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Results for “Behavior, Addictive”

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PubMed2001

Activation of prefrontal cortex and anterior thalamus in alcoholic subjects on exposure to alcohol-specific cues.

BACKGROUND: Functional imaging studies have recently demonstrated that specific brain regions become active in cocaine addicts when they are exposed to cocaine stimuli. To test whether there are regional brain activity differences during alcohol cue exposure between alcoholic subjects and social drinkers, we designed a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) protocol involving alcohol-specific cues. METHODS: Ten non-treatment-seeking adult alcoholic subjects (2 women) (mean [SD] age, 29.9 [9.9] years) as well as 10 healthy social drinking controls of similar age (2 women) (mean [SD] age, 29.4 [8.9] years) were recruited, screened, and scanned. In the 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging scanner, subjects were serially rated for alcohol craving before and after a sip of alcohol, and after a 9-minute randomized presentation of pictures of alcoholic beverages, control nonalcoholic beverages, and 2 different visual control tasks. During picture presentation, changes in regional brain activity were measured with the blood oxygen level-dependent technique. RESULTS: Alcoholic subjects, compared with the social drinking subjects, reported higher overall craving ratings for alcohol. After a sip of alcohol, while viewing alcohol cues compared with viewing other beverage cues, only the alcoholic subjects had increased activity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior thalamus. The social drinkers exhibited specific activation only while viewing the control beverage pictures. CONCLUSIONS: When exposed to alcohol cues, alcoholic subjects have increased brain activity in the prefrontal cortex and anterior thalamus-brain regions associated with emotion regulation, attention, and appetitive behavior.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2000

Treatment of nicotine dependence.

Nicotine dependence is characterized by periods of relapse and remission. Health care workers can have a pivotal role in the treatment of nicotine dependence. Smokers should be identified and categorized based on their readiness to change. Smokers who are preparing to stop smoking should be given multicomponent therapy in a step-care approach using behavioral treatment, addiction treatment, pharmacotherapy, and techniques of relapse prevention. Pharmacotherapies approved by the Food and Drug Administration for smoking interventions include sustained-release bupropion, nicotine gum, the nicotine inhaler, nicotine nasal spray, and nicotine patches.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Opioid tolerance and dependence -- do they matter?

The use of opioids has long been accepted as the standard of care in patients with cancer and acute pain. Opioids can further be used effectively in specific subgroups of patients with chronic nonmalignant pain states. While the development of tolerance and physical dependence are known effects of opioids in cancer and noncancer pain populations, these patients can not be regarded as addicted. However, long-term therapy with short-acting opioids predisposes to tolerance and addiction. Recent research has confirmed the important role of psychopathologic and psychosocial conditions as predictors of failed opioid effectiveness in a significant number of noncancer pain subgroups. The clinical picture of failed therapy may be complicated by noncompliance, concealed consumption of psychotropic substances, and diversion of prescribed opioids for various purposes as, e.g., selling for profit, or sharing excess opioids with others. This article discusses the effects of opioid therapy, including tolerance, physical dependence, drug-aberrant behavior, drug history, psychopathology, and somatization.

Analgesics, Opioid↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Risk factors for anabolic steroid use in college students and the role of expectancy.

Anabolic steroids are now recognized as a widespread addictive and dangerous substance, no longer exclusively used as an aid to muscle size and strength in world-class athletes. Psychologists have neglected prevention programs for steroid abuse, in part because of a lack of knowledge of the precipitants of abuse. This study examined demographics, personality factors, and steroid expectancies as risk factors for future steroid use. Older subjects, extraversion, global-positive expectancies for steroid use, and identification with peers who advocated health-risk behaviors predicted higher steroid use, whereas specific social-behavioral negative expectancies for steroid use significantly predicted lowered risk of steroid use. These findings are discussed in the context of past research, and implications for preventive intervention are described.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

[Strive for excellence and addiction to body movement: a risk model in high-level athletes].

Champion athletes strive to attain a personal goal defined by a socially constructed image of psychomotor performance to be accomplished at the moment of the championship celebration. This intrapsychic process is initiated by a transformation of the body, programmed and controlled by repeated training. The athlete's body becomes accustomed to ritualized obsessive movements, favoring the feeling of self-fulfillment solely during muscular effort (contraction/relaxation, displacement). This social goal of excellence implies personal adaptation involving an addictive link to movement: a mechanism uniquely valid in high level sports. Twelve years experience in psychological support of high-level athletes participating in Olympic sports has led to an analysis of this adaptive mechanism and a proposed psychopathological model of its invasion of the athlete's psychic economy.

Behavior, Addictive↗

PubMed2000

Three-stage AIDS incubation period: a best case scenario using addict-needle interaction assumptions.

In this paper we extend the 'needles that kill' model discussed in Kaplan & O'Keefe (1993) to allow addicts to progress through three-stages of variable infectivity prior to the onset of full-blown AIDS, and where the class of infectious needles is split into three according to the different levels of infectivity in addicts. Given the structure of this model we are required to make assumptions regarding the interaction of addicts and needles of different infectivity levels. We deliberately choose these assumptions so that our model serves as a lower bound for the prevalence of HIV under the assumption of a three-stage AIDS incubation period. We find that there is a critical threshold parameter R0 which determines the behaviour of the model. If R0 > 1 then there is a unique endemic equilibrium which is locally stable if, as is realistic, the timescale on which addicts inject is much shorter than that of the other epidemiological and demographic processes. Simulations indicate that if R0 > 1, then provided that disease is initially present in at least one addict or needle then it will tend to the endemic equilibrium. In addition, we derive conditions which guarantee this. We also find that under calibration the long-term prevalence of disease in the 'needles that kill' model is the same as in our three-stage model.

Behavior, Addictive↗

PubMed2006

The debate over dopamine's role in reward: the case for incentive salience.

INTRODUCTION: Debate continues over the precise causal contribution made by mesolimbic dopamine systems to reward. There are three competing explanatory categories: 'liking', learning, and 'wanting'. Does dopamine mostly mediate the hedonic impact of reward ('liking')? Does it instead mediate learned predictions of future reward, prediction error teaching signals and stamp in associative links (learning)? Or does dopamine motivate the pursuit of rewards by attributing incentive salience to reward-related stimuli ('wanting')? Each hypothesis is evaluated here, and it is suggested that the incentive salience or 'wanting' hypothesis of dopamine function may be consistent with more evidence than either learning or 'liking'. In brief, recent evidence indicates that dopamine is neither necessary nor sufficient to mediate changes in hedonic 'liking' for sensory pleasures. Other recent evidence indicates that dopamine is not needed for new learning, and not sufficient to directly mediate learning by causing teaching or prediction signals. By contrast, growing evidence indicates that dopamine does contribute causally to incentive salience. Dopamine appears necessary for normal 'wanting', and dopamine activation can be sufficient to enhance cue-triggered incentive salience. Drugs of abuse that promote dopamine signals short circuit and sensitize dynamic mesolimbic mechanisms that evolved to attribute incentive salience to rewards. Such drugs interact with incentive salience integrations of Pavlovian associative information with physiological state signals. That interaction sets the stage to cause compulsive 'wanting' in addiction, but also provides opportunities for experiments to disentangle 'wanting', 'liking', and learning hypotheses. Results from studies that exploited those opportunities are described here. CONCLUSION: In short, dopamine's contribution appears to be chiefly to cause 'wanting' for hedonic rewards, more than 'liking' or learning for those rewards.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

The oratory of addiction: a 30-year perspective on alcohol and drug misuse.

The annual Leonard Ball Orations illustrate changing perspectives in Australia over 30 years on medical and social effects of misuse of alcohol and other substances. The first oration, in 1968, examined causal factors in the context of 'agent', 'purveyor' and 'host' and provided themes for subsequent orators. In regard to the agent (alcohol), it was proposed that availability (and cost) determined not only overall consumption within the community, but also numbers of users at hazardous levels. This principle seemed applicable to substance misuse and addictive behaviours overall. The influence of purveyors (and advertisers) was discussed with expectedly different perspectives from the liquor industry and social and health-care providers. The role of host was examined in terms of genetic predisposition, foreshadowing current experimental applications of gene transfer and disruption technologies in mice to substance misuse and the promise of the Human Genome Project in clarifying inheritance of substance misuse. Individual successes in harm reduction were described in the context of alcohol and road trauma, smoking prevention and heroin addiction. Government intervention was introduced with the 1987 National Campaign Against Drug Abuse. The focus shifted during the 1980s from alcohol to addictive drugs, in line with community concerns. The 1996 oration on the aborted Canberra trial of supervised heroin administration illustrated the need for, and problems associated with, such studies. The prescience and achievements of the Ball orators provide optimism and direction for efforts in the future.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1995

Mood modulation by food: an exploration of affect and cravings in 'chocolate addicts'.

To test the hypothesis that some foods are eaten to alter mood, the relationship between mood and intake of chocolate was investigated in 40 women. Twenty self-identified chocolate 'addicts' and 20 controls rated hunger, mood, intensity of craving and amount of chocolate eaten in a diary for seven consecutive days. The 'addicts' reported a significantly greater number of eating episodes and consumed a larger amount of chocolate than controls. 'Addicts' also rated depression, guilt and craving higher and feeling content and relaxed as lower before eating than controls. However, eating chocolate resulted in increased feelings of guilt in the 'addicts' and no significant changes in feeling depressed or relaxed. On indices of disordered eating and depression, 'addicts' scored significantly higher than controls; however, eating chocolate did not improve mood. Although chocolate is a food which provides pleasure, for those who consider intake of this food to be excessive, any pleasure experienced is short lived and accompanied by feelings of guilt.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Neurobiology of addiction to drugs of abuse].

OBJECTIVE: In this review we study drug addiction from a neurobiological point of view, emphasizing the dopamine hypothesis. This is basic to explain how a genetic feature is related with an alteration of this neurotransmitter and can connect with environmental factors to develop the addiction problem. DEVELOPMENT: Toxic addiction is defined as the physical or psychophysiological dependence on a special chemical substance, whose suppression arouses deprivation symptoms in the person. The study of addiction to different drugs gives us a new approach for knowing the strengthening systems. Because even thought we do not know precisely the nervous mechanism of these substances that cause pleasure, we suppose that they are in the same place as rewarding and strengthening the behaviour mechanisms. In this way the dopamine hypothesis has been developed: in this hypothesis drug addiction is closely connected with a genetic upset of this neurotransmitter, so there is a defect in the reward system. This in turn stimulates the substance abuse that increases the brain s dopamine levels. CONCLUSION: Knowing the neurobiological mechanisms involved in addiction and its relation with dopamine and the reward system can help us understand that problem and aid the rational development of treatment

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Impulsivity resulting from frontostriatal dysfunction in drug abuse: implications for the control of behavior by reward-related stimuli.

Drug abuse and dependence define behavioral states involving increased allocation of behavior towards drug seeking and taking at the expense of more appropriate behavioral patterns. As such, addiction can be viewed as increased control of behavior by the desired drug (due to its unconditioned, rewarding properties). It is also clear that drug-associated (conditioned) stimuli acquire heightened abilities to control behaviors. These phenomena have been linked with dopamine function within the ventral striatum and amygdala and have been described specifically in terms of motivational and incentive learning processes. New data are emerging that suggest that regions of the frontal cortex involved in inhibitory response control are directly affected by long-term exposure to drugs of abuse. The result of chronic drug use may be frontal cortical cognitive dysfunction, resulting in an inability to inhibit inappropriate unconditioned or conditioned responses elicited by drugs, by related stimuli or by internal drive states. Drug-seeking behavior may thus be due to two related phenomena: (1) augmented incentive motivational qualities of the drug and associated stimuli (due to limbic/amygdalar dysfunction) and (2) impaired inhibitory control (due to frontal cortical dysfunction). In this review, we consider the neuro-anatomical and neurochemical substrates subserving inhibitory control and motivational processes in the rodent and primate brain and their putative impact on drug seeking. The evidence for cognitive impulsivity in drug abuse associated with dysfunction of the frontostriatal system will be discussed, and an integrative hypothesis for compulsive reward-seeking in drug abuse will be presented.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Pathological gambling, eating disorders, and the psychoactive substance use disorders.

Both pathological gambling and the eating disorders have been conceptualized as addictive diseases, comparable to alcoholism and other drug dependencies. This paper briefly reviews both pathological gambling and the eating disorders, stressing their epidemiology and their overlap with psychoactive substance use and other psychiatric disorders. Common factors in the natural history and treatment of these disorders are also discussed.

Behavior, Addictive↗

PubMed2005

Protein kinase A as a therapeutic target for memory disorders: rationale and challenges.

cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) signaling has a key role in memory processes and has been identified as a potential therapeutic target for memory disorders. The activation of PKA signaling is crucial for the consolidation of long-term memories dependent on the hippocampus and/or the amygdala, By contrast, initial studies indicate that cAMP-PKA activation might impair the working memory and executive functions of the prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, PKA activation in the nucleus accumbens might increase sensitivity to addiction. These complexities must be heeded when designing medications aimed at altering PKA activity. PKA might be most practical as a therapeutic target in disorders with global alterations in cAMP-PKA activity due to genetic or environmental factors.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2005

Cracking addiction the second time around: reconsolidation of drug-related memories.

One of the greatest challenges in the understanding and treatment of addiction is cue-elicited relapse to drug use. The present findings of Miller and Marshall and Lee et al. reported in this issue of Neuron demonstrate that retrieved drug-related memories undergo reconsolidation and thus suggest that these maladaptive associations may be more labile than previously thought.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Weight loss and bulimic eating behavior: changing patterns within a population of young adult women.

A survey of 364 college freshman women was conducted to examine weight loss practices. Nearly 60% of women were currently on a diet to lose or to maintain weight. Since entering college 7 months earlier, 29% had used crash dieting or fasting as a means of weight control. Even though most had experimented with purging and diet pills in high school, most of these had discontinued these practices. Twenty percent had at some time used diet pills, but only 4% were currently users; 13% had at some time used purgatives (vomiting, laxatives, or diuretics), but only 5% were current users. Use of purgatives may indicate a more general pattern of addictive health behavior. Compared to women who had never used purgatives, current purgative users were 4.1 times more likely to smoke (44% vs 11%) and 2.7 times as likely to use drugs (33% vs 12%). Of the 51 women who had ever smoked, 37% listed weight control as a reason for it. Longitudinal investigations are needed to determine how weight loss practices track from adolescence into adulthood and to determine factors predisposing to the establishment of unhealthy weight loss practices, such as severely restrictive dieting, "yo-yo dieting" (weight cycling), and use of diet pills, purgatives, or tobacco.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1963

The excretion of pethidine and its derivatives.

The excretion of pethidine and its metabolite norpethidine is increased in acid urine and decreased in alkaline urine. Excretion of these two bases is the main route of removal of pethidine from the body if the urine is highly acid. If the urine is alkaline, excretion of the hydrolysis products meperidinic and normeperidinic acids, both as free acids and as conjugates, is the more important means of elimination of the drug. Acidification of the urine with ammonium chloride is indicated in the therapy of cases of pethidine poisoning in patients with reduced metabolic breakdown of the drug by the microsomal enzyme systems within liver cells. Reversed-phase chromatography of the dinitrophenyl derivative of norpethidine may prove to be of forensic importance in the diagnosis of pethidine poisoning or of pethidine addiction. Norpethidine can be detected in the urine by this method for at least 3 days after the last dose of pethidine. Analytical sensitivity is increased by acidification of the urine which produces a temporary rise of the excretion rate.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed2000

Expansion of gambling in Canada: implications for health and social policy.

Canada experienced a dramatic increase in legalized gambling in the 1990s, primarily because of governments' need to increase revenue without additional taxation. This article examines gambling from a public health perspective. The major public health issues include gambling addiction, family dysfunction and gambling by youth. Debates have emerged about the health, social and economic costs and benefits of gambling. Stakeholder and social policy groups have expressed concern about the impact of expanded gambling on the quality of life of individuals, families and communities. Epidemiological studies show that the prevalence of gambling in the general adult population is low but increasing. Of particular concern is the high though steady prevalence of gambling among youth. New technologies have been linked to gambling-related problems such as addiction to gambling by video lottery terminals. Gambling by means of the Internet represents another emerging issue. The article concludes with recommendations for health and social policy related to gambling. These recommendations incorporate a broad public health approach to create a strong research program and to balance risks and benefits.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Massively multiplayer online role-playing game-induced seizures: a neglected health problem in Internet addiction.

As the Internet has become rapidly and widely integrated into society, Internet addiction has become a growing psychosocial problem. However, epileptic seizure, another out-of-the-ordinary health problem, is often neglected in this regard. Ten patients who experienced epileptic seizures while playing the newest genre of electronic games -- Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs) -- were investigated. Patients were predominantly male young adults, and most of the events were generalized tonic-clonic seizures, myoclonic seizures, and absences. These patients should be categorized into idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Even though photosensitivity was an important factor, behavioral and higher mental activities also seemed to be significant seizure precipitants. Results demonstrated that MMORPG-induced seizures were not analogous to the ordinary video game-induced seizures. Significantly, an epileptic seizure warning did not always appear on the websites of MMORPGs and instructions for the software. While the prevalence of MMORPG-induced seizures remains unknown, it may exceed our expectations and impact our society. Not only for clinical neurologists but also for the primary physicians, educators, sociologists, and global online game publishers, there should be an awareness of this special form of reflex seizures in order to provide an appropriate health warning to MMORPG players.

Adolescent↗