PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Class”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,567 records · Page 87Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Class V lupus nephritis: a clinicopathologic study in 152 patients.

BACKGROUND: Class V lupus nephritis (LN) can be divided into two subgroups according to the 1995 WHO modified classification, but the difference in clinical characteristics between these subgroups is not well known. METHODS: We classified 152 patients with Class V LN, confirmed by renal biopsy, into two subgroups (61 Class Va, 91 Class Vb), and enrolled 488 patients with Class IV as controls. The clinical manifestations, serologic results and prognosis were compared for Classes Va and Vb. RESULTS: The incidence of hypertension and anemia in Class Vb patients was significantly higher than in Class Va (38.5% vs 21.3%, 72.5% vs 52.5%, p<0.05). The incidence of hematuria and renal insufficiency in Class Vb was 64.8%and 15.4%, which was higher than Class Va (44.2% and 3.3%), but lower than Class IV (89.1% and 35%), p<0.05. The percentage of patients with positive anti-dsDNA antibody and hypocomplementemia in Class Vb tended to be higher than Class Va (35.2% vs 26.2%, 50.6% vs 31.2%). Repeated renal biopsies in 24 patients (11 Class Va, 13 Class Vb) showed that eight Class Vb patients had "transformed" to Class IV LN, while only two Class Va patients did (p<0.05). In three Class Va patients serum creatinine doubled during follow-up, but none of them progressed to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In Class Vb serum creatinine doubled in ten patients, and three progressed to ESRD. CONCLUSIONS: The renal injury and extrarenal manifestations of Class Vb patients were severer than Class Va. Class Vb patients were more likely to shift to Class IV LN, and the prognosis was poorer than for Class Va.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Study on the dental arch width in Class II malocclusion].

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the transverse dimensions of the dental arches of Class II division 1 and Class II division 2 malocclusion groups with mild Class I malocclusion subjects. METHODS: Measurements were performed on dental casts of 40 mild Class I malocclusion (mean age: 16.2 years),40 Class II division 1 (mean age: 15.6years), and 40 Class II division 2 (mean age: 15.8 years) malocclusion subjects respectively. The dental arch width in the canine, first premolar, second premolar, and molar regions were measured and the arch differences of each groups were calculated. Independent-samples t test was applied for comparisons of the groups. RESULTS: The results indicated that the maxillary canine, premolar and molar width were narrower in subjects with Class II division 1 malocclusion than in the mild Class I malocclusion sample, but the difference was not significant statistically (P>0.05), and the mandibular widths were not significantly different in subjects with Class II division 1 malocclusion and in the mild Class I malocclusion sample (P>0.05); the maxillary premolar, molar width and mandibular width were significantly narrower in subjects with Class II division 2 malocclusion than in the mild Class I malocclusion sample (P<0.05) statistically; the mandibular width were significantly wider in subjects with Class II division 1 malocclusion than in the Class I division 2 malocclusion sample (P<0.05); the width difference was narrower in subjects with Class II division 1 malocclusion than in the mild Class I malocclusion sample, the canine and second premolar width differences were significantly narrower (P<0.05); the width differences were not significant in subjects with Class II division 2 malocclusion and in the mild ClassI malocclusion sample (P>0.05); the width difference was less in subjects with Class 2 division 1 malocclusion than in Class II division 2 malocclusion sample, the canine width was significantly narrower (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The development of the transverse dimensions of the dental arches are not sufficient in the maxilla of Class II division 1 malocclusion and in the maxilla and mandible of Class II division 2 malocclusion. For that reason, expanding upper arch width of Class II division 1 and both the upper and lower arch width of Class II division 2 are often indicated in clinic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Selective monomorphic and polymorphic HLA class I antigenic determinant loss in surgically removed melanoma lesions.

The analysis of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I allospecificity expression in malignant lesions has been hampered by the limited availability of HLA class I allospecificity-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) which stain tissues in immunohistochemical (IHC) reactions. During the 12th International Histocompatibility Workshop, the HLA and cancer component made available a panel of mAbs capable of detecting monomorphic, locus- and allo-specific HLA class I antigenic determinants in surgically removed frozen tissue sections by IHC staining. In the present study, we have utilized this panel of mAbs to analyze the expression of HLA class I allospecificities in 33 primary and in 11 metastatic lesions surgically removed from HLA-typed patients with malignant melanoma, as this information contributes to determine the extent of HLA class I antigen abnormalities in melanoma lesions. HLA class I antigens were downregulated in six (18.2%) of the primary lesions and in six (54.5%) of the metastatic lesions. Selective loss of HLA-A and HLA-B antigens was detected in two (6.1%) and in one (3.0%), respectively, of the primary lesions, but in none of the metastases. HLA-A and HLA-B antigens were downregulated in three (9.1%) and four (36.4%) of the primary and metastatic lesions, respectively. Selective loss of one or more HLA class I allospecificities was found in 10 (33.0%) and two (18.0%) of the 33 primary and 11 metastatic melanoma lesions analyzed, respectively. HLA class I antigen abnormalities were present in 16 (48.5%) of the 33 primary lesions analyzed (i.e. six lesions demonstrating abnormal reactivity with HLA class I monomorphic-specific mAb, two lesions demonstrating selective abnormal reactivity with HLA-B locus-specific mAb, one lesion demonstrating selective abnormal reactivity with HLA-A and HLA-B locus-specific mAbs, and seven lesions demonstrating selective abnormal reactivity with HLA class I allele-specific mAb). Furthermore, HLA class I antigen abnormalities were present in nine (81.8%) of the 11 metastatic lesions analyzed (i.e. six lesions demonstrating abnormal reactivity with HLA class I monomorphic-specific mAb, one lesion demonstrating selective abnormal reactivity with HLA-A locus-specific mAb, and two lesions demonstrating selective abnormal reactivity with HLA class I allele-specific mAb). It cannot be ruled out that the frequency of HLA class I allospecificity abnormalities is higher, as the expression of several HLA class I allospecificities could not be investigated because of the lack of appropriate probes. The frequency of HLA class I antigen defects in primary lesions was significantly correlated with primary lesion thickness, an important prognostic marker in melanoma, arguing for a potential clinical significance of HLA class I antigen abnormalities in melanoma. In conclusion, the results of the present study (i) demonstrate that the frequency of HLA class I allospecificity abnormalities in primary melanoma lesions is markedly higher than that of total HLA class I antigen downregulation described in the literature; (ii) corroborate our previous findings that staining of melanoma lesions with mAb to monomorphic determinants of HLA class I antigens does not detect selective HLA class I allospecificity loss; and (iii) demonstrate for the first time selective loss of antigenic determinants expressed on HLA class I molecules in melanoma lesions. The latter finding indicates that at least two mAbs recognizing distinct antigenic determinants on the HLA molecule being investigated should be used for IHC staining of tissue sections in order to prove that lack of immunostaining reflects actual loss of the corresponding HLA molecule and not selective loss of antigenic determinants.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Social class and health].

This publication deals with the German social class and their interactions with health or illness. The analysis uses the data of the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey 1998. The results are as follows: During the last decade the proportion of inhabitants of lower social class has decreased in favour of the proportions of middle and upper social classes. The formerly observed differences between the eastern part (former GDR) and the western part of Germany have diminished or have even levelled to zero. Even today men in Germany belong more often to the upper social class than women. For the risk factors smoking, massive obesity and inactivity in sports a distinct gradient concerning the social class can be observed. Those belonging to lower social class are more often smokers, have significantly more often massive obesity and show more seldom activities in sports. Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia are more often observed in men of the upper social class than in those belonging to lower class while for women both mentioned risk factors are more often seen in the lower social class. With respect to morbidity different patterns can be observed. NIDDM, chronic bronchitis and gastric and duodenal ulcer are examples for higher prevalence data in the lower social class while allergic rhinitis can be observed more often in the higher class. The level of complaints is higher in the lower class than in the upper class. By differentiating according to the eastern or western part clear differences emerge concerning social class especially in the 'old Bundesländer' (western part). Members of the upper class estimates their health status clearly to be better than those study participants belonging to the lower class. This perhaps can be explained by their lower level of complaints. The contentedness concerning live and health-status is higher in the upper than in the lower class. Respecting the highest level of education, class-specific differences concerning drug utilization are observed doubly frequent in the 'old Bundesländer' compared to the 'new Bundesländer'. According to the level of complaints and the prevalence of diseases most drug groups are used more often in the lower than in the upper class whereas drugs with presumed preventive potential are clearly more often consumed in the upper class.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Validation and predictive power of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) recursive partitioning analysis classes for malignant glioma patients: a report using RTOG 90-06.

PURPOSE: The recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) classes for malignant glioma patients were previously established using data on over 1500 patients entered on Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) clinical trials. The purpose of the current analysis was to validate the RPA classes with a new dataset (RTOG 90-06), determine the predictive power of the RPA classes, and establish the usefulness of the database norms for the RPA classes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: There are six RPA classes for malignant glioma patients that comprise distinct groups of patients with significantly different survival outcome. RTOG 90-06 is a randomized Phase III study of 712 patients accrued from 1990 to 1994. The minimum potential follow-up is 18 months. The treatment arms were combined for the purpose of this analysis. There were 84, 13, 105, 240, 150, and 23 patients in the RPA Classes I-VI from RTOG 90-06, respectively. RESULTS: The median survival times (MST) and 2-year survival rates for the six RPA classes in RTOG 90-06 are compared to those previously published. The MST and 2-year survival rates for the RTOG RPA classes were within 95% confidence intervals of the 90-06 estimates for Classes I, III, IV, and V. The RPA classes explained 43% of the variation (squared error loss). By comparison, a Cox model explains 30% of the variation. The RPA classes within RTOG 90-06 are statistically distinct with all comparisons exceeding 0.0001, except those involving Class II. A survival analysis from a prior RTOG study indicated that 72.0 Gy had superior outcome to literature controls; analysis of this data by RPA classes indicates the survival results were not superior to the RTOG database norms. CONCLUSION: The validity of the model is verified by the reliability of the RPA classes to define distinct groups with respect to survival. Further evidence is given by prediction of MST and 2-year survival for all classes except Class II. The RPA classes explained a good portion of the variation in survival outcome in the data. Lack of correlation in RPA Class II between datasets may be an artifact of the small sample size or an indication that this class is not distinct. The validation of the RPA classes attests to their usefulness as historical controls for the comparison of future Phase II results.

Dose Fractionation, Radiation↗
PubMed1987

A phenotypically dominant regulatory mechanism suppresses major histocompatibility complex class II gene expression in a murine plasmacytoma.

The expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens is down-regulated when B cells differentiate into plasma cells. We have studied the mechanism of down-regulation of MHC class II expression in a BALB/c strain-derived murine plasmacytoma cell line, NS1. NS1 cells express MHC class I antigens but not MHC class II antigens. We tested 20 uncloned hybrid cell lines obtained from the fusion of NS1 cells with MHC class II-expressing splenic B cells prepared from CBA, SJL or BALB/c mice. All the hybrid cell lines expressed MHC class I antigens of either or both parental haplotypes but did not express MHC class II. One NS1 X splenic B cell hybrid clone, K3, was used to further validate these results; K3 cells expressed MHC class I but not MHC class II antigens. K3 was fused to the MHC class II-expressing B lymphoma A20, and the seven resulting hybrid cell lines were again found to express MHC class I but not MHC class II antigens. Since NS1 is a subclone of the P3-X63Ag8 murine plasmacytoma, we also tested one P3-X63Ag8 x splenic B cell hybrid, Sp2/0, and two Sp2/0 x splenic B cell hybrids. All were found to express the appropriate MHC class I antigens but did not express MHC class II. Thus, our results suggest that the NS1 plasmacytoma suppresses MHC class II expression by a phenotypically dominant regulatory mechanism. We found that NS1 cells express correctly sized mRNA for the MHC class II genes A alpha, E alpha and the invariant chain. The co-expression of MHC class I protein and I-A and I-E region gene transcripts provides strong evidence that the MHC gene cluster is structurally intact, and that lack of class II expression is due to a genetic regulatory mechanism. The amounts of class II mRNA expressed by NS1 cells were at least equivalent to those found in splenic lymphocytes. Therefore, this regulation must operate post-transcriptionally.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Prediction of response to docetaxel by quantitative analysis of class I and III beta-tubulin isotype mRNA expression in human breast cancers.

PURPOSE: The relationship of intratumoral mRNA levels of class I and III beta-tubulin isotypes with clinical response to docetaxel has been studied in breast cancer patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Expression of class I and class III beta-tubulin mRNA levels was determined by a real-time PCR in breast cancer tissues obtained from 39 patients with locally advanced breast cancers (n = 26) or locally recurrent breast cancers (n = 13) before docetaxel treatment. RESULTS: Class I beta-tubulin mRNA levels of responders [6.58 +/- 1.43 (x10(2)), mean +/- SE] were significantly (P = 0.002) lower than those of nonresponders [14.97 +/- 2.95 (x10(2))], and class III beta-tubulin mRNA levels of responders (1.38 +/- 0.40) were also significantly (P = 0.003) lower than those of nonresponders (7.43 +/- 2.77). Breast cancers were divided into four groups according to the expression status of class I and class III beta-tubulin isotype mRNA, i.e., the class I-high/class III-high group (n = 13), the class I-high/class III-low group (n = 7), the class I-low/class III-high group (n = 7), and the class I-low/class III-low group (n = 12). The class I-high/class III-high group showed a very low response rate (15%), whereas the class I-low/class III-low group showed a very high response rate (75%). The class I-high/class III-low group and the class I-low/class III-high group showed intermediate response rates of 57% and 43%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that high expression of class I and class III beta-tubulin isotype mRNA is significantly associated with docetaxel resistance, and determination of class I and class III beta-tubulin isotype mRNA levels would be useful in the prediction of response to docetaxel.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Seasonal variation of lupus nephritis: high prevalence of class V lupus nephritis during the winter and spring.

OBJECTIVE: Systemic lupus erythematosus is a multisystem disease with many clinical variations, including renal involvement. Our aim was to determine whether lupus nephritis (LN) has a specific seasonality. METHODS: Reports of renal biopsies performed from 1990 to 2002 were reviewed. Three hundred and seventy-three patients with class II, III, IV, and V LN were identified. Using the modified WHO classification of LN, diagnoses were tabulated and the seasonality (season of diagnosis) of LN was statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Class IV LN was detected in 179 patients (48%), class II in 63 patients (16.9%), class III in 73 patients (19.57%), and class V in 74 patients (19.9%). No difference could be detected in the number of patients diagnosed in each season when all 373 patients were analyzed as one group. The number of patients with class IV LN was higher during summer and fall than during the winter and spring. In contrast, a higher number of patients with class V LN were observed during the winter and spring seasons than during the summer and fall seasons. The percentage of patients with class V LN was significantly higher during winter and spring than during summer and fall. A similar, though non-significant, trend was seen for class III LN. A striking parallelism was found between the month of occurrence of class III and class V LN. The monthly distribution of the percentage of patients in each month with class III and V LN showed a significant correlation. The monthly distribution of patients with class IV LN was different from those with either class III or V LN. CONCLUSION: We found that the prevalence of class V LN was significantly higher and that of class III LN non-significantly higher in winter and spring. Parallelism between the monthly occurrences of class III and class V may suggest a common trigger. Analysis of the seasonality of LN may contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of LN, which may be multifactorial, as the different classes of LN represent different types of glomerular injury. Further studies are needed to clarify this potentially important observation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

IgM and IgG alloantibody responses to MHC class I and II following rat renal allograft rejection. Effects of transplantectomy and posttransplantation blood transfusion.

Renal allograft rejection in rats and humans is a potent inducer of alloantibody to donor major histocompatibility complex antigens. Alloantibody in such presensitized recipients can cause hyperacute rejection of subsequent renal allografts. In order to characterize alloantibody production in rats presensitized by renal graft rejection, ACI (RT1a) kidneys were transplanted into untreated fully allogeneic PVG (RT1c) recipients and allowed to reject while one native kidney remained in situ for host survival. Serum samples collected at weekly intervals were analyzed by flow cytometry for IgM and IgG antibody binding to ACI lymphoid target cells. The specificity of alloantibody responses was assessed by (1) differential binding to congenic rat strain target cells expressing only donor class I (PVG.R1) versus both donor class I and II (PVG.1A) antigens, (2) differential binding to unseparated donor lymphoid target cells versus lymphoid target cells depleted of class II MHC antigen-expressing cells, and (3) specific blocking of monoclonal antibodies to donor class I (R2/10P, R2/15S) or class II (F17.23.2) epitopes. Alloantibody responses to both donor class I and II MHC antigens were detected. The initial IgM response to donor class I MHC antigens peaked at the time of rejection, followed by a steady decline to relatively low levels by 4 weeks posttransplantation. The IgM response to donor class II MHC antigens was found to be cyclical with apparent peaks at day 7 and 5-6 weeks. The IgG response to donor class I and class II MHC antigens reached maximum by 5-6 weeks before slowly decreasing. IgM and IgG alloantibody specific for class I and class II MHC antigens could be detected through 19 weeks posttransplantation. The effects on circulating alloantibody of two manipulations, posttransplantation donor specific blood transfusion and allograft removal, were examined in this model. The alloantibody responses to class I MHC antigens were not affected by giving DSBT weekly beginning at day 14 after transplantation. However, posttransplantation DSBT eliminated the second peak of IgM alloantibody to class II MHC antigens seen approximately 5-6 weeks posttransplantation and also decreased circulating IgG specific for class II antigens. Transplantectomy at day 5-7 days after transplantation had no apparent effect on circulating IgM or IgG alloantibody through 7 weeks posttransplantation. These data indicate that in a fully allogeneic rat renal allograft model alloantibody responses are elicited to both class I and II MHC donor antigens, but that the kinetics and regulation of the responses to class I differ from those to class II alloantigens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Tumor-induced modulation of macrophage class II MHC molecule mRNA expression.

Class II MHC protein expression in macrophages (M phi) is reduced during tumor growth. Because regulation of class II MHC proteins occurs during transcription, tumor growth may suppress class II MHC protein expression by suppressing mRNA. The decrease in class II mRNA may result from (i) a decrease in M phi responsiveness to an inducing agent, such as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), or (ii) an increase in M phi sensitivity to suppressing agents, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). To determine how tumors induce suppression of class II mRNA, M phi were cultured in the presence of IFN-gamma with or without other factors, and Northern blot analyses were performed. Unstimulated normal host (NH) or tumor-bearing host (TBH) M phi do not express detectable class II mRNA. The addition of IFN-gamma induces class II mRNA expression in NH and TBH M phi, but class II mRNA expression is significantly lower in TBH M phi. Kinetic studies suggested that NH M phi class II mRNA is induced faster and in greater amounts than TBH M phi class II mRNA. There is a decrease in M phi class II mRNA stability during tumor growth that may account for the decreased induction by IFN-gamma. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) suppresses class II mRNA induction in both NH and TBH IFN-gamma-treated M phi, but TBH M phi are more sensitive to its suppression. PGE2 and tumor-necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), two factors produced by LPS-stimulated M phi, were tested for their ability to modulate class II mRNA expression in NH and TBH IFN-gamma-treated M phi. PGE2 suppressed class II mRNA expression in both NH and TBH M phi. The addition of TNF-alpha to IFN-gamma-treated M phi suppressed class II mRNA in NH M phi but, surprisingly, had an additive effect on IFN-gamma-induced class II mRNA expression. TNF-alpha did not induce class II mRNA expression in TBH M phi in the absence of IFN-gamma. The cause of the reduced class II mRNA expression during tumor growth is a decreased response to IFN-gamma and an increased sensitivity to PGE2. This change may cause the observed suppression mediated by TBH M phi.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The characteristics of pseudo class III malocclusion in mixed dentition.

OBJECTIVE: To find the dentoskeletal characteristics of pseudo Class III malocclusion in mixed dentition. METHODS: Thirty-six patients (15 females, 21 males with mean age: 10.7 +/- 2.0 years) were included in the pseudo Class III malocclusion group. Forty patients (21 females, 19 males with mean age: 9.7 +/- 2.2 years) with Class III incisor relationship and Class III molar relationship were included in the skeletal Class III malocclusion group. All the subjects were followed up after growth spurt and were diagnosed either as pseudo Class III malocclusion or skeletal Class III malocclusion. Thirty-one patients with Class I malocclusion were included in the Class I malocclusion group. Selection criteria included: 1. skeletal Class I malocclusion with normal overjet and overbite. 2. mild to moderate crowding with Class I molar relationship. 3. straight facial profile. Cephalograms were taken in the mixed dentition for pseudo Class III malocclusion, skeletal Class III malocclusion and Class I malocclusion groups to compare the dentoskeletal characteristics. RESULTS: Females in the pseudo Class III malocclusion group showed more retrusion of "A" point with an average value of -1.63 mm compared with 0.52 mm in the Class I malocclusion group (P < 0.05). The upper incisors in the pseudo Class III malocclusion group were upright. CONCLUSIONS: Pseudo Class III malocclusion is characterized by decreased midface length, mandibular displacement, retroclined upper incisors and normal vertical development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The distribution of positive psychosis-like symptoms in the population: a latent class analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey.

OBJECTIVE: Previous research has suggested that psychosis is better described as a continuum rather than a dichotomous entity. This study aimed to describe the distribution of positive psychosis-like symptoms in the general population by means of latent class analysis. METHOD: Latent class analysis was used to identify homogeneous sub-types of psychosis-like experiences. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to interpret the nature of the latent classes, or groups, by estimating the associations with demographic factors, clinical variables, and experiences of traumatic events. RESULTS: The best fitting latent class model was a four-class solution: a psychosis class, a hallucinatory class, an intermediate class, and a normative class. The associations between the latent classes and the demographic risk factors, clinical variables, and experiences of traumatic events showed significantly higher risks for the psychosis class, the hallucinatory class, and the intermediate class compared to the normative class. Furthermore there appeared to be a grading in the magnitude of the odds ratios: the odds ratios for the psychosis group were generally higher than those for the hallucinatory class, and the odds ratios for the hallucinatory class were generally higher than those for the intermediate class. CONCLUSIONS: The latent class analysis showed that psychosis-like symptoms at the population level could be best explained by four groups that appeared to represent an underlying continuum.

Adolescent↗