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PubMed1977

Reference values for fibrinogen concentration and inhibitors of fibrinolysis.

epsilon-Aminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid when added to whole blood will dissolve in the plasma and draw water from the cells in accordance with their concentration. When these compounds are added to whole blood in recommended amounts (10 mg/ml), the osmotic dilution of the plasma must be taken into consideration when concentrated solutions or dry substances are used.

Aminocaproic Acid↗
PubMed1983

Simultaneous cystometry and uroflowmetry (micturition study) for evaluation of the caudal part of the urinary tract in dogs: reference values for healthy animals sedated with xylazine.

Micturition studies were performed in 12 healthy dogs (6 females and 6 males). The animals were sedated with xylazine given either IV (1.1 mg/kg) or IM (2.2 mg/kg). Separate antepubic catheters were used to perform bladder infusions and record intravesical pressures. Instantaneous urine flow measurements were obtained, using an apparatus specially designed and constructed for small animals. A total of 45 simultaneous cystometric and uroflowmetric recordings were obtained, and numerical values for 16 different micturition variables were tabulated. The variables were analyzed separately on the basis of sex of the animal, route of administration of the sedative, and the fact of having had a previous bladder instrumentation-micturition study performed. Significant differences within individual dogs were not seen in these analyses. Intravesical pressures, urine flow rates, compliances, and urethral resistance were significantly different (P less than 0.05) between male and female dogs. The micturition study was a simple and reliable urodynamic testing method that could be clinically useful in dogs. In contrast to urodynamic tests previously described in veterinary medicine, this method provided evaluation of the bladder and urethra as a functional unit during both the filling and the emptying phases of micturition. A micturition study should not be regarded as an absolute measure of the physiologic activity of the caudal part of the urinary tract. However, it can provide important additional information for clinical assessment when the lower part of the urinary tract is affected by disease, injury, or drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Screening for aminoacidopathies in newborns by means of an aminoacid analyzer. Reference values and statistical determinations (author's transl)].

Plasmatic concentrations of amino acids valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine and phenylalanine, in 4100 newborns of age varying between 1 and 18 days have been analyzed. The samples were randomly taken among the newborns of Lazio, Abruzzi and Molise subjected to neonatal screening for aminoacidopathies at the Centro delle Oligofrenie Dismetaboliche, Istituto di Neuropsichiatria Infantile. Average concentrations in mumoles/100 ml of the aminoacids and their correlations with weight and age have been studied. A comparison of the results of this research with the already published data is made, and the cut off points in mass screening for aminoacidopathies are calculated.

Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors↗
PubMed1995

[Evaluation of the usefulness and reference values for the amniotic fluid index in normal pregnancy between 30 and 42 weeks of gestation].

The four-quadrant sum of amniotic fluid pockets (amniotic fluid index) was studied prospectively in 130 normal pregnancies from 30 to 42 weeks. Statistical investigation were used to establish the mean, 95% confidence intervals and standard deviations for the AFI at each week of gestation. The AFI value decreased since 30 week, especially between 33 and 34 week and after 41 week. The AFI value < or = 5 represents oligohydramnios, the AFI value > or = 20 constitutes polyhydramnios.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1976

Some theory of reference values. II. Comparison of some statistical models of intraindividual variation in blood constituents.

Three models of intraindividual variation are reviewed, and statistical methods for distinguishing among them are discussed. Application of these methods to short series of observations from healthy individuals indicates that, in the large majority of cases, a strictly homeostatic model is appropriate for such constituents as serum calcium and magnesium. In less closely controlled variables, e.g., serum cholesterol and uric acid, a nonstationary, "rndom walk" model appears moresuitable in most cases. A more general autoregressive model, which includes the other models as extreme cases, could be used to describe all degrees of homeostatic control. This model is more complex, however, and requires at least 10 observations to yield estimates of acceptable precision. Moreover, it is sensitive to fluctuations in within-batch analytical variance. When biological variance is small relative to analytical variance, all three models yield essentially the same predicated values. To illustrate their use, these models have been applied to four short individual series of cholesterol observations showing increasing amounts of intrapersonal variation over long periods of time. I suggest that when less than 10 observations over time are available, the strictly homeostatic model and the nonstationary model be used to derive a "critical range" for assessing future changes. When longer series are available, the more general model might replace the other two for this purpose, if analytical variation has remained reasonably stable (within +/- 20% of its average value) during the period of observation. Much more experience with the use of all three models in health monitoring programs would be highly desirable.

Analysis of Variance↗