The high resolution R-banded karyotype of Sus scrofa domestica L.
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Animals↗
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Results for “reference mapping”
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Trends surface models applied to the analysis of geographical variations in cancer mortality.
To discuss different trends of the geographical distribution of cancer mortality, progressively more complex surface models were fitted to cancer death certification data in the 95 Italian provinces for the period 1975-77, using trend surface analysis. This method is based on fitting first to sixth order regression equations, where dependent variables are latitude and longitude, and the independent one is the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for various cancer sites. The procedure was implemented using the SYMAP package and appropriate routines ad hoc developed. General patterns in geography of cancer in Italy were therefore identified (such as the marked North/South gradient in mortality from most sites), thus helping in discerning main underlying pictures and permitting identification of local abnormalities (positive or negative residuals, corresponding to high or low mortality areas), which are often obscured by more general patterns using standard methods of analysis. Results and maps are presented and discussed in detail with reference to total mortality and three major sites (lung and intestines in males and female breast) for which regression surfaces with satisfactory fitting were identified. Some of the positive residuals (i.e. those for lung and breast cancer in women in urban concentrations of Central and Southern Italy) were already known, and explainable in terms of available knowledge of the causes of the neoplasms, chiefly smoking and reproductive habits in the past. Other findings, such as the consistent area of positive residuals in a chiefly rural area around the mouth of the river Po, offer useful suggestions for further aetiological research.
Breast Neoplasms↗
Human IgG subclass measurements in the clinical laboratory.
Complement activation, cell surface-receptor binding, blocking activity, and possibly placental transfer are among the biologically important functional differences that have been detected between the four human IgG subclasses by use of polyclonal antisera. In 1985, a IUIS/WHO panel of immunologists, using eight immunological methods, documented the specificity of select monoclonal antibodies for the IgG subclasses. Clinical assays have been developed involving these monoclonal antibodies that allow quantification of the concentration of IgG subclass protein and distribution of the IgG subclass antibodies in human immune responses. This review addresses issues of concern to investigators who are evaluating and (or) developing quantitative human IgG subclass assays in the clinical laboratory. Unique physical (structural) and biological (functional) properties of human IgG subclasses are summarized, with a focus on aspects pertinent to their clinical importance and in vitro quantification. The HP-series monoclonal antibodies with documented specificity are examined within the context of their application to several immunological methods. I describe unique technical aspects of total and antigen-specific IgG-subclass immunoassays involving these monoclonal antibodies. Finally, this report outlines clinical applications and indications for IgG-subclass measurements in the study of human health and disease.
Adult↗
Electroencephalographic Cartography. I. By means of mini- or microcomputers. Reliability and interest of this electrical non-invasive brain imagery.
We have recorded control subjects, neurological and psychiatric patients (n = 217 sequences recorded over both hemispheres). Minicomputers (HP Fourier analyzer, HP 1000) for spectral analysis provided 10 spectral parameters over 5 spectral frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, beta 1, beta 2, raw EEG). For each recorded sequence, 90 EEG maps could be computed over both hemispheres. Topo-EEGs were stored in an EEG image data bank. An EEG mapping microcomputer system linked with a digital polygraph (Alvar Electronic, REEGA 2000) has been used simultaneously. White noises have been fed into both computers for testing spatial resolution. Ten topo-EEGs have been recorded in control subjects and patients. The microcomputer system has provided very reliable topographical results when compared to similar maps generated by the minicomputer. A common average reference has been used. First clinical applications have been studied (brain strokes, brain tumors). The method appears very reliable in comparison with CT scans.
Adult↗
Multivariate statistical analysis applied to X-ray spectra and X-ray mapping of liver cell nuclei.
Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Factorial Analysis of Correspondence (FAC), two Multivariate Statistical Analyses (MSA), were applied to the analysis of X-ray data. MSA are descriptive methods which graphically display the correlations and anticorrelations between a large number of elements. Series of X-ray spectral data and X-ray maps obtained from rat liver were analyzed with reference to the diffusible elements Na, Mg, Cl, K and Ca and also P and S. By using an in situ precipitation method, the pyroantimonate method, it was found that the free, precipitable cations Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ are, in the nuclei, mainly distributed throughout the nucleoplasm. Images obtained from FAC allow those areas rich in nucleic acids to be displayed as areas with a strong anticorrelation between P and Sb. In cryoprocessed tissues, the evaluated wet mass-fraction of diffusible elements corresponds to physiological values of total amounts (free and complexed). PCA makes it possible to graphically display the correlation between P and K in chromatin and nucleolus, the correlation between K, Cl and S in cytoplasm and nucleoplasm and the observation of two populations of nuclei according to different Na, Mg and K concentrations. Factorial images obtained from FAC allow those areas rich in nucleic acids to be displayed as areas with a strong correlation between P and K. Similarly those areas rich in proteins are displayed as areas with a strong correlation between S and K.
Animals↗
[Structural and molecular-biological characteristics of a new transducing phage from Bacillus thuringiensis Tt 91].
A new bacteriophage Tt91 of larger size and broad lytical spectrum has been isolated from soil to widen the possibility to study new Bacillus thuringiensis strains. The Tt91 bacteriophage was shown to perform the intravariant transduction and, thus, can be used for genetic mapping. The ultrastructural analysis made it possible to refer bacteriophage Tt91 to morphotype A1 and showed similarity of Tt91 morphological structure to the one of CP-group bacteriophages. The performed comparative analysis of phage-specific proteins has confirmed a possible relation of the bacteriophages and revealed the differences between them. The data on the resistance of Tt91 DNA to majority of site-specific restriction endonucleases (17 out of 18 tested) and on DNA melting in the wide interval of temperatures suggests the presence of possible anomalies in the Tt91 DNA.
Bacillus Phages↗
Towards a two-dimensional proteome map of Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
A Proteome map of the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae was constructed using two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis in combination with mass spectrometry (MS). M. pneumoniae is a human pathogen with a known genome sequence of 816 kbp coding for only 688 open reading frames, and is therefore an ideal model system to explore the scope and limits of the current technology. The soluble protein content of this bacterium grown under standard laboratory conditions was separated by 1-D or 2-D gel electrophoresis applying various pH gradients, different acrylamide concentrations and buffer systems. Proteins were identified using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization ion trap and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-MS. Mass spectrometric protein identification was supported and controlled using N-terminal sequencing and immunological methods. So far, proteins from about 350 spots were characterized with MS by determining the molecular weights and partial sequences of their tryptic peptides. Comparing these experimental data with the DNA sequence-derived predictions it was possible to assign these 350 proteins to 224 genes. The importance of proteomics for genome analysis was shown by the identification of four proteins, not annotated in the original publication. Although the proteome map is still incomplete, it is already a useful reference for comparative analyses of M. pneumoniae cells grown under modified conditions.
Acrylic Resins↗
GENCODE: producing a reference annotation for ENCODE.
BACKGROUND: The GENCODE consortium was formed to identify and map all protein-coding genes within the ENCODE regions. This was achieved by a combination of initial manual annotation by the HAVANA team, experimental validation by the GENCODE consortium and a refinement of the annotation based on these experimental results. RESULTS: The GENCODE gene features are divided into eight different categories of which only the first two (known and novel coding sequence) are confidently predicted to be protein-coding genes. 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and RT-PCR were used to experimentally verify the initial annotation. Of the 420 coding loci tested, 229 RACE products have been sequenced. They supported 5' extensions of 30 loci and new splice variants in 50 loci. In addition, 46 loci without evidence for a coding sequence were validated, consisting of 31 novel and 15 putative transcripts. We assessed the comprehensiveness of the GENCODE annotation by attempting to validate all the predicted exon boundaries outside the GENCODE annotation. Out of 1,215 tested in a subset of the ENCODE regions, 14 novel exon pairs were validated, only two of them in intergenic regions. CONCLUSION: In total, 487 loci, of which 434 are coding, have been annotated as part of the GENCODE reference set available from the UCSC browser. Comparison of GENCODE annotation with RefSeq and ENSEMBL show only 40% of GENCODE exons are contained within the two sets, which is a reflection of the high number of alternative splice forms with unique exons annotated. Over 50% of coding loci have been experimentally verified by 5' RACE for EGASP and the GENCODE collaboration is continuing to refine its annotation of 1% human genome with the aid of experimental validation.
Chromosome Mapping↗
The mh gene causing double-muscling in cattle maps to bovine Chromosome 2.
While the hereditary nature of the "double-muscling" phenotype (a generalized muscular hypertrophy documented in several cattle breeds) is well established, its precise segregation mode has remained controversial. Both monogenic models (autosomal dominant or recessive) and oligogenic models have been proposed. Using a panel of 213 bovine microsatellite markers, and an experimental pedigree obtained by backing "double-muscled (Belgian Blue) x conventional (Friesian)"1 dams to double-muscle sire, we have mapped a locus on bovine Chromosome (CHr) 2 that accounts for all the phenotypic variance in the backcross generation. This locus, referred to as mh (muscular hypertrophy), has been positioned with respects to a map composed of seven Chr 2-specific microsatellites, at 2 cM from the closet marker. This result confirms the validity in the Belgian Blue population of the monogenic model involving an autosomal mh locus, characterized by a wild-type "+" and a recessive "mh" allele, causing the double-muscling phenotype in the homozygous condition. The linkage relationship between the mh locus and the Chr 2 markers was confirmed in three informative pedigrees collected from the general Belgian Blue Cattle population, reinforcing the notice of genetic homogeneity of the double-muscling trait in this breed. This work paves the way towards marker-assisted selection for or against the double muscling trait, and towards positional cloning of the corresponding gene.
Animals↗
Polymorphism, linkage mapping and expression pattern of the porcine skeletal muscle glycogen synthase (GYS1) gene.
The glycogen synthase gene (GYS1), which encodes the rate-limiting enzyme for glycogen synthesis of skeletal muscle, is a promising candidate gene for traits related to skeletal muscle in pigs. In this study, a G/A single nucleotide polymorphism in GYS1 intron 7 detected as a FokI PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) showed allele frequency differences among five Chinese indigenous pig breeds and three western commercial pig breeds. Linkage analysis assigned the gene GYS1 to marker interval SW1302-SW1473 on SSC6 in a three-generation Meishan X Large White reference family. The results of association analysis and interval mapping suggested that the FokI PCR-RFLP polymorphism might be linked with the quantitative trait loci affecting carcass traits detected on SSC6 in the F2 intercross pedigree. The reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction revealed that the porcine GYS1 gene was expressed in spleen, lung, liver, kidney, small intestine, skeletal muscle, heart and stomach, with the highest expression in skeletal muscle.
Animals↗
Mapping and association studies of diabetes related genes in the pig.
The mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (MAPK8), resistin (RETN), 11 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoform 1 (HSD11B1) and protein kinase B Akt2 (AKT2) genes are all genes known to affect insulin signalling and have been implicated in the progression of obesity and type 2 diabetes in humans. In this study, polymorphisms in the porcine diabetes related MAPK8, RETN, HSD11B1 and AKT2 genes were identified, mapped and their associations with phenotypic measurements in swine were analysed. Polymorphisms detected in the MAPK8, RETN and HSD11B1 loci were used to genotype a Berkshire-Yorkshire pig breed reference family. Using linkage analysis, RETN, HSD11B1 and MAPK8 genes were mapped to pig chromosomes 2, 9 and 14, respectively, while the AKT2 gene was physically mapped to pig chromosome 6q21. Results presented here suggest associations between the polymorphisms in the MAPK8, RETN and HSD11B1 genes with several phenotypic measurements, including fat deposition traits in the pig. Because these genes have been implicated in obesity and diabetes in humans, and this study suggests associations with fat related traits, further research on these genes in swine may provide useful information on genetic factors underlying lean pork production.
11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
Molecular interaction map of the mammalian cell cycle control and DNA repair systems.
Eventually to understand the integrated function of the cell cycle regulatory network, we must organize the known interactions in the form of a diagram, map, and/or database. A diagram convention was designed capable of unambiguous representation of networks containing multiprotein complexes, protein modifications, and enzymes that are substrates of other enzymes. To facilitate linkage to a database, each molecular species is symbolically represented only once in each diagram. Molecular species can be located on the map by means of indexed grid coordinates. Each interaction is referenced to an annotation list where pertinent information and references can be found. Parts of the network are grouped into functional subsystems. The map shows how multiprotein complexes could assemble and function at gene promoter sites and at sites of DNA damage. It also portrays the richness of connections between the p53-Mdm2 subsystem and other parts of the network.
Animals↗
Mapping of short tandem repeat polymorphisms on human chromosome 3.
Linkage analysis was used to determine map positions for 18 short tandem repeat polymorphisms that continuously span 186 cM of human chromosome 3. Mapping was based on the genotyping of 40 CEPH reference families. Loci order from pter-qter was D3S1252-D3S1235-D3S1234-D3S1233- D3S1254-D3S1251-D3S1215-RHO-ACPP- D3S1238-D3S1206-D3S196-D3S1237- (D3S1253,D3S1439)-D3S1243-D3S1232-SST. Odds against inversion of adjacent markers in all cases were 700:1 or better, except for the marker pair at D3S1253,D3S1439 that was not separated by any recombinants and therefore could not be ordered. Only one gap greater than 25 cM on the sex-equal map was observed.
Base Sequence↗
Spatial mapping, working memory, and the fimbria-fornix system.
Rats with lesions severing either the subcallosal fornix (Fo) or the medial half of the fimbria (Fi) were used. They were compared with control (Co) animals in a working memory task (serial alternation) and a reference memory task (cue-guided alternation). Neither task required spatial mapping strategy. Damaging the Fi, but not the Fo, caused a severe deficit in the serial alternation task. Analysis of individual performance revealed that Fi rats either adopted a "side strategy, " resulting in worse than chance performance. This active perseveration required intact working memory mechanism. In the cue-guided alternation task, Fo animals proved superior to Co and Fi rats. These findings are inconsistent with notions that the exclusive role of the hippocampus is spatial mapping or storing of recent memories. They indicate also differential involvement of the fimbria and fornix fibers in behavior.
Animals↗
[Testing linkage hypothesis in hybrid analysis of alternatively distributed behavioral traits with incomplete penetrance].
The use of polymorphic microsatellite markers for mapping alternatively distributed behavioral traits with incomplete penetrance was studied with special reference to inheritance of predisposition to catalepsy in mice. Using only backcrosses as a segregating population, the major gene for catalepsy was with high likelihood mapped to region 30-75 cM of murine chromosome 13. It was also established that this gene determines 20% of the trait penetrance whereas the remaining 31% of the observed penetrance are accounted for by numerous polygenes.
Animals↗
Magnetic resonance studies of brain function and neurochemistry.
In the short time since its introduction, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has rapidly evolved to become an indispensable tool for clinical diagnosis and biomedical research. Recently, this methodology has been successfully used for the acquisition of functional, physiological, and biochemical information in intact systems, particularly in the human body. The ability to map areas of altered neuronal activity in the brain, often referred to as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), is probably one of the most significant recent achievements that rely on this methodology. This development has permitted the examination of functional specialization in human and animal brains with unprecedented spatial resolution, as demonstrated by mapping at the level of orientation and ocular dominance columns in the visual cortex. These functional imaging studies are complemented by the ability to study neurochemistry using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, allowing the determination of metabolic processes that support neurotransmission and neurotransmission rates themselves.
Animals↗
Analysis of the EHEC hly operon and its location in the physical map of the large plasmid of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:h7.
Almost all clinical enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 isolates harbour a large virulence plasmid designated pO157. In this study, pO157 of EHEC O157:H7 reference strain EDL 933 was characterized at the molecular level. A restriction map was constructed by using seven restriction enzymes, with appropriate gel electrophoretic and hybridization methods. The molecular size of pO157 was determined to be 93.6 kb. By sequencing the DNA region extending in the 3'-direction of the previously described EHEC hlyC and hlyA genes, two further genes were discovered and analysed; these were termed EHEC hlyB and EHEC hlyD. The newly discovered genes together with the EHEC hlyC and hlyA genes constitute a typical RTX (Repeats in ToXin) determinant (EHEC hly operon) with the gene order CABD. The map position of the operon was determined by hybridization experiments. Analysis of a DNA fragment carrying the downstream flanking region of the EHEC hly operon revealed an open reading frame which was highly homologous to orf1 of RepFIB, a basic replicon of IncF plasmids. It was located close to the EHEC hly operon.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
The identification and mapping of melanoma regional nodal metastases: minimally invasive surgery for the diagnosis of nodal metastases.
The most controversial part of melanoma surgical care involves the role of elective lymph node dissection (ELND). Whereas proponents cite retrospective studies demonstrating the ability to control regional metastases and more accurate staging, opponents cite the unnecessary morbidity of a complete node dissection for the majority of patients. The technology of sentinel node mapping and selective lymphadenectomy, defined as the identification and removal of the first node into which the primary melanoma drains, may revolutionize melanoma care. If the sentinel node is negative, then theoretically the remainder of the nodes should also be negative (no "skip" metastases), and a complete lymphadenectomy would not be required to control occult nodal disease. The location of the sentinel node may be variable in the lymphatic basin. Ideally, the surgeon needs a map of the position of the sentinel node in reference to the other nodes in the basin in order to do the procedure under local anesthesia with small incisions. In this way, patients are subjected to minimal morbidity and the procedure can be performed as an out-patient. Twenty-nine patients with clinically negative nodes and melanomas greater than 0.76 mm in thickness were judged to be candidates for ELND. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy in two planes was used to mark the sentinel node, and the patients were taken to the operating room for intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy followed by complete dissection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Humans↗