation of 20 ml of distilled water. Sole lowering of FEV1 was seen in 11 asthmatics. In the control bronchial constriction could not be induced.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed2003

Migration of phthalates from plastic products to model solutions.

The aim of this investigation was to determine the level and rate of migration of phthalates, compounds used as plastic softeners, from various plastic products into model solutions and to assess the possible adverse effects of the phthalate amounts released on human health, thus to contribute to harmonization of the opinions on the maximal allowed human exposure to these compounds through environmental factors. Nine specimens of plastic toys, 16 specimens of plastic food containers and 10 specimens of other plastic consumer goods were analyzed. The specimens of plastic products were submitted to 10-day action of model solutions. Three model solutions were used: distilled water, 10% ethyl alcohol, and 3% acetic acid. Identification and quantification of the phthalates released were performed by the method of gas chromatography on days 1, 5 and 10 of exposure, at a detection limit of 0.005 microgram/kg. On day 10, the highest level of released phthalates (54.5 mg/kg) was measured in distilled water, followed by 44.4 mg/kg in 3% acetic acid and 32.3 mg/kg in 10% ethyl alcohol. According to plastic product categories, the highest pooled level of phthalates released to all three solutions was recorded for plastic toys (66.2 mg/kg), followed by food containers (37.6 mg/kg) and other consumer goods (27.4 mg/kg). According to plastic product categories, toys showed the most rapid phthalate release, with 65.4% (43.3 of 66.2 mg/kg) of the pooled level of phthalates released to all three solutions recorded on day 1. As indicated by the study results, the levels of phthalates released would not present a hazard for human health, not even over a prolonged period of time. However, data on the highest and fastest pooled phthalate release from plastic toys, and this especially to distilled water simulating salivary action, point to the need of continuous evaluation and amendments of the legislation on phthalates in consumer goods.

Chromatography, Gas↗

PubMed2003

[Improve wear resistance of UHMWPE by O+ ion implanted].

Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) was implanted with 450 keV and 100 keV O+ ions at dosage of 1 x 10(15)/cm2, 5 x 10(15)/cm2, 3 x 10(14)/cm2, respectively. Its wear behaviors were studied under dry friction condition and lubrication by means of distilled water using a pin-on-disk tribometer with a Si3N4 ceramic ball as a counterface. The wear surfaces were examined with SEM. The experimental results showed that the wear rate of implanted UHMWPE is lower than that of un-implanted UHMWPE under both dry and distilled friction conditions, especially for 450 keV energy and 5 x 10(15)/cm2 dose implantation. The friction coefficient of O+ ions implanted UHMWPE is higher than that of un-implanted UHMWPE under both dry and distilled friction conditions. The adhesive, plow and plastic deformation are the wearing mechanism for un-implanted UHMWPE; the fatigue and abrasive wear are that for implanted UHMWPE.

Biocompatible Materials↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of genotoxicity of sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide and peracetic acid using plant tests].

The aim of this research was to evaluate the potential genotoxic effects of three drinking water disinfectants by means of in vivo short-term mutagenicity tests using plants. The study was carried out in laboratory using distilled water disinfected with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and peracetic acid (PAA) at different concentrations both in neutral and acid conditions. Untreated distilled water was used as a negative control. Micronuclei test in Tradescantia pollen cells and chromosomal aberration test in root cells of Allium cepa were the bioassays performed by exposing directly plant bioindicators to treated and untreated distilled water. The Tradescantia/micronuclei test gave positive results in most of the ClO2-treated water samples but only at acid pH. The Allium cepa test showed genotoxicity in NaClO-treated samples at acid pH and in a ClO2-treated sample at pH 7. PAA-treated samples were always nongenotoxic. Since the concentrations tested of free disinfectants are usually present in drinking water for biocidal purposes, genotoxicity of these compounds could be a public health problem.

Chlorine Compounds↗

PubMed2004

[Determination of the overall migration of chemicals from the plastic packaging into the aqueous models of food using the EU methods].

Overall migration from food plastic packaging to aquatic food simulants (distilled water, 3% acetic acid) was determined according to the EU methods. Testing conditions (time and temperature) reflected normal use of tested food packaging. The overall migration studies using different food simulants (distilled water, 3% acetic acid) shows that the migration rate was very low, far below the allowed limit (10 mg/dm2). The high results of overall migration into 3% acetic acid (average 250.2 mg/dm2), markedly exceeding the allowed limit, was found in the case of multilayer film. It means that the multilayer film tested does not comply with the migration limit and it can not be used as a food packaging for the sour foodstuffs of pH below 4.5. Differences between the magnitude of overall migration into distilled water (0.5-1.1 mg/dm2) and 3% acetic acid are probably due to the presence of easy washable substances into the sour medium. From that reason the application of such food packaging materials must be limited.

Acetic Acid↗

PubMed2001

[Study of the anti-icteric and hepatoprotective activity of Persea gratissima Gaertner (Lauraceae) seeds ].

The lyophilisat of Persea gratissima Gaertner almonds was administered in various quantities to eighty four rats divided in three groups of twenty eight. in the first group (negative reference group), each animal was forcefed with 5 ml of distilled water on a daily basis, in the second group (positive reference group), the rats were forcefed with 5 ml of distilled water per day, after they were intoxicated with 0,3 ml of carbon tetrachloride under cutaneous injection, in the third group (experimental animals), each animal after it was intoxicated by the same quantity of carbon tetrachloride, was forcefed on a daily basis with 14mg/100g PV of lyophilisat of avocado almonds diluted with 5 ml of distilled water. The results showed that the lyophilisat of avocado almonds have a anti-icteric activity which is reflected in the stimulation of the liver to conjugate and eliminate bilirubin, as well as hepatoprotective activity characterised by the normalisation of the aminotransferases enzymes (ASAT, ALAT) and the healing of hepatic lesions within 10 days.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

On the modulation effect of pulsing and static magnetic fields and mechanical vibrations on barley seed hydration.

The changes of wet and dry weights of barley seed in different periods of swelling were studied in seeds treated with Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (ELF EMF), Static Magnetic Fields (SMF) and Mechanical Vibrations (MV) in cold (4 degrees C) and warm (20 degrees C) distilled water as well as in seeds non-treated (control). The metabolic dependent seed hydration, dry weight loss and water binding in seed were modulated by preliminary EMF, SMF and MV-induced treatment of distilled water. The specific electrical conductivity (SEC) of control and treated distilled water was measured before the seed incubation. Frequency and intensity "windows" (i.e. range of frequency or intensity) for the effect of EMF, MV and SMF (correspondingly) on seed hydration, solubility and water binding in seed were studied. These "windows" were different in various phases of seed swelling. It is suggested that water structure modification is the result of valence angle changes (SMF and EMF) and dipole molecules vibration (EMF and MV) has different effects on the process of hydration, solubility and water binding in seed. These results are important from the point of understanding the mechanisms of the biological effect of EMF, as well as from the point of agriculture.

Dehydration↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[A study of specific electrical conductivity of water by the action of constant magnetic field, electromagnetic field, and low-frequency mechanical vibrations].

The effect of a constant magnetic field, an electromagnetic field, and low-frequency mechanical vibrations on specific electrical conductivity of distilled water was studied. Newly formed (fresh), three-day- and six-day-old distilled water was used. The exposure of distilled water to a constant magnetic field (2.5 mT), electromagnetic field (2.5 mT and 1-100 Hz), low-intensity mechanical vibrations (1-100 Hz) with an intensity of 30 Db led to a reduction of its specific electrical conductivity. It was found that, as water aged, the effect of these factors on the specific electrical conductivity decreased.

Electric Conductivity↗

PubMed2005

[Studies on the optimized extraction technology of Paeonia suffruticosa].

OBJECTIVE: To obtain the optimized extraction technology of Paeonia suffruticosa by comparing several extraction method. METHOD: Extract P. suffruticosa by ethanol circumfluence, distillation-decoction, CO2-SFE and traditional decoction, and analyse the results according to the total extraction rate, extraction rate of paeono, extraction of other ingredients and production feasibility. RESULT: Total extraction rates of which are 12.66%, 13.51%, 7.28%, 7.56% respectively; extraction rates of paeonol are 2.45%, 2.26%, 0.31%, 1.15% in turn; Phenolic glycosides can be extracted by ethanol circumfluence, distillation-decoction, traditional decoction, but not by CO2-SFE. CONCLUSION: Distillation-decoction is the most proper extraction technology of P. suffuticosa at present.

Acetophenones↗

PubMed2005

Role of dentifrices on abrasion of enamel exposed to an acidic drink.

PURPOSE: To evaluate in vitro the abrasive potential of different dentifrices on enamel previously exposed to an acidic soft drink. METHODS: 150 bovine enamel slabs measuring 6 x 3 x 2 mm were grounded flat and polished. Surface roughness was measured to obtain Ra (microm) baseline values using a profilometer. The slabs' outer surface was covered with a tape except for a 3 x 4 mm window. According to a randomized complete block design, specimens were exposed to an acidic drink or distilled water (control) for 5 minutes, and then to artificial saliva for 1 minute. Next, the experimental units were submitted to 5,000 brushing strokes using one of four dentifrices - regular (RE), baking soda (BS), tartar control (TC) or whitening (WT) - or distilled water as control (CO) (n=15). At the end of five repetitions of this erosive/abrasive cycle, the tape was removed and final readings of surface roughness were carried out. Roughness gain consisted of the subtraction of the baseline values from the post-treatment measurements. Also, the enamel wear due to erosive/abrasive challenges was profilometrically determined. RESULTS: ANOVA did not show significant interaction between enamel condition (eroded and sound) and dentifrice (P> 0.05) for both roughness gain and wear. No significant effect was found for enamel condition and dentifrice in the wear analysis. The exposure of enamel to the acidic drink provided higher roughness gain than did distilled water. Tukey's test evidenced that TC yielded significantly greater increase in surface roughness than did both CO and WT, whereas BS and RE induced an intermediate roughness gain.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2006

[Study on the chemical substrates of SFE extract from Rhizoma Cyperi].

OBJECTIVE: To extract the effective part of Rhizoma Cyperi and study the chemical constituents of diffrent parts. METHODS: The extract of Rhizoma Cyperi was obtained by SFE and dealed with molecular distillation, then the effective components was enriched. The chemical compositions were separated and identified by GC/MS. RESULTS: The content of volatile oil in the extract upgraded from 43.2% to 86.0% by molecular distillation, and the relative amount of cyperene and (+) -alpha-cyperone from 20.2% to 38.6%. Fatty acids was not found in Rhizoma Cyperi-MD1. CONCLUSION: The SFE of Rhizoma Cyperi could be refined with molecular distillation. The active ingredients, such as volatile oil and alpha-cyperolone, were remained effectively. The ineffective ingredients fatty acids were removed.

Carbon Dioxide↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Trace copper levels in the drinking water, but not zinc or aluminum influence CNS Alzheimer-like pathology.

Mounting evidence suggests copper may influence the progression of Alzheimer's disease by reducing clearance of the amyloid beta protein (Abeta) from the brain. Previous experiments show that addition of only 0.12 PPM copper (one-tenth the Environmental Protection Agency Human consumption limits) to distilled water was sufficient to precipitate the accumulation of Abeta in the brains of cholesterol-fed rabbits (1). Here we report that addition of copper to the drinking water of spontaneously hypercholesterolemic Watanabe rabbits, cholesterol-fed beagles and rabbits, PS1/APP transgenic mice produced significantly enhanced brain levels of Abeta. In contrast to the effects of copper, we found that aluminum- or zinc-ion-supplemented distilled water did not have a significant effect on brain Ab accumulation in cholesterol-fed rabbits. We also report that administration of distilled water produced a reduction in the expected accumulation of Ab in three separate animal models. Collectively, these data suggest that water quality may have a significant influence on disease progression and Ab neuropathology in AD.

Aluminum↗

PubMed1991

Adult diet as a factor affecting biology of the sandfly Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae).

The effects of adult nutrients on egg retention, immature development and adult survival of P. papatasi, the important vector of leishmaniasis in Egypt were investigated. The tested nutrients were distilled water, overripe fig fruits, guinea pig blood, sucrose solution and alternative meals of blood and sucrose. Egg retention was observed in females irrespective to the type of offered nutrient (r = 0.21) but higher proportion (47%) of blood fed females had retained eggs. Duration of the life cycle was higher for the progeny of fig fed females (P less than 0.05) and mean generation time was longer for sucrose fed females (P less than 0.05). Such nutritional effect on life cycle was observed only for pre-oviposition periods and no extend effect on larval or pupal durations. The survivorship rates for eggs through adults were similar (P greater than 0.05). It is estimated that the population would increase by Ca. 15, 11, 10 and 7 folds if the mother female was fed blood, sucrose, fig or distilled water respectively. The mean life time differed significantly (P less than 0.05) among females fed on different nutrients with the highest co (life expectancy at emergence) value (14.98 +/- 2.75 days) for sucrose fed females. Males fed on distilled water, fig fruits or sucrose solution were with similar longevities P greater than 0.05). In respect to leishmania transmission, the calculated expectancies for female life beyond the infective age indicated that blood-sucrose fed females have higher capability than those fed on sucrose blood or blood alone.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗