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PubMed1994

Quantitative analysis of macrophages and perisinusoidal cells in primary biliary cirrhosis.

Immunohistochemistry and image analysis were used to quantify alterations in the Kupffer cell and 'activated' perisinusoidal cell populations in the different stages of primary biliary cirrhosis. Anti-CD68 macrophage antibodies were used to detect Kupffer cells, and anti-alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), PR 2D3 and anti-desmin antibodies to detect perisinusoidal cells. Liver biopsy material was available from 26 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and 23 patients with histologically normal liver. Increased Kupffer cell numbers were observed in periportal/periseptal zones of stage 3 primary biliary cirrhosis (n = 9), and in random parenchymal areas of stage 3 and stage 4 cases. Significantly increased 'activated' perisinusoidal cell numbers were seen only in periportal/periseptal zones of stage 3 and stage 4 primary biliary cirrhosis. Neither Kupffer cell nor perisinusoidal cell numbers altered significantly in stage 1 and 2 primary biliary cirrhosis (n = 6). PR 2D3 positivity and increased alpha-SMA immunoreactivity by perisinusoidal cells in primary biliary cirrhosis support myofibroblastic differentiation of these cells. Human perisinusoidal cells, unlike their rodent counterparts, did not express desmin in primary biliary cirrhosis or control liver. Kupffer cells and 'activated' perisinusoidal cell accumulation in periportal/periseptal zones of the precirrhotic and cirrhotic primary biliary cirrhosis liver support the concept of Kupffer cell-mediated stimulation of perisinusoidal cells. Furthermore, these findings indicate that Kupffer cell-perisinusoidal interactions play an important role in the development of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in primary biliary cirrhosis.

Actins↗

PubMed1996

Mature B cells are required for acute splenic infection, but not for establishment of latency, by murine gammaherpesvirus 68.

Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (gamma HV-68; also referred to as MHV-68) is a gammaherpesvirus which infects murid rodents. Previous studies showed that CD8 T cells are important for controlling gamma HV-68 replication during the first 2 weeks of infection and suggested a role for B cells in latent or persistent gamma HV-68 infection. To further define the importance of B cells and CD8 T cells during acute and chronic gamma HV-68 infection, we examined splenic infection in mice with null mutations in the transmembrane domain of the mu-heavy-chain constant region (MuMT; B-cell and antibody deficient) or in the beta2-microglobulin gene (beta2 -/-; CD8 deficient). Immunocompetent mice infected intraperitoneally with gamma HV-68 demonstrated peak splenic titers 9 to 10 days postinfection, cleared infectious virus 15 to 20 days postinfection, and harbored low levels of latent virus at 6 weeks postinfection. Beta2-/- mice showed peak splenic gamma HV-68 titers similar to those of normal mice but were unable to clear infectious virus completely from the spleen, demonstrating persistent infectious virus 6 weeks postinfection. These data indicate that CD8 T cells are important for clearing infectious gamma HV-68 from the spleen. Infected MuMT mice did not demonstrate detectable infectious gamma HV-68 in the spleen at any time after infection, indicating that mature B lymphocytes are necessary for acute splenic infection by gamma HV-68. Despite the lack of measurable acute infection, MuMT spleen cells harbored latent virus 6 weeks postinfection at a level about 100-fold higher than that in normal mice. These data demonstrate establishment of latency by a herpesvirus in an organ in the absence of acute viral replication in that organ. In addition, they demonstrate that gamma HV-68 can establish latency in a cell type other than mature B lymphocytes.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2000

In vivo regulation of the beta-myosin heavy chain gene in soleus muscle of suspended and weight-bearing rats.

In the weight-bearing hindlimb soleus muscle of the rat, approximately 90% of muscle fibers express the beta-myosin heavy chain (beta-MHC) isoform protein. Hindlimb suspension (HS) causes the MHC isoform population to shift from beta toward the fast MHC isoforms. Our aim was to establish a model to test the hypothesis that this shift in expression is transcriptionally regulated through specific cis elements of the beta-MHC promoter. With the use of a direct gene transfer approach, we determined the activity of different length beta-MHC promoter fragments, linked to a firefly luciferase reporter gene, in soleus muscle of control and HS rats. In weight-bearing rats, the relative luciferase activity of the longest beta-promoter fragment (-3500 bp) was threefold higher than the shorter promoter constructs, which suggests that an enhancer sequence is present in the upstream promoter region. After 1 wk of HS, the reporter activities of the -3500-, -914-, and -408-bp promoter constructs were significantly reduced ( approximately 40%), compared with the control muscles. However, using the -215-bp construct, no differences in promoter activity were observed between HS and control muscles, which indicates that the response to HS in the rodent appears to be regulated within the -408 and -215 bp of the promoter.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

L-selectin-mediated neutrophil recruitment in experimental rodent aneurysm formation.

BACKGROUND: This investigation tested the hypothesis that L-selectin is important in experimental abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation in rodents. METHODS AND RESULTS: Rat abdominal aortas were perfused with saline (control) or porcine pancreatic elastase and studied on postperfusion days 1, 2, 4, 7, and 14 (n=5 per treatment group per day). Neutrophil (polymorphonucleur leukocyte, PMN) and macrophage counts per high-powered field (HPF) were performed on fixed sections. L-selectin expression and protein levels in aortic tissue were determined by polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. Elastase-perfused aortic diameters were significantly increased compared with control aortas at all time points except day 1 (P<0.05). PMN counts significantly increased in elastase-perfused aortas compared with control aortas at days 1, 2, and 4, reaching maximum levels at day 7 (40.8 versus 0.3 PMNs/HPF, P=0.001). L-selectin mRNA expression in elastase-perfused aortas was 18 (P=0.018), 17 (P<0.001), and 8 times (P=0.02) times greater than control aortas at days 1, 2, and 4, respectively. Western blot demonstrated a significant 69% increase in L-selectin protein at day 7 in elastase- as compared with saline-perfused aortas (P=0.005). Subsequent experiments involved similar studies on postperfusion days 4, 7, and 14 of aortas from C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice (n=21) and L-selectin-knockout (LKO) mice (n=19). LKO mice had significantly smaller aortic diameters at day 14 as compared with WT mice (88% versus 123%, P=0.02). PMN counts were significantly greater in elastase-perfused WT mouse aortas as compared with LKO mouse aortas at day 4 after perfusion (12.8 versus 4.8 PMNs/HPF, P=0.02). Macrophage counts were significantly greater at all time points after perfusion in elastase-perfused WT mouse aortas compared with elastase-perfused LKO mouse aortas, with a maximum difference at day 7 after perfusion (13.3 versus 0.5 macrophages/HPF, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: L-selectin-mediated neutrophil recruitment may be a critical early step in AAA formation.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Oral glutamine decreases bacterial translocation and improves survival in experimental gut-origin sepsis.

BACKGROUND: Glutamine has been shown to be an important dietary component for the maintenance of gut metabolism. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential benefit of glutamine-enriched diets on experimental gut-derived sepsis. METHODS: BALB/c mice were fed either 2% glutamine-supplemented or 1% glycine-supplemented (near-isonitrogenous control) AIN-76A diets. Control mice received either nonsupplemented AIN-76A or regular Purina Rodent Laboratory Mouse Chow 5001 diets. After 10 days of feeding, the mice were transfused with allogeneic blood (from C3H/HeJ mice), and the feeding protocols were continued for an additional 5 days. The mice then underwent gavage with 10(10) Escherichia coli labeled with either indium-111 oxine or [14C]glucose followed immediately by a 20% burn injury. Some mice were observed 10 days postburn for survival rates. Others were killed 4 hours after burn, and the mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, and spleen were harvested to determine radionuclide and bacterial colony counts. The percentages of viable translocated E coli were also calculated. RESULTS: Mice fed glutamine-enriched diets had a lower degree of translocation (as measured by both radionuclide and bacterial counts) to the tissues than did the other groups and had an improvement in the ability to kill translocated E coli (as measured by the percentage of viable bacteria). Survival was significantly higher in the group fed 2% glutamine (81%) compared with the groups fed 1% glycine (36%), AIN-76A (35%), and Purina Rodent Laboratory Mouse Chow 5001 (36%) diets (p < .004). CONCLUSIONS: Glutamine-supplemented enteral diets may exert important benefits in preventing gut-origin sepsis after trauma.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Bovine pinealocytes in monolayer culture: studies on the adrenergic regulation of melatonin secretion.

Most of what is known regarding adrenergic control of mammalian pineal functions has been derived from investigations with rodents. In an effort to provide a new animal model for pineal research, the bovine pineal gland was selected for practical and theoretical reasons. Bovine pinealocytes in monolayer culture were first characterized in terms of optimal culture conditions, i.e. medium requirements, cell density, preincubation duration and stimulation times. In Dulbecco's minimum essential medium/Ham's F12 medium, 2 x 10(5) cells per well preincubated for 6 days and stimulated for 8 h resulted in large increases in melatonin (mel) release (15- to 17-fold) after adrenergic stimulation. Likewise, cAMP accumulation within 10 min of stimulation increased 4- to 8-fold. (Bu)2cAMP (10(-5)-10(-3) M) produced a significant elevation in MEL secretion. Neither adrenergic dose-response studies, adrenergic antagonist studies nor experiments in which alpha- and beta-agonists were added together provided any evidence for a positive alpha/beta synergism on either MEL release or cAMP accumulation by bovine pinealocytes. This culture system should prove useful for identifying species differences in the signal transduction mechanisms underlying the activation of MEL secretion in the mammalian pineal.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

A2A antagonists as novel non-dopaminergic therapy for motor dysfunction in PD.

The future management of Parkinson's disease (PD) requires pharmacologic agents that do not lose efficacy with disease progression or induce dyskinesia and that are free of other dopaminergic side effects. A2A receptor antagonists may provide an opportunity to introduce nondopaminergic management of PD. A2A receptors are selectively localized in basal ganglia and to the indirect output pathway where they control GABA and acetylcholine release. The A2A antagonists are effective in rodent models of PD, reversing motor deficits in haloperidol-treated, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated, or reserpinized mice, and potentiating L-dopa-induced rotation in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats without inducing dyskinesia. Importantly, the selective A2A antagonist KW6002 reverses motor disability and increases locomotor activity in MPTP-treated primates without provoking dyskinesia established by previous exposure to L-dopa. In addition, KW6002 shows additive antiparkinsonian activity with L-dopa and the D2 agonist quinpirole in MPTP-treated primates without enhancing the intensity of dyskinesia. The data available suggest that A2A antagonists, such as KW6002, may be effective as monotherapy for the management of PD and that they will also produce additional benefit when administered in combination with L-dopa or dopamine agonist therapy.

Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists↗

PubMed2005

Effects of photoperiod and food availability on growth, leptin, sexual maturation and maintenance in the Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus).

Reproductive activity of Mongolian gerbils is regulated by photoperiod nevertheless body weight regulation is controlled without ambient photoperiod. Food intake is a major factor affecting rodent reproductive efficiency. Leptin is a hormone secreted by adipose tissue and modulates food intake, energy expenditure and body fat stores. In this study we studied the interaction of photoperiod and food availability on growth, sexual maturation and leptin concentration in the male and female gerbils. Gerbils were gestated and reared in either 14L:10D or 2L:22D. At weaning, gerbils were housed individually and divided into three groups: fed ad libitum, fed 80% of ad libitum or fed 60% of ad libitum. Body weights were recorded at weaning and every week thereafter. After twelve weeks of treatment, animals were sacrificed and testes and uterine weights were determined and blood was collected for leptin measurement. Food restriction reduced body weight and inhibited reproductive development. Absolute paired testis weights were similar in ad lib and 80% of ad lib groups but significantly different compared with the 60% of ad lib group in both photoperiods. Body weights were also directly dependent upon the level of food restriction. Uterine mass was only affected in the 60% of ad lib group in 14L but both food restriction levels significantly affected the uterine weights in 2L. Significant variations were found in leptin profiles. Leptin concentration was highest in ad lib and 80% of ad lib groups and lowest in 60% of ad lib groups. These results suggest that the reproductive activity of Mongolian gerbils is sensitive to food intake and multiple potential environmental cues (e.g., food availability, temperature) can be utilized.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

High-dose porcine galanin infusion and effect on intravenous glucose tolerance in humans.

The neuropeptide galanin inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin release in dogs and rodents and has been proposed as having a role in the control of insulin release in humans. The effect of infused galanin on intravenous glucose tolerance in humans was investigated by giving an intravenous glucose tolerance test (0.5 g glucose/kg body wt) alone and with infusions of synthetic porcine galanin at high-dose levels (80 and 160 pmol.kg-1.min-1) to seven healthy male volunteers. The results showed no effect of galanin infusion on plasma glucose or serum insulin, although a rise in serum growth hormone even in the face of the intravenous glucose load confirmed the potent growth hormone-stimulating effect of galanin. These results suggest that caution should be exercised in extrapolating a physiological role for galanin in humans from the results of animal studies.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Femoral artery ligation stimulates capillary growth and limits training-induced increases in oxidative capacity in rats.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the interaction of arterial insufficiency and exercise training on soleus and plantaris muscle capillarity and oxidative capacity in adult rats. METHODS: Arterial insufficiency was created by ligation (LIG) of the right femoral artery, and exercise training (TR) was performed on a rodent treadmill. The left hindlimb served as a normally (NORM) perfused control. Capillary:fiber ratio number of capillary contacts per fiber, and citrate synthase activity (CS) were evaluated in the plantaris (Plant) and soleus (Sol) muscles. RESULTS: In sedentary rats, CS was similar between LIG and NORM (Plant: 24.4 vs. 24.3 mumol.min-1.g-1; Sol: 16.6 vs. 16.9 mumol.min-1.g-1), but capillaries per fiber and capillary contacts per fiber were significantly elevated in the plantaris muscle of LIG (2.46 vs. 2.10 caps/fiber, 5.78 vs. 5.03 capillary contacts). CS was elevated in both limbs of TR but was lower in LIG than in NORM (Plant: 28.5 vs. 32.4 mumol.min-1.g-1; Sol: 21.1 vs. 24.9 mumol.min-1.g-1). Treadmill training did not significantly affect capillarity in NORM. However, muscles in the ligated limb of TR tended to have greater capillarity than comparable muscles in either NORM of TR of LIG in SED. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate capillary proliferation in the plantaris but not soleus muscle of rat hindlimbs with femoral artery ligation. Capillarity and CS adaptations were not obligatorily related in LIG, and femoral artery ligation and exercise training appeared to have interactive effects on skeletal muscle capillarity.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Metabolic effects of exercise. I. Effect of exercise on serum lipids and lipogenesis in rats.

To evaluate the metabolic effects of exercise, three groups of exercised male rats were compared to their sedentary controls at the end of 10 wk of voluntary exercise in rodent activity cages. Exercises rats consumed more food than sedentary rats but had greater weight gain only at the higher levels of activity. Exercised rats had significanlty lower serum triglycerides and higher values of adipose tissue alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity. At higher levels of physical activity, the exercised rats enhibited larger adrenal glands and lower values of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. It is concluded that specific levels of voluntary exercise are needed to achieve specific metabolic effects.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Optimization of the chronotherapeutic index in the experimental animal laboratory.

Large animal studies show that the effects of fixed doses of anticancer drugs vary predictably with multi-frequency rhythms' stages--components of a genetically--anchored, habitat synchronized, cosmically influenced time structure--the chronome. Both the tolerance by the host of the toxic drugs and the treatment's efficacy in killing cancer cells contribute to these changes. Chronotherapy, timing treatment according to the chronome, attempts to first maximize treatment efficacy while also minimizing toxicity, so as to optimize the therapeutic ratio. Outcomes have been improved by several hundred per cent by treating rodents at the "right" time with single or multiple agents under controlled laboratory conditions, and by chronoradiotherapy of human perioral tumors, using tumor temperature as a marker rhythm.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance.

It now appears that, in most obese patients, obesity is associated with a low-grade inflammation of white adipose tissue (WAT) resulting from chronic activation of the innate immune system and which can subsequently lead to insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance and even diabetes. WAT is the physiological site of energy storage as lipids. In addition, it has been more recently recognized as an active participant in numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes. In obesity, WAT is characterized by an increased production and secretion of a wide range of inflammatory molecules including TNF-alpha and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which may have local effects on WAT physiology but also systemic effects on other organs. Recent data indicate that obese WAT is infiltrated by macrophages, which may be a major source of locally-produced pro-inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, weight loss is associated with a reduction in the macrophage infiltration of WAT and an improvement of the inflammatory profile of gene expression. Several factors derived not only from adipocytes but also from infiltrated macrophages probably contribute to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Most of them are overproduced during obesity, including leptin, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and resistin. Conversely, expression and plasma levels of adiponectin, an insulin-sensitising effector, are down-regulated during obesity. Leptin could modulate TNF-alpha production and macrophage activation. TNF-alpha is overproduced in adipose tissue of several rodent models of obesity and has an important role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in these species. However, its actual involvement in glucose metabolism disorders in humans remains controversial. IL-6 production by human adipose tissue increases during obesity. It may induce hepatic CRP synthesis and may promote the onset of cardiovascular complications. Both TNF-alpha and IL-6 can alter insulin sensitivity by triggering different key steps in the insulin signalling pathway. In rodents, resistin can induce insulin resistance, while its implication in the control of insulin sensitivity is still a matter of debate in humans. Adiponectin is highly expressed in WAT, and circulating adiponectin levels are decreased in subjects with obesity-related insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. Adiponectin inhibits liver neoglucogenesis and promotes fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle. In addition, adiponectin counteracts the pro-inflammatory effects of TNF-alpha on the arterial wall and probably protects against the development of arteriosclerosis. In obesity, the pro-inflammatory effects of cytokines through intracellular signalling pathways involve the NF-kappaB and JNK systems. Genetic or pharmacological manipulations of these effectors of the inflammatory response have been shown to modulate insulin sensitivity in different animal models. In humans, it has been suggested that the improved glucose tolerance observed in the presence of thiazolidinediones or statins is likely related to their anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, it can be considered that obesity corresponds to a sub-clinical inflammatory condition that promotes the production of pro-inflammatory factors involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance.

Adiponectin↗

PubMed1989

Antimalarial and toxic effect of triple combination of pyronaridine, sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine.

The triple combination of pyronaridine, sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine which has been proven to be efficient in delaying emergence of drug resistance of rodent malarial parasites was further studied for potential application to malaria control. The antimalarial effect of the triple combination on Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected mice and the toxic effects in mice and rats were additive. A single dose of pyronaridine 500 mg in combination with sulfadoxine, 1000 or 1500 mg, and pyrimethamine, 50 or 75 mg, given to 72 acute falciparum malaria patients resulted in a 100% cure rate with nil or mild side effects, and no recrudescence of asexual parasite over 4-week follow-up. Preliminary experiments on the drug effect on sporogony showed that the drug combination at the dose used could not completely interrupt the sporozoite formation although many retarded oocysts were found.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

[Beta 3 adrenergic receptor polymorphism and obesity].

The beta 3-adrenoceptor plays a significant role in the control of lipolysis and thermogenesis in the brown adipose tissue of rodents and humans. In human beta 3-adrenoceptor, a Trp to Arg replacement has recently been discovered. This change which occurs at position 64, in the first coding exon, has been correlated with increased weight gain, difficulty in losing weight, insulin resistance syndrome, and worsened diabetic situation. Higher percentages of this mutation are observed in Pima Indians (over 30%) and Japanese (20%). The possible functional mechanism of Trp54Arg is reported using human HEK293 cell line stably expressing the wild type and the [Arg64] beta 3-adrenoceptor type. Beta 3-adrenoceptor agonists available for humans are been also developing. In this paper we describe these points up-to-date.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2000

The organization and control of grooming in cats.

Grooming in small felids has received little attention compared with grooming in rodents, bovids and primates where grooming is also common. This study set out to describe the general pattern, time budget and degree of cephalocaudal sequencing of self-oral grooming in the domestic cat. In 11 cats confined for the purposes of videotaping, sleeping and resting accounted for 50% of the time budget. Oral grooming, 91% of which was to multiple body regions, accounted for 4% of the overall time budget or 8% of non-sleeping/resting time. Scratch grooming, always directed to single regions, occupied about 1/50 of the time of oral grooming. There was a moderate and significant cephalocaudal trend to grooming. An increased likelihood for oral grooming to follow periods of sleep or rest was indicated by a significant negative correlation between sleep/rest duration and latency to the subsequent grooming bout. The effect of enforced deprivation of grooming on the subsequent occurrence of grooming was explored by the 3-day application of Elizabethian collars, which prevented oral grooming or control collars that did not prevent grooming. In the 12 h immediately after removal of the Elizabethian collars, oral grooming increased by 67% and scratch grooming by 200% compared with the grooming rate after removal of control collars. By the second 12 h, the apparent catch-up effect of grooming had disappeared. The occurrence of cephalocaudally-directed, multiple-region oral grooming and deprivation-enhanced grooming would appear to represent aspects of a central control mechanism for the organization and regulation of grooming.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1997

Immunocontraception in rodents: a review of the development of a sperm-based immunocontraceptive vaccine for the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis).

The strategy for developing contraceptive vaccines for wild rodents will depend on the species. In rats and mice, high all-year birth rates, high levels of dispersal and promiscous mating systems suggest that, if immunocontraception was used alone, > 90% of the population would have to sterilized to achieve the desired control. In Britain, the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) may be a better candidate to investigate the feasibility of a contraceptive vaccine in rodents. This introduced species is a seasonal breeder with a much lower population turnover than rats or mice. As well as causing damage to woodland, it has ousted the native red squirrel (S. valgaris) from most of the UK. A human and selective method for the control of grey squirrels is therefore highly desirable. Numerous sperm-specific antigens have been identified on rodent spermatozoa. Monoclonal antibodies to particular components block sperm-egg interactions in laboratory animals and cross-react with grey squirrel spermatozoa. In vitro fertilization assays indicate that squirrel sperm-egg binding may be inhibited also. Currently, a cDNA library obtained from grey squirrel testis is being screened to identify genes encoding specific sperm antigens involved in fertilization. Methods of enhancing immunogenicity after oral immunization using microparticle carriers and immune-stimulating complexes are currently under investigation.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1981

Comparison of Mus musculus (rodent) antigen specific IgE test results on sensitive asthmatics from two different laboratories.

A series of asthmatics with known sensitivity to Mus musculus (rodent) antigen were compared to non-sensitive asthmatics and normal, nonatopic controls by the Fadal/Nalebuff Modified RAST (F/N RAST) protocol in an attempt to duplicate the results of a similar study in the Cook County Hospital. Two lots of extract material were used in the preparation of the reagent discs. A significant difference was observed between the results obtained on the two lots of extract but not between the results found at Cook County Hospital and Immunodiagnostic Research Foundation when the freshly extracted preparation was used. No clinically positive patient was scored as negative on the F/N RAST system when the fresh extract was used and no clinically negative individual was scored as positive. The over-all concordance of results at the two institutions was 74%, with 26% being equivocal. One patient, originally evaluated as skin test negative, was later re-evaluated and found to be 3+ positive after Immunodiagnostic Research Foundation reported a Class 4 RAST score. These results appear to confirm the findings of Lim and Ganju that rodent antigen causes the formation of specific IgE antibodies in sensitive asthmatics.

Animals↗