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PubMed1999

Pigmentary traits, nevi and skin phototypes in a youth population of Central Italy.

Five thousand eight hundred and thirty-seven healthy young men, aged 18-19, from two distinct regions of Central Italy, Abruzzo and Marche, have been investigated during the military medical examination to evaluate pigmentary traits and skin phototypes. They were examined over the entire body except the scalp and ano-genital area for pigmented lesions, which included common acquired melanocytic nevi (MN), clinically atypical nevi and solar lentigines. Eye and hair color were also recorded. Information was gathered by self-questionnaire, personal interview and clinical skin examination performed by two independent dermatologists. For sunlight susceptibility and sun exposure, each subject was classified from I to IV skin phototype according to the classification of sun-reactive skin types as proposed by Fitzpatrick. Almost half of the entire population (44.5%) had affirmed that they tanned easily and rarely burned (phototype IV), 10.3% had skin phototype I or II, 11.2% had more than 40 common MN, and 37.2% had atypical nevi with a diameter > or = 5 mm. The common MN and atypical nevi count had a significant association with skin phototype. Subjects with phototype I or II, and solar lentigo had significantly higher nevus counts than individuals without these characteristics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Iris color and incident cataract and cataract surgery: the Blue Mountains Eye Study.

PURPOSE: To assess whether an association exists between iris color and the incidence of cataract and cataract surgery. DESIGN: Population-based cohort study. METHODS: The Blue Mountains Eye Study examined 3654 predominantly Caucasian participants aged 49+ years during 1992-1994, and then 2335 survivors (75.1%) after 5 years. Iris color was determined by comparison with four standard photographs. Slit-lamp and retro-illumination lens photographs were graded for presence and severity of cortical, nuclear, or posterior subcapsular cataract. Incident cataract surgery was recorded by history and from the photographs. RESULTS: Participants with dark brown iris color had an increased incidence of nuclear cataract, odds ratio (OR) 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2 to 2.8, and cataract surgery (OR, 2.5; CI, 1.4-4.2) in multivariate models, compared with participants with blue iris color. CONCLUSION: Incidence data from this study support previous cross-sectional findings linking dark brown iris color with age-related cataract.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Sun protection and sunscreen use after surgical treatment of basal cell carcinoma.

Sixty-three patients (mean age 54 +/- 9 years) who were treated for a basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and 54 control subjects (mean age 51 +/- 11 years) filled out detailed questionnaires on their sun exposure and sun protection habits. Patients were given the questionnaires at least 1 year after their skin tumors had been excised. Differences between patients and controls in mean age, gender, Fitzpatrick's skin type and eye and hair color were statistically nonsignificant. The level of education was high in both patients and controls (mean of 13.4 +/- 3.1 school years). Differences in education were statistically nonsignificant. We found that both patients and controls were knowledgeable about the role of sunscreens in preventing skin tumors (79% and 83% respectively) and in preventing sun-induced aging (90% and 85% respectively). Significantly more patients used sunscreens regularly (64%) compared with controls (36%). Nevertheless, our data show no statistically significant differences between the sun exposure habits of the patients previously treated for BCC and controls. Moreover, we found that, although 82% of the patients declared that they tried to avoid sun, only 49% regularly wore hats or shirts with long sleeves in the summer (19%). Sixty-two percent of the patients used two or fewer bottles of sunscreens per year, which is inadequate for effective year-round sun protection. In addition, we found that many patients, as well as the controls, applied sunscreens only once a day (57% and 46% respectively), did not reapply after swimming (58%, 74% respectively), and did not use sunscreens in the winter (49%, 61%). Our data show that, although patients after BCC removal have a significantly higher sunscreen use compared with controls, the amount and methods of application are less than adequate. Moreover, other simpler methods to prevent photodamage, such as simple sun avoidance or the use of protective clothing, are often neglected.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1978

Autokinetic movement of an induced afterimage.

Thirty-two female Ss participated in an experiment in which autokinetic movement (AKM) direction change frequency of an induced afterimage was assessed as a function of stimulus afterimage color (yellow or blue-green) and the presence or absence of eye strain. Afterimage color was found not to affect AKM frequency reports. However, eye strain significantly (p less than .002) affected such reports, with the fewest AKM direction changes reported when strain was present. These results were explained in terms of an error signal and noise analysis of AKM.

Afterimage↗
PubMed1985

Visual function and academic performance.

Evaluation of 1,910 first-, second-, and third-grade students indicated that visual function and academic performance as measured by reading were not positively related. Visual function tests included visual acuity, muscle balance, preferred eye and hand, color vision, refraction, sensory and motor function, and a writing and drawing task. Academic tests included the Metropolitan Readiness Test, the Cognitive Abilities Test, the Iowa Test of Basic Skills, and the teacher's assessment of reading level. A simple test which can be completed during the office visit and interpreted by the ophthalmologist in the office included drawing, copying, and writing. A segment of this test, the "draw a bicycle test," can be used by an ophthalmologist to demonstrate the difference between vision and performance when examining a child up to third-grade level who is referred because of school failure.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1994

Different iris coloration and uptake of a fluoroquinolone agent into the iris ciliary body of rabbit eyes.

In order to know the correlation of a drug with high affinity to melanin in the iris ciliary body with the amount of melanin contained in the iris ciliary tissues, an in vivo study was performed on pigmented rabbits with brown or blue irises and albino rabbits. The melanin concentrations in the iris ciliary bodies of pigmented rabbits with brown and blue irises and nonpigmented rabbit eyes with whitish irises were determined. The mean concentrations of melanin in the eyes with brown-, blue- and whitish-colored irises were 47.43, 34.73 and below 0.2 microgram/mg tissue, respectively. The amount of sparfloxacin uptake in the iris ciliary bodies of eyes with brown, blue and whitish irises administered as 40 microliters of 0.3% solution 5 times every 5 min was 15.46 +/- 2.07, 8.53 +/- 1.87 and 1.9 micrograms/g, respectively. The results may be useful for intraocular drug dynamics studies.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1995

Attention and target selection for smooth pursuit eye movements.

Two rhesus monkeys were trained to track a small moving target in the presence of a moving distractor. The target and distractor were distinguished by their color. Smooth pursuit eye movements were quantified in terms of the latency of the eye movement and the open-loop eye acceleration profile. Smooth pursuit latencies for single targets were on the order of 100 msec. When the target was paired with a distractor moving in the same direction as the target, pursuit latencies decreased to roughly 85 msec. When the target was paired with a distractor moving in the opposite direction, pursuit latencies increased to roughly 150 msec. The motion of the distractor had no significant effect on the eye acceleration profile. Experiments were performed to dissociate visual search for the target from pursuit initiation by providing a spatial cue rather than the color cue. These experiments showed that visual search necessarily preceded pursuit initiation only when the distractor moved in the opposite direction relative to the target. In this case, visual search contributed about 25 msec to the overall latency of pursuit. Control experiments showed that the monkey need not attend to the distractor in order for it to influence the latency of pursuit. A network model was developed in which units that represent the motions of the target and distractor compete against one another. Attention serves to bias the outcome of this competition toward the direction of the selected target. The performance of this network exhibits a striking parallel to the effect of the distractor on smooth pursuit latency.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

More evidence for sensorimotor adaptation in color perception.

Sensorimotor adaptation can be defined as a perceptual adaptation whose effects depend on the occurrence and nature of the performed motor actions. Examples of sensorimotor adaptation can be found in the literature on prisms concerning several space-related attributes like orientation, curvature, and size. In this article, we show that sensorimotor adaptation can be obtained for color, as a consequence of the introduction of a new sensorimotor contingency between eye movements and color changes. In an adaptation phase, trials involved the successive presentation of two patches, first on the left, and then on the right or the opposite. The left patch being always red and the right patch green, a correlation is introduced between left-right (respectively right-left) eye saccades and red-green (respectively green-red) color change. After 40 min of adaptation, when two yellow patches are successively presented on each side of the screen, the chromaticity of the left and right patches need respectively to be shifted toward the chromaticity of the red and green adaptation patches for subjective equality to be obtained. When the eyes are kept fixed during the adaptation stage, creating a strong nonhomogeneity in retinal adaptation, no effect is found. This ensures that, if present, adaptation at a given retinal location cannot explain the present effect. A third experiment shows a dependency of the effect on the eyes' saccadic movements and not on the position on the screen, that is, on the position of the eyes in the orbits. These results argue for the involvement of sensorimotor mechanisms in color perception. The relation of these experimental findings toward a sensorimotor theory of color perception is discussed.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Genetics of the fawn-hooded rat strain. The coat color dilution and platelet storage pool deficiency are pleiotropic effects of the autosomal recessive red-eyed dilution gene.

The inheritance of coat color, hooded-coat pattern, and platelet storage pool deficiency of fawn-hooded rats was studied by crossing fawn-hooded rats with rats of other strains. It was determined that the tan coat color and the platelet storage pool deficiency were pleiotropic effects of the autosomal recessive red-eyed dilution (r) gene. The hooded-coat pattern was determined to be the effect of a different autosomal recessive gene. It also was demonstrated that the tan coat color of fawn-hooded rats is a dilution and that the shade of the tan coat color expressed varied with the underlying coat color genes.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Medical uses of cosmetic colored contact lenses.

PURPOSE: To explore the clinical issues surrounding the use of hand-painted contact lenses for medical indications and to assess patient satisfaction with the use of these lenses for an unsightly eye. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to all patients visiting the contact lens department of Western Eye Hospital for a colored contact lens fitting during a 1-year period. The questionnaire related to patient satisfaction with the lenses and aspects of wear. RESULTS: Replies were received from 25 of a total of 33 patients. The average wearing time was 11.3 hours per day. Most (88%) patients wore lenses for cosmetic reasons, and 12% wore lenses for cosmetic and refractive purposes. Satisfaction was 76% regarding lens comfort and 88% regarding lens color. CONCLUSIONS: Provided lens care is satisfactory and the patient does not have unreasonable expectations, a tinted contact lens can be a useful device. In view of the cost implication, this is a valuable service provided by the hospital.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

[Problems in the determination of color coordinates after the visual comparison method on the fundus of the eye (author's transl)].

A short description of color measurements on the fundus according to the method of visual comparison. The Zeiss Fundus camera equipped with an attachment served as the basic instrument. The method will not have clinical value until exact statistical values for the range of error of the different methods of measurement are available. A large number of color measurements in a short period of time on one patient's eye for gauging purposes is not possible. Therefore series of measurements are carried out on a phantom eye in order to determine the range of error in the color measurements under different conditions. Description of the results. The accuracy of the measurements which can be reached under ideal conditions with the phantom eye cannot always be reached with the patient's eye. Description of a model case for further series of measurements. The same errors of measurement appeared for reddish, yellow-orangeish, and almost white color areas. The fact that the adjustable lamp had to be replaced had practically no consequences. A series of measurements conducted according to the highest and lowest luminary densities allowed by the German Industrial Norms justifies the decision to limit the luminary density for the color measurements on the ocular fundus to 40 to 70 asb. Under the described conditions the error of measurement is smaller than is necessary clinically.

Colorimetry↗
PubMed1976

Corneal sensitivity in people with the same and with different iris color.

Corneal touch thresholds were determined for both eyes of 15 people with different colored irides (a condition known as heterochromia) and of 25 people with similar colored irides. It was found that corneal sensitivity is not significantly different in both eyes of either group. Therefore it is suggested that the fact previously demonstrated that corneal sensitivity is related to iris color is not of corneal origin.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Color vision measured with pseudoisochromatic plates at five-and-a-half years in eyes of children from the CRYO-ROP study.

PURPOSE: To investigate the prevalence of color deficits at age 5 1/2 years in preterm children with birth weights of less than 1251 g who participated in the multicenter Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity (CRYO-ROP) study. METHODS: Two cohorts of CRYO-ROP participants served as subjects: 1055 children who participated in a long-term study of the natural history of ROP at 5 of the 23 CRYO-ROP centers, and 187 children (from all 23 study centers) who had threshold ROP in both eyes and who were randomized to receive cryotherapy in 1 eye. Monocular color vision was tested at age 5 1/2 years, using the Standard Pseudoisochromatic Plates, part 2 (SPP2) for acquired color vision defects. RESULTS: In the Natural History cohort, prevalence of red-green (R-G) color deficits was 6.6% for males and 1.0% for females, similar to that of the general adult population. Prevalence of blue-yellow (B-Y) color deficits was 2.8% for males and 2.2% for females, more than 200 times that in the general adult population. Prevalence of B-Y deficits was not related to birth weight, gestational age, acute-phase ROP, optic atrophy, or retinal residua of ROP, but was related to visual acuity. In the Threshold ROP cohort, color vision deficits were no more likely in eyes that had received cryotherapy than in control eyes. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm an increased prevalence of B-Y deficits in children born before term, and provide evidence that the increased prevalence is not related to birth weight, gestational age, or severity of ROP within this group of preterm children. No evidence was found to indicate that cryotherapy increased the rate of color vision deficits in eyes with threshold ROP.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed2004

Baseline characteristics, the 25-Item National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire, and their associations in the Complications of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Prevention Trial (CAPT).

OBJECTIVE: To describe characteristics of participants in the Complications of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Prevention Trial (CAPT) at baseline and to investigate associations among visual function, fundus features, and vision-related quality of life. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: The 1052 participants in CAPT, a multicenter, randomized clinical trial. Eligibility criteria for CAPT included > or =10 large drusen and visual acuity > or =20/40 in each eye. METHODS: At baseline, the visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and critical print size for each eye were measured, color stereo photographs of the disc and macula of each eye were taken, and the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-25) was self-administered. Graders from a central photograph reading center evaluated the photographs for drusen characteristics and focal hyperpigmentation. All procedures were performed using standardized protocols. Associations among characteristics were assessed by Spearman correlation coefficients and multiple linear regression. RESULTS: Among CAPT participants at baseline, the mean age was 71.0 years, 60.6% were women, and 99.3% were white. The median visual acuity of the better eye was 20/20 and of the worse eye 20/25. In approximately one third of eyes, drusen covered > or =10% of the retina within 3000 microm of the foveal center, and 67.7% of eyes had focal hyperpigmentation. Drusen area and focal hyperpigmentation were weakly correlated (r = -0.08 to -0.18) with the measures of visual function. The measures of visual function were weakly associated with the NEI-VFQ-25 scores. An association of fundus features with NEI-VFQ-25 scores was not found. CONCLUSION: At baseline, CAPT participants had good visual function and several risk factors for progression to neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Scores on the NEI-VFQ-25 indicated that participants perceived some problems with their vision. Within this relatively homogeneous group of participants, measures of visual function were only weakly associated with the measures of vision-related quality of life.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Measurement of iris color using computerized image analysis.

PURPOSE: To develop a standardized method for measuring from iris photographs, light and dark segments of areas and densities of iris color. METHODS: Computerized image analysis was used to measure the iris photographs. The reproducibility of this method was studied in 30 normal eyes with three different colored irides, green-brown, blue-grey brown and yellow-brown. Three photographs were taken of each iris with a slit lamp camera at three different exposures at baseline. The photographs were repeated with exposure providing for the best reproducibility at 6.5 +/- 1.7 months as a first follow-up after baseline and 3.6 +/- 0.8 months following the first follow-up visit. At least one measurement was made for each photograph. RESULTS: The mean percent coefficient of variation (standard deviation of triplicate measurements/mean x 100) ranged from 1.0 to 4.1% for area and density measurements. Furthermore, the range of mean percent differences between baseline and follow-up visits ranged from 1.2 to 6.3%. CONCLUSION: We have developed a standardized method which appears suitable for measuring changes over time in iris color.

Aged↗