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PubMed1987

Adult age differences in visual acuity, stereopsis, and contrast sensitivity.

We investigated adult age differences in four measures of visual function: distance acuity, near acuity, stereopsis, and contrast sensitivity. Twenty-four young adults (mean age 19.5 years) and 24 older adults (mean age 68.4 years) participated. Age differences were present in each of the four measures. A stepwise discriminant analysis performed on the four measures revealed that, when the correlations among the measures were taken into account, only contrast sensitivity significantly discriminated young and older adults' performance. The strength of the correlations among the four measures was greater for older adults than for young adults. The results indicated that contrast sensitivity is a useful measure for detecting age-related changes in visual function and that a common mechanism may underlie age differences on various visual tests.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Trends in visual acuity impairment in US adults: the 1986-1995 National Health Interview Survey.

OBJECTIVE: To assess 10-year trends in reported visual impairment. METHODS: The National Health Interview Survey is a continuous multistage area probability survey of the US civilian noninstitutionalized population living at addressed dwellings. Adults within randomly selected households were administered a chronic conditions list that included questions about visual impairment. Proxy information on these conditions was obtained when household members were unavailable for interview. Complete data were available on 132 860 adults 18 years or older in survey years 1986 to 1995. Prevalence rates were adjusted for age and sample survey design. RESULTS: Annual age-adjusted rates of some visual impairment ranged from 3.6% to 4.6%. Rates of severe bilateral visual impairment ranged from 0.2% to 0.4%. There was some evidence for increasing rates of visual impairment among younger adults 18 to 39 years of age (annual increase, 0.03%; P =.03). However, there were no significant changes in reported visual impairment rates in older adults stratified into 10-year age groups. CONCLUSIONS: Data from the National Health Interview Survey provide no evidence that reported visual impairment rates are declining in the US noninstitutionalized population from 1986 to 1995. Additional treatment advances, greater use of existing treatments, including correcting refractive errors, and further reductions in risk factors for disabling eye diseases may be necessary before population-level reductions in visual impairment rates can be achieved.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Towards a general theory of the visual acuities for shape and spatial arrangement.

A wide range of pattern acuity measurements are presented, and detailed comparisons are made between different acuities for different stimuli and tasks. The most striking finding is that only a small number of cues and mechanisms are involved, and there are thus considerable inhomogeneities in spatial perception, even under focused attention and foveal viewing. A theory for pattern acuity is elaborated, bringing the pattern acuity phenomena into a more general scheme for the visual perception of spatial pattern. Four distinct mechanisms are required to account for all the data. Two of these analyse the shape of small segments of contour using high grade position and slope information; the other two relate the positions of these segments also using position and slope information, but of lower grade.

Form Perception↗
PubMed1995

[Detection of visual acuity disorders and amblyopia in preschool children].

OBJECTIVE: To call attention to the visual sharpness disorders which pre-school children on a determined paediatric list present. DESIGN: A descriptive study. SETTING: Riaño Health Centre, Langreo, Asturias. PARTICIPANTS: Pre-school children aged 4 and 5 at the study date (1994). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 155 children captured for the study through the nursing child programme were evaluated. Data were collected from their corresponding clinical histories. Evaluation was performed by Paediatrics and Ophthalmology specialists and second-year interns in Family and Community Medicine at the Valle del Nalón hospital. To check ocular alignment, the Hirschberg test was used; and to explore visual sharpness, the Pigassou optotype was applied. Disturbance of ocular alignment was suspected in 40.6% of cases and pathology was confirmed in 58.3%; whereas in 44% of cases referral to the ophthalmologist was due to errors in the visualisation of the optotype, with 50% presenting pathology. Amblyopia was found in 5.4% of the total population studied. In the breakdown of ophthalmic pathology it was observed that compound astigmatism was the most common finding (25%). CONCLUSIONS: 1. The high prevalence of Amblyopia found underlines the importance of considering it as a priority objective in prevention programmes. 2. The Hirschberg test and early use of optotypes should be considered elementary routine exploration tests in the scheduled check-ups. 3. It would be useful to strengthen training within the population as a whole as well as improve the linking of Primary and Specialist Care.

Age Factors↗