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PubMedDate not supplied

Antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin-beta-cyclodextrin complex and its efficacy in dental implants.

Ciprofloxacin forms an inclusion complex with beta-cyclodextrin. The in vitro antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin on E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus was found better on complexation. The complex was found very effective as a local antibacterial agent when used in dental implants. Significant reduction in the gingival index, probing pocket depth and microbial growth coupled with gain in attachment at the test site compared to control on the 14th day was observed when the implants containing 2.0 mg of the complex equivalent to 0.4 mg of ciprofloxacin was used in clinical trials.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Mechanical properties, phase stability, and biocompatibility of (Y, Nb)-TZP/Al(2)O(3) composite abutments for dental implant.

ZrO(2)/Al(2)O(3) composites were prepared by mixing a tetragonal ZrO(2), stabilized by 5.31 mol% Y(2)O(3) and 4.45 mol% Nb(2)O(5), and various amounts of Al(2)O(3). Influence of the amount of Al(2)O(3) on strength and toughness and tetragonal phase stability in the composites under autoclave conditions was investigated. In addition, in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of the composites was examined. The composite, prepared with addition of 20 vol% Al(2)O(3), exhibited the highest strength of 700 MPa and toughness of 8.1 MPa. m(1/2) and showed no hydrothermal degradation while aging in an autoclave. The biocompatibility of the composite exhibited no cytotoxicity and no significant adverse soft-tissue response for up to 3 months implant period in guinea pigs.

Aluminum Oxide↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Vascular endothelial growth factor and microvessel density around healthy and failing dental implants.

Inflammatory infiltrate may be important in the evolution of inflammatory processes involving peri-implant tissues. Angiogenesis is an important feature of inflammation and healing, but its role in the development and progression or in the healing of periodontal lesions has not been elucidated. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent inducer of endothelial cell proliferation. The aim of the present study was to conduct a comparative immunohistochemical evaluation of VEGF and microvessel density (MVD) in normal keratinized gingiva and in peri-implant soft tissues surrounding failing implants. Fifteen patients participated in this study. Ten biopsies were taken from healthy keratinized gingiva, and 10 were taken from peri-implant soft tissues surrounding failing non-submerged implants. In healthy sites, the endothelial lining cells of the vessels always tested positive for VEGF; also, VEGF intensity was high in most cases. Stromal cells were positive for VEGF in 70% to 90% of samples. The MVD was 60.250 +/- 5.123. In peri-implantitis samples, the cells of the inflammatory infiltrate were positive for VEGF in 80% to 100% of cases, and the VEGF intensity was low in all cases. The stromal cells were positive for VEGF in 90% to 100% of cases, and in most cases the intensity was low. The MVD was 101.800 +/- 11.256. The difference in MVD between healthy sites and peri-implantitis was statistically significant (P = .0158). Expression of VEGF was lower in peri-implantitis samples, and this difference was statistically significant (P = .0373). Because of its extensive presence, VEGF is probably a factor in both the maintenance of periodontal physiology and in the progression of peri-implant inflammatory disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Comparative study of hydroxyapatite and titanium dental implants in dogs.

This study compares the clinical performances and histologic response in dogs to a cylindrical implant with a surface consisting of dense hydroxyapatite (HA) and a threaded titanium implant in functionally loaded and unloaded conditions. Implantation was performed in five dogs, which were killed at 2 or 4 months postfunctional condition (4 or 6 months after implantation). Clinical evaluation showed that neither implant demonstrated significant movement, and assessment of gingival inflammation and sulcus depth showed no significant differences between them. After axial sectioning, the titanium implants were easily removed from the bone, whereas the HA-coated implants were adherent to the bone. Histologically, both implants showed osteogenic ingrowth to the surface in functional and nonfunctional conditions. High-magnification scanning electron micrographs of plastic sections showed that a portion of the interface between the HA-coated implant and the bone showed no gap, whereas gaps were observed at all interfaces with the titanium implant. Histomorphometric analysis by light microscopy indicated that there was no significant difference in the percent bone contact length. Clinically, the two implants behaved similarly.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed2004

A clinical long-term radiographic evaluation of graft height changes after maxillary sinus floor augmentation with a 2:1 autogenous bone/xenograft mixture and simultaneous placement of dental implants.

The aim of the present study was to assess long-term changes in sinus-graft height after maxillary sinus floor augmentation and simultaneous placement of implants. A total of 191 patients who underwent maxillary sinus floor augmentation were radiographically followed for up to about 10 years. A 2 : 1 mixture of autogenous bone and bovine xenograft (Bio-Oss) was used as the graft material. Sinus-graft height was measured using 294 panoramic images immediately after augmentation and up to 108 months subsequently. Changes in sinus-graft height were calculated with respect to implant length and original sinus height. Patients were divided into three groups based on the height of the grafted sinus floor relative to the implant apex: Group I, in which the grafted sinus floor was above the implant apex; Group II, in which the implant apex was level with the grafted sinus floor; and Group III, in which the grafted sinus floor was below the implant apex. After augmentation, the grafted sinus floor was consistently located above the implant apex. After 2-3 years, the grafted sinus floor was level with or slightly below the implant apex. This relationship was maintained over the long term. Sinus-graft height decreased significantly and approached original sinus height. The proportion of patients classified as belonging to Group III reached a maximum from year 3 onwards. The clinical survival rate of implants was 94.2%. All implant losses occurred within 3 years after augmentation. We conclude that progressive sinus pneumatization occurs after augmentation with a 2 : 1 autogenous bone/xenograft mixture, and long-term stability of sinus-graft height represents an important factor for implant success.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development and evaluation of porous dental implants in miniature swine.

Organized bone ingrowth in endosteal porous implants fabricated from VMC titanium alloy and surgically implanted with a tight interference fit, securely anchored the implants in fresh and healed mandibular premolar sites of miniature swine. This bone-implant union retained its integrity under high as well as slight masticatory stresses up to one-year after implantation. Bone invasion of the alumina porcelain implants was impeded by the lack of adequate interconnecting porosity; when the porosity was increased, insufficient ceramic strength prohibited a tight initial bone-implant fit. As a consequence, inadequate initial implant stability resulted in a soft tissue encapsulation of the majority of the ceramic implants. Histological examination and mechanical testing results were similar for bone-ingrown implants exposed to different experimental stresses for 4, 5, 8, and 12 months. Bone ingrowth and interface shear strengths were also similar in the different VMC pore sizes and shapes investigated. The design of intraoral attachments appeared critical, at least in swine where no postoperative treatment was administered. Gingival inflammation and alveolar bone resorption caused by calculus were severe around truncated cone-shaped devices. Slender transgingival posts, occlusal caps, and crown restorations were less susceptible to calculus accumulation, resulting in a more satisfactory gingival and subgingival response. Excessive epithelial invagination was a problem only in implants with transgingival truncated cones. Good adherence of soft tissue to metal under the gingival mucosa prevented epithelial migration around implants with other transgingival devices. Alveolar bone resportion around the tops of bone-ingrown implants was minimal at the time intervals examined (up to one year); however, a definite conclusion should be delayed until longer-term implants under full occlusion are evaluated.

Aluminum↗
PubMed2005

Surface properties of endosseous dental implants after NdYAG and CO2 laser treatment at various energies.

OBJECTIVES: Dental lasers have been used for uncovering submerged implants as well as decontaminating implant surfaces when treating peri-implantitis. The objective of this study was to compare the possible alterations of the smooth surface and resorbable blast material (RBM) surface implants after using NdYAG and CO(2) lasers at various energies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten smooth surface implants and 10 RBM surface implants were used. Two smooth surface implants and 2 RBM surface implants served as a control group that was not lased. The remaining implants were treated using NdYAG and CO(2) lasers. The surface of each implant was treated for 10 seconds on the second and third threads. The smooth surface implants (group 1) were treated using a pulsed contact NdYAG laser at power settings of 1, 2, 3.5, and 5 W, which are commonly used for soft tissue surgery; the corresponding energy and frequency were 50 mJ and 20 Hz, 100 mJ and 20 Hz, 350 mJ and 10 Hz, and 250 mJ and 20 Hz, respectively. The group 2 RBM implants were treated using a pulsed contact NdYAG laser. The group 3 smooth surface implants were treated using a pulsed wave non-contact CO(2) laser at 1, 2, 3.5, and 5 W, and the group 4 RBM implants were treated using a pulsed wave non-contact CO(2) laser. Data were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: The control surface was very regular and smooth. After NdYAG laser treatment, the implant surface showed alterations of all the surfaces. The amount of damage was proportional to the power. A remarkable finding was the similarity of the lased areas on the smooth and RBM surfaces. CO(2) laser at power settings of 1.0 or 2.0 W did not alter the implant surface, regardless of implant type. At settings of 3.5 and 5 W, there was destruction of the micromachined groove and gas formation. CONCLUSION: This study supports that CO(2) laser treatment appears more useful than NdYAG laser treatment and CO(2) laser does not damage titanium implant surface, which should be of value when uncovering submerged implants and treating peri-implantitis.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed2000

Mandibular flexure and dental implants: a case report.

The mandibular deformation as a result of jaw movement from rest position has been studied and documented by other authors. Here, we report that there is a possible correlation between this phenomenon and the discomfort experienced by a patient rehabilitated with implant-supported restoration for the mandibular arch during function. The recovery from pain and symptoms was achieved only after splitting the prosthesis into three sections. This case report serves to remind clinicians of the importance of following biological concepts as the key to a successful result.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Hydroxyapatite and their use as coatings in dental implants: a review.

At present, no standard manufacturing guideline exists for depositing hydroxyapatite (HA) on implant surfaces. Although animal and in vitro studies have reported on the benefits of using HA-coated implants as well as the risks of dissolution, these short-term studies did not demonstrate that the dissolution of the HA coating leads to a loss of implants. In addition, many in vivo and clinical studies did not include the chemical and structural characterization of the coatings, and thus comparisons between studies are difficult. In the clinics, the recommendation is that HA-coated screw implants be used for the anterior maxilla and posterior mandible where the bone depth exceeds 10 mm and when the cortical layer is thinner and spongiosia is less dense. In the posterior maxilla or when the cortical layer is very thin with low density, the use of HA-coated cylindrical implants is recommended. However, there are concerns for using HA-coated implants. The clinician needs to take into consideration the enhanced bacterial susceptibility of HA coatings compared with titanium implants. In addition, the clinician needs to consider the possible failure of HA coatings as a result of coating-substrate interfacial fracture. Finally, besides the surgical skills, it is also important that the clinical investigators be well versed with the materials characterization needed for HA-coated implants, the problems associated with the current HA coatings, and the indications for use. In addition, the correlation between well characterized coatings and their effect on bone formation rate and long-term implant success, coating-implant interfacial strength, and alternative superior coating process need to be investigated further.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Neutrophil response and microbiological findings around teeth and dental implants.

The aim of this study was to compare the neutrophil response, measured as both functional and antigenic elastase, around teeth and titanium implants and to relate these findings to the microbiota. The 31 patients included in the study had been treated successfully for total or partial edentulism with titanium implants. Crevicular fluid and microbiological samples were taken from 3 sites: 1) crevices around teeth and 2) implants in 16 partially edentulous patients and 3) crevices around implants in 15 edentulous patients. All sites sampled showed similar degrees of inflammation assessed by gingival index and total protein concentration. The samples were analyzed for elastase activity and immunoreactive elastase. The elastase activity was significantly higher in crevices surrounding implants in partially edentulous patients compared with implants in edentulous patients. The antigenic elastase showed no difference among the 3 sites. Gram-positive cocci were the main bacterial species in all 3 groups. Edentulous patients tended to have lower frequency of black pigmenting anaerobes. No correlation of analyzed bacteria and elastase activity was found between the 3 sites. This study indicates that, despite a similar appearance of clinical parameters and absence of significant differences in the microbiota, the inflammation around implants in partially edentulous patients induces a stronger neutrophil response than does the inflammation around implants in edentulous patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

A holder for dental implant screwdrives.

This article describes an easy procedure for making a holder for the small, short screwdrivers used to tighten and loosen implant superstructures. It can aid significantly during manipulation of the intraoral attachments.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2004

Surface free energy and bacterial retention to saliva-coated dental implant materials--an in vitro study.

The aim of the present investigation was to compare the in vitro bacterial retention on saliva-coated implant materials (pure titanium grade 2 (cp-Ti) and a titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) surfaces), presenting similar surface roughness, and to assess the influence of physico-chemical surface properties of bacterial strain and implant materials on in vitro bacterial adherence. Two bacterial strains (one hydrophilic strain and one hydrophobic strain) were used and the following were evaluated: bacterial cell adherence, SFE values as well as the Lifshitz-van-der Waals, the Lewis acid base components of SFE, the interfacial free energy and the non-dispersive interactions according to two complementary contact angle measurement methods: the sessile drop method and the captive bubble method. Our results showed similar patterns of adherent bacterial cells on saliva-coated cp-Ti and saliva-coated Ti-6Al-4V. These findings could suggest that bacterial colonization (i.e. plaque formation) is similar on saliva-coated cp-Ti and Ti-6Al-4V surfaces and indicate that both materials could be suitable for use as transgingival abutment or healing implant components. The same physico-chemical properties exhibited by saliva-coated cp-Ti and TA6V, as shown by the sessile drop method and the captive bubble method, could explain this similar bacterial colonisation. Therefore, higher values of total surface free energy of saliva-coated cp-Ti and saliva-coated TA6V samples (gamma(SV) approximately 65mJ/m(2)) were reported using the captive bubble method indicating a less hydrophobic character of these surfaces than with the sessile drop method (gamma(S) approximately 44.50mJ/m(2)) and consequently possible differences in oral bacterial retention according the theory described by Absolom et al. The number of adherent hydrophobic S. sanguinis cells was two-fold higher than that of hydrophilic S. constellatus cells. Our results confirm that physico-chemical surface properties of oral bacterial strains play a role in bacterial retention to implant materials in the presence of adsorbed salivary proteins.

Bacterial Adhesion↗