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Results for “Behavioral problems”

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PubMed2002

The effects of training parents in functional behavior assessment on problem identification, problem analysis, and intervention design.

In this study, parents were trained in four sessions to identify problems, conduct a functional assessment, and design an appropriate intervention based on the function of the problem behavior. First, parents were trained to operationally define problem behaviors, given examples of consequences, and discussed the functions of behavior. Second, parents were given examples of antecedents and discussed replacement behaviors. Third, procedures to increase appropriate behaviors were discussed. Fourth, procedures to decrease inappropriate behaviors were discussed. Prior to the first session and after each session, parents watched a videotaped vignette of a child exhibiting a behavior problem and completed a Problem Identification Questionnaire, Problem Analysis Questionnaire, and Intervention Design Questionnaire. A repeated-measures ANOVA was used to test for significant differences on each of the dependent variables. Results indicated that parents' scores on each of the measures improved significantly. Limitations, future research ideas, and implications for school psychologists and other professionals are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Young adult drinking-driving: behavioral and psychosocial correlates.

Behavioral and psychosocial correlates of drinking and driving were examined in two independent samples of licensed drivers aged 18 to 25 selected from the Colorado Division of Motor Vehicles database. Mail questionnaires were returned by 2,300 young adults (1,196 in Sample 1; 1,104 in Sample 2). Structural equation modeling was used to examine the relation of a latent-variable measure of drinking-driving to latent-variable measures of other driving behaviors, problem behaviors and psychosocial variables. Drinking-driving, drug-driving and risky driving were found to comprise a more general, second-order factor of problem driving behavior. Drinking-driving was also found to constitute one aspect of a larger second-order latent variable that included problem drinking, marijuana use, other illicit drug use and delinquent-type behavior. In combination, the variables of problem driving, other problem behaviors, psychosocial unconventionality, risk-taking and hostility/aggression accounted for 57% of the variance in young adult drinking-driving. All of these Sample 1 findings were buttressed by confirmatory analyses in the independent Sample 2 data. The conclusion can be drawn that drinking-driving is part of a more general lifestyle involving behavior and psychosocial unconventionality.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Cognitive, behavioral, and emotional problems among school-age children of alcoholic parents.

Sixty-four children from 37 families with an alcoholic parent were compared with 80 children from 45 families that did not have an alcoholic parent on measures of intelligence, cognitive achievement, psychological and physical disorders, impulsivity-hyperactivity, social competence, learning problems, behavior problems, and self-esteem. On nine of 17 tests, the children of alcoholic parents scored less well than did the children of nonalcoholic parents, although both were within normal ranges. Factor analysis yielded significant differences between the two samples in emotional functioning and cognitive abilities and performance; marginally significant differences were found with respect to behavior problems.

Achievement↗

PubMed1995

Interaction style, problem-solving behavior, and family problem-solving effectiveness.

We proposed that an individual's characteristic style of interaction will predict his or her problem-solving behavior and family problem-solving effectiveness. We test this hypothesis for mothers, fathers, and adolescent boys and girls (M age = 12.7 years) in 431 rural families using both warm and hostile interaction styles. One set of videotape coders observed a general family discussion and measured interaction style. A year later, another, independent set of coders observed a family problem-solving task. Family members reported family problem-solving effectiveness immediately following the problem-solving task. The results indicated that a hostile interaction style directly predicted destructive problem-solving behavior and indirectly predicted family problem-solving effectiveness. A warm interaction style related directly to constructive problem-solving behavior and indirectly to family problem-solving effectiveness.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Descriptive analysis of eating behavior in school-age children with cystic fibrosis and healthy control children.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To investigate calorie intake, behavioral eating styles, and parent perception of eating behavior of school-age children with cystic fibrosis (CF) compared with healthy peers. DESIGN: A two-group comparison study. SETTING: A clinical sample of 28 school-age children with CF and a community sample of 28 healthy peers matched for age (6 to 12 years) and socioeconomic status. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The children with CF consumed more calories per day (2175 cal/d) than the control children (1875 cal/d) and achieved a significantly higher recommended daily allowance (RDA) of energy (128% of the RDA) than the control children (91.61% of the RDA). Fifty-four percent of the CF sample were achieving the CF dietary recommendations of 120% of the RDA. Despite this energy intake, the CF sample was significantly below the control sample on weight (24.56 vs 31.23 kg), height (125.48 vs 133.06 cm), and z score for weight (-0.811 vs 0.528) and height (-0.797 vs 0.371). On measures of behavioral eating style, the CF sample had significantly longer meals (23.90 min) than the control sample (17.34 min) and had a significantly slower pace of eating (43.27% 10-second intervals with bites) than the control sample (51.29% 10-second intervals with bites) but did not differ significantly on the number of calories consumed during dinner. On a measure of parent report of mealtime behaviors, parents of the children with CF rated mealtime behavior problems of "dawdles" and "refuses food" as more intense (mean, 3. 46) than did the parents of control children (mean, 2.67). For the CF sample, a significant correlation was found between the parent intensity ratings of problem behavior in general and meal duration (r = .48), and a significant negative correlation was found between the parent intensity ratings of problem mealtime behaviors and the percentage of intervals with bites (pace of meal) (r = -.533). CONCLUSIONS: Although the school-age children with CF were consuming more calories per day than their healthy peers, and more than 50% of the children in the CF sample were at or above the CF dietary recommendations, the children in the CF sample were significantly below the control children on measures of weight and height. The behavioral data suggest that increased caloric intake is not without cost, because the CF sample spent an additional 7 minutes per day at dinner and ate their meals at a slower pace than their healthy peers. These data were associated with higher intensity ratings of mealtime behaviors by parents of children with CF. These findings point to the need for individualized assessment of energy needs for school-age children with CF and comprehensive programs that teach parents behavioral strategies to motivate their children to meet these higher energy requirements in an adaptive manner.

Case-Control Studies↗

PubMed2004

The relation of children's everyday nonsocial peer play behavior to their emotionality, regulation, and social functioning.

The relations of children's nonsocial behavior to their emotionality, regulation, and social functioning were examined in a short-term longitudinal study. Parents (primarily mothers) and teachers rated children's effortful regulation, emotionality, asocial behaviors, problem behaviors, and social acceptance, and children's nonsocial play behaviors were observed for two semesters. Peers also rated likability. Children's observed reticent activities were related to adults' ratings of high regulation, low externalizing problems, and high asocial behavior, as well as to low anger and low positive emotion. On the other hand, solitary play was associated with low positive emotion and low regulation over time and with high asocial behavior and high peer exclusion. Peer rejection mediated the relation of internalizing emotions (anxiety, low positive emotion) and regulation to solitary play later in the school year, and asocial play mediated the relation of internalizing emotions to both solitary and reticent play behavior.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗

PubMed1999

The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and related material: standardization and validation in Danish population based and clinically based samples.

The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and related material, developed by Achenbach and Edelbrock in Vermont, was validated in a mailed survey. A population based sample of 779 children between the age of four and 17 years was compared to a sample of 146 children referred for child psychiatric service. Danish children scored very much like our Scandinavian and German neighbours, but low compared to most others. The CBCL mean 'total behavior problem score' in the population was 17.7. The checklists, especially the parent and teacher versions, provided good construct validity. Youths generally reported more emotional problem behavior than their parents and teachers did about them. In general, parents and youths agree more, reporting emotional problems, and parents and teachers agree more, when scattering externalizing behavior. Short screening constructs are introduced, and by the use of latent trait analysis, four clinically relevant sub-scales were generated. Predictive value, sensitivity, specificity and clinical validity must be undertaken in a future two-phase study.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Psychoeducational interventions for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at risk for impaired functioning in most areas related to school success. Despite the benefits of psychostimulants and other medications to alleviate problem behaviors associated with ADHD, these therapies are unable to completely ameliorate behavior problems for all children with this disorder. Additionally, whereas pharmacologic therapies do impact behavioral functioning they have not been shown to improve academic achievement. Therefore, attention needs to be directed toward psychoeducational interventions and their ability to increase the successful functioning of children with ADHD. The purpose of this article is to highlight some of the most prominent and empirically validated classroom intervention strategies for children with ADHD. Additionally, this article discusses the importance of choosing psychoeducational interventions based on functional assessment data. Finally, this article describes progress monitoring strategies that should be used to determine the efficacy of intervention strategies.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Testing a core emotion-regulation prediction: does early attentional persistence moderate the effect of infant negative emotionality on later development?

To test the hypothesis that early attentional persistence will moderate the effect of infant negative emotionality on social competence, problem behavior, and school readiness at age 3, data collected as part of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care were subject to structural equation modeling analyses (N = 1,038). Consistent with Eisenberg et al.'s data on older children, high levels of negative emotionality were associated with low levels of social competence only when attentional persistence was poor. No such moderating effects of attentional persistence emerged in the case of behavior problems. And in the case of school readiness, findings indicated that high levels of negative emotionality predicted high levels of school readiness when attentional persistence was high, a result opposite to that found with respect to the prediction of social competence.

Affect↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluating outpatient pediatric psychology services in a primary care setting.

OBJECTIVE: To provide descriptive and outcome information of an outpatient pediatric psychology clinic based in a medical center in a major metropolitan area. METHODS: We coded the characteristics and outcomes of 100 patients prospectively on a number of dimensions. Surveys and interviews were used to gather follow-up information. RESULTS: The majority of patients were Caucasian boys (n = 56 out of 100) between 2 and 12 years of age. The most common reasons for initiating contact with the clinic were assessment of school problems, behavior problems, anger, attention problems, depression, and temper tantrums. Eighty-one percent of the patients saw a therapist for brief treatment, between one and five sessions, and behavioral treatments were administered for the majority. The children's behavior for which the parents sought treatment improved significantly from pre- to posttreatment, as rated by parents and therapists. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, parents were satisfied with the services received and indicated that the recommendations given during therapy were helpful and easy to implement. This study provides general evidence for the effectiveness of pediatric psychology services.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Neighborhood matters: racial socialization of African American children.

Differences in racial socialization practices and their effects were examined in a sample of 241 African American 1st graders (average age 6.59 years) living in an urban area. Child outcomes included cognitive development, receptive language skills, and child problem behavior. The cultural environment of the home was associated with higher cognitive scores for boys living in high negative social climate and low social capital neighborhoods and for girls living in high social capital neighborhoods. The positive association of promotion of mistrust and child behavior problems was magnified in neighborhoods that had low levels of social capital. A high negative social climate in the neighborhood attenuated the positive association between preparation for bias/promotion of mistrust and externalizing problems.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1990

Labeling the child of an alcoholic: negative stereotyping by mental health professionals and peers.

Although the establishment of programs for children of alcoholics (COAs) is laudable for those who are in distress, the effects of identifying and labeling COAs have largely been unknown. These studies investigated the possibility of negative stereotypes toward COAs emanating from peers and from the mental health community. In Study 1, 570 high school students were asked to rate six separate roles (typical teenagers--male and female; teenagers with an alcoholic parent--male and female; and mentally ill teenagers--male and female) using 11 bipolar adjective pairs. Subjects rated "COAs" as significantly different overall from both "typical teenagers" and "mentally ill teenagers." When individual nonsignificant differences occurred, COAs were more often grouped with mentally ill teenagers. These correlational findings were extended in an experimental study (Study 2) using mental health workers (N = 80). Subjects watched videotapes of an adolescent who was described as having either a positive or negative family history of alcoholism and as having either a high degree of social success (school leader) or social problems (behavior problems). The adolescent targets labeled COA were judged as more pathological than those labeled non-COA in terms of current and predicted psychological health and psychopathology. These judgments held regardless of the teenagers' labeled current behavior. Both studies demonstrated robust negative stereotypes about COAs both from the COAs' peers and from those responsible for treating COAs. The potentially harmful consequences of labeling COAs--especially those who are currently well-adjusted--are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

The Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (ITSEA): factor structure, reliability, and validity.

In this paper the refinement and psychometric properties of the Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (ITSEA) are described. Results from a sociodemographically diverse birth cohort sample of 1,235 parents of children between the ages of 12 and 36 months are presented. Confirmatory factor analyses supported the hypothesized Internalizing, Externalizing, Regulatory, and Competence domains as well as the 17 individual scales that comprise the ITSEA. Findings for 3 additional indices useful in identifying significant psychopathology are presented. Subgroup analyses revealed structural invariance and expected mean level differences across both child sex and 6-month age bands. Child sex differences emerged for some problem and most competence scales, with boys rated as higher on Activity/Impulsivity and girls rated higher on Anxiety and most Competence scales. All competence scores increased across age groups. Problem behaviors showed a more mixed developmental pattern. Test-retest and interrater reliability were acceptable. Associations between the ITSEA and independent evaluator ratings and parental ratings of child behavior problems, temperament, and parental distress support the validity of the instrument.

Affect↗

PubMed2005

Gender differences in prevalence of drug use among high risk adolescents in Israel.

BACKGROUND: The use of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs is considered to be primarily a male problem. Many studies of drug use in the general population have reinforced this assumption. Other recent findings, however, call the extent of gender differences into question. METHODS: Self report data were collected from 911 high risk adolescents who ranged from 12 to 18 years. RESULTS: Last 30 day use was used to compare the youth. Significant findings show girls use cigarettes more than boys; boys use all types of alcohol more than girls; and, boys use marijuana and hashish more than girls. No differences were reported in terms of the patterns of ecstasy, inhalants, prescription drugs, LSD, amphetamines, cocaine, crack cocaine, opium and heroin. Boys more than girls were inclined to binge drink. Boys and girls reported similar patterns of being in a car with a driver who had been drinking and driving a car after drinking. Boys more than girls take loans in order to obtain drugs; girls more than boys were able to acquire drugs without having to use their own money; and boys more than girls gambled to acquire drugs. DISCUSSION: With the exception of cigarettes, boys use drugs and engage in problem behavior more than girls. Underage drinking and driving is a serious behavior problem reported by male and female youth. This factor and binge drinking should be targeted as priority prevention issues. Gender differences in prevalence of drug use among high risk adolescents should be monitored to verify what may be a growing problem among female adolescents in the country and elsewhere (Litt, I., (2003). Drugs and adolescent girls. (editorial). Journal of Adolescent Health, 32, 1-2).

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

[Psychosocial distress and symptoms of single mothers and their children in a large community sample].

OBJECTIVES: As in other western countries the proportion of single parent families in Germany is growing. International studies showed lower socioeconomic status and elevated psychic distress in single mothers as well as increased problem behavior in their children. This study was performed to make up for the lack of epidemiologic investigations on this issue in Germany. METHODS: The family status of a complete cohort of school beginners in Duesseldorf was screened (recruitment rate 97.5%, N = 5,048). Single mothers and their children were compared to a control group of married mothers (N = 278) with respect to social variables and psychic distress (SCL-90-R, CBCL). RESULTS: 907 (18.0%) of all children lived in single parent families. Socioeconomic status (income, education, receiving welfare) of single mothers (total N = 891) who fulfilled the inclusion criteria (N = 531) was lower, while psychic distress was significantly elevated (GSI 0.45 vs. 0.28). Single mothers without additional personal support for their child, younger as well as poor single mothers showed higher values of GSI. Statistically significant increased behavior problems were found only in boys of single mothers. CONCLUSIONS: Single mothers are socially disadvantaged. They show an elevated mean psychic distress compared to married mothers. Psychosocial support for higher impaired subgroups of single mothers should be developed.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Effectiveness of alternative parent training formats.

Alternative formats were compared for training parents of retarded children to teach self-help skills and manage problem behaviors. Sixty-six families with moderately to severely retarded children ages 3-13 were assigned for 3 months to group parent training (n = 37), individual parent training (n = 16), or delayed training control (n = 13). Measures administered before and after training evaluated: (1) parent knowledge of behavior modification, (2) a behavior sample of parent teaching, and (3) child self-help skills and behavior problems. Trained families gained significantly more than control families on parent measures but not on the child self-help skill measure. Group and individually trained families demonstrated almost identical gains. At a 6-month follow-up, group and individually trained families continued to show equal performance. Group training requires about half the professional time per family as individual training, and therefore seems a more cost-effective approach.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Symptomatic correlates of alcohol abuse as a presenting problem.

This investigation examined a large number of self-reported symptoms of psychopathology. Its specific purpose was to assess their relationship to alcohol abuse as a self-indicated problem behavior. Participants in the study were 72 adults of both sexes who sought mental health services at a Veterans Administration outpatient Mental Hygiene Clinic. The self-reporting instrument was a behavioral problem checklist that was administered as part of a routine psychological test battery given at the time of each client's intake assessment at the Clinic. A correlational analysis of these data revealed that several broad areas of psychopathology were related significantly to alcohol abuse: Social/interpersonal skill deficits, anxiety, addiction proneness, impulse dyscontrol, and self-destructive ideation. These findings support a social learning theory of alcohol abuse. The results also imply that future treatment approaches to excessive drinking should include social skill and relaxation training as well as attention to traditional clinical concerns with self-destructive thinking and impulse control.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1995

Prevalence and risk factors of psychopathology in Ethiopian children.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with psychopathology in Ethiopian children aged 6 to 11 years living in Jimma town. METHOD: The mothers of 611 randomly selected children (317 boys and 294 girls) were interviewed to determine the presence of 64 child problem behaviors. Scores on the Child Behavior Problem Questionnaire were normed and reduced to eight subscales using responses to a second scale developed by the World Health Organization (the Reporting Questionnaire for Children). Measures of maternal psychopathology, family stress, and child disability were included. RESULTS: Separate analyses conducted for boys and girls yielded prevalence rates of 21.45% for boys and 25.17% for girls. Principal-components analyses identified common syndromes such as aggressive, anxious, delinquent, depressed, hyperactive, uncommunicative, and immature. Two additional syndromes, hostile/withdrawn and insecure, were particularly prevalent. Children whose mothers reported more psychiatric symptoms for themselves tended to score higher on at least one of the pathology subscales. CONCLUSIONS: On a measure developed for Ethiopian children, the prevalence and risk factors were similar to those found in other countries. Several differences in syndromes indicate the need for culture-specific analyses of psychopathology in children.

Adolescent↗