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PubMed1988

Our changing views of the therapeutic action of psychoanalysis: comparing Strachey and Loewald.

A comparison of Strachey and Loewald on the nature of therapeutic action reveals a deep shift in analytic interest away from the structural point of view and toward object relational and interpersonal frames of reference. Loewald's theoretical and technical revisions are far more sweeping than is usually acknowledged, and we can better benefit from his contribution by recognizing the full extent of his originality. Loewald's work also illuminates a major challenge for contemporary psychoanalysis: the need for an integration of the now disparate languages of metapsychology and clinical process.

Freudian Theory↗
PubMed1988

Critical reflections on a coding scheme.

We began by reviewing our method for studying the patient's experience of the relationship with the analyst. Among the highlights of the method is the coding of allusions to the transference in associations that are not manifestly about the transference. We went on to describe a modification in our point of view that has occurred since the coding scheme was published in 1982. This change entails greater emphasis upon the value of a certain kind of participation on the part of the analyst, one which invariably includes some degree of re-enactment of neurotic patterns of relatedness. We feel that the process is frequently enriched when it includes both the interactive expression of the tendency towards enactment and its examination. We compared our viewpoint with Weiss & Sampson and the Mount Zion group who seem to promote an ideal in which the analyst does not yield at all to the pressures of the neurotic transference. We concluded with some general reflections on psychoanalytic process research. Central among these is the idea that research hypotheses and methods should continually be revised to take account of the complexity of the process that we know of as practitioners.

Free Association↗
PubMed1988

Testing hypotheses about unconscious mental functioning.

Three research studies were designed to test the explanatory powers of two broad psychoanalytic hypotheses about the nature of unconscious mental functionings. Both hypotheses bear directly on the psychoanalytic theory of therapy. The first, the Dynamic hypothesis, assumes that unconscious mental life is determined by the dynamic interactions of unconscious forces that take place in accordance with the pleasure principle beyond the patient's control. The second, the Unconscious Control hypothesis, while not excluding unconscious dynamic interactions, assumes that the patient unconsciously may use his higher mental functions and that he exerts a certain degree of control over his unconscious mental life. He uses this control to develop goals, to test the therapist (and at the same time his pathogenic beliefs), and to regulate the coming forth of repressed mental contents, bringing them forth when he unconsciously decides that he could safely experience them. The studies demonstrate that quantitative, reliable research methods can be used to test basic psychoanalytic hypotheses about the nature of unconscious mental functioning. The findings are compatible with the Unconscious Control hypothesis as described above.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

A woman's attempt at a perverse solution and its failure.

The Programme Committee of the Montreal Congress asked the author to present a case of perversion connected with traumas. Rather than speak about erotization of the effects of the trauma (death or castration anxiety transformed into a source of pleasure) the author relates the first 18 months of analysis of a young woman whose important narcissistic trauma, the result of an inadequate early relationship with her mother, is camouflaged by an avidity for sexual excitations. The aim is to transform narcissistic pain which cannot be worked through into sexuality for which release is possible. Sexuality becomes a means of expressing feelings of hate, revenge and triumph over the primary object. The ensuing perverse solution--an attempt to slip into the primal scene by identification with the sadistic penis--does not succeed. The author advances certain hypotheses concerning the mother-daughter relationship which seem to explain this failure and to explain too the absence of a stable perverse organization in women. There follows a longing to return to the womb, in the shape of the fantasied destruction of the contents of the mother's belly, expressed as the fantasy of the end of the world, and which the author labels as 'the archaic matrix of the Oedipus complex'.

Borderline Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1977

Dreams.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Dreams↗
PubMed1988

Insight and the analytic dyad.

Insight reflects the unitary nature of psychic activity in contrast to the fragmentation created in abstracting categories for the purpose of study and discussion. The unique analytic clinical dyad offers a structure in which intrapsychic fragments can be actualized and integrated. As a result, the analyst's contribution is more crucially one of exploration than of revelation. Whatever the area of examination, past or present, the link to analytic immediacy offers the opportunity to make meanings meaningful, to convert known facts to psychic truths. The analyst's clinical task requires his private self-analysis as part of the collaborative exploration of how the patient's mind works. Higher level ego functioning, including acutely active remembering, is at times transiently loosened in order for the analyst to share in the clinical work of discovery. The words the analyst uses to communicate his understanding convey only approximate manifest meanings, though they structurally reveal deeper messages of importance to the patient. These verbal approximations help stimulate self-reflection in the analysand as a step in the process of gaining insight.

Awareness↗
PubMed1988

The analyst's insights.

The patient's fresh perceptions of himself come through mutative work shared with the analyst in the focused intimacy of their interaction. In finding transferential expectancies realized, the patient can experience these as yet different, providing he has the analyst's optimal participation. In this concurrence of crucial differences he can discount and discard the old perceptions that had shaped his psychic reality, and build out of them fresh insights. The analyst's regressive lapses in his best work are a liability inherent in the compromise formations comprising his work ego, built as it is out of the needs and motives of his own transferential past. The stagnation and tensions his regressive transferences contribute to the analytic work produce vivid actualization of the intrapsychic conflicts of both, now intertwined and mutually reinforcing. The analyst's self-analysis at such times can lead to resolving insights about himself that redress the impasse and restore the analytic work both must do.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Working through: 1914-1984.

This paper reviews the various meanings given to "working through" by Freud and others. The relation of "working through" to "analysis" is discussed and illustrated.

Austria↗
PubMed1987

Robert Waelder on psychoanalytic technique: five lectures.

Biographical information regarding Robert Waelder is readily available (Guttman, 1986), and this is not the place for it. The following is a rare and direct example of his "old-fashioned" teaching. "Old-fashioned" and "conservative" are criticisms often leveled at Waelder these days. Yet, "Old-fashioned is not precisely the word for Waelder.... He was a conservative in the best sense, as his later writings continued to prove, one who would not relinquish what is good for the sake of the supposed 'ideal' situation imagined by those restless for change. This was his ethic, and his conservatism was entirely humanitarian. He refused to idealize 'human nature' and tried to preserve the realism of his clinical sense in matters beyond the clinic" (Lewin, 1968, p. 9).

Conflict, Psychological↗