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PubMed1994

Prostate cancer.

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5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors↗
PubMed1995

The role of community-based longitudinal studies in evaluating treatment effects. Example: benign prostatic hyperplasia.

To determine the appropriateness and effectiveness of medical interventions, it is necessary to understand both the natural history of the conditions the interventions are intended to treat or prevent, and the normal reference ranges of tests used in diagnosis and management. The acquisition of this information through clinic-based studies can yield misleading conclusions owing to selection bias. What appears to be intervention-related variation in outcomes may be variation in the magnitude and form of selection bias. To minimize selection bias, population-based studies are required. Results from the Olmsted County Study of Urinary Symptoms and Health Status Among Men were used to show how a population-based longitudinal study of the natural history of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) can complement research programs of the BPH Patient Outcomes Research Team. Population-based studies of disease natural history are a necessary part of medical outcomes research, and deserve greater emphasis in the medical treatment effectiveness research initiative of the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research.

Community Health Planning↗
PubMed1993

Benign prostatic hyperplasia. New concepts in the 1990s.

Many newer treatments are now being proposed for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Although patients with mild symptoms that do not interfere with their lifestyle can be periodically observed for progression, two classes of medication are being used for those with mild to moderate symptoms: alpha-adrenergic blocking agents and androgen suppressants. In patients with severe BPH, transurethral resection of the prostate is still the standard of care in the United States, but a number of new procedures have been introduced in recent years, including balloon dilation of the prostate, laser prostatectomy, use of prostatic stents, and microwave hyperthermia. Studies of the molecular biologic events leading to the development of BPH should clarify our understanding of a condition that was once often ignored.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
PubMed1994

Hirsutism.

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Androgen Antagonists↗
PubMed1995

Cancer. A potentially preventable disease.

Current epidemiologic and carcinogenesis data are lending credence to the hypothesis that individual cancers have specific causes. Because of this, most cancers are at least potentially preventable. Primary prevention, with removal of specific etiological agents, is the best means of prevention, such as elimination of tobacco smoke. Short of knowing the specific etiology, new chemo-prevention techniques are now being studied evaluating hormonal agents, anti-inflammatory drugs, and the structural analogs of vitamin A.

Aspirin↗
PubMed1994

Prostate cancer prevention: risk reduction through life-style, diet, and chemoprevention.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To provide an overview of factors related to life-style, diet, and chemoprevention agents that may help lower the incidence of prostate cancer in the future. DATA SOURCES: Analysis of literature from MEDLINE (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD), published journal articles, papers from journal bibliographies, and protocol of the Southwest Oncology Group Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. DATA SYNTHESIS: Information related to prostate cancer prevention is accumulating, which may lead to a decreased disease incidence. Promising areas include use of chemoprevention, identification of life-style and dietary factors that may affect prostate cancer risk, and identification of genetic factors involved in prostatic carcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: Increased understanding of hormonal and genetic changes that occur during prostatic carcinogenesis may lead to effective methods of preventing this disease. Prostate cancer risk may be reduced by altering life-style and dietary factors and by using chemoprevention agents. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Oncology nurses play an important role in prostate cancer prevention through cancer risk assessment and patient and public education related to risk-reduction strategies.

Diet↗