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PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of hair color on luster.

The effect of color on instrumentally evaluated luster of hair dyed to different colors and depths of shades is studied. For natural hair colors, such as blond, brown, and black, the increase in luster with increasing color is associated with a decrease in diffusely scattered light as a result of light absorption by melanin granules. On dyed hair the interpretation of data from a goniophotometer (GP) is more complicated. Using the colors covering the extremes and middle of the visible spectrum, our results demonstrate how dye composition (single or multicomponent), concentration, and penetration depth into the fiber affect the absorptive and scattering processes within the hair fiber to impact luster. Finally, we make an attempt to study the effect of hair color on subjective evaluation of luster. An equation for perceived luster, taking into account the spectral sensitivity of the human eye is derived. Theoretical considerations show that the luster of hair of different colors is perceived differently by the human eye.

Hair↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A novel "permanent" acid-type hair color made possible with dye-metal ion complex technology.

The advantages and disadvantages of oxidative permanent and acid-type semi-permanent hair colors are evident. The former provides a longlasting "permanent" color, while the latter imparts less damage to the hair. We developed a novel acid-type hair color technology that can allow an acid dye and a metal ion to form a complex inside the hair similar to the oxidative hair color. It is well known that acid dye diffuses into the hair and creates an ionic bond with the positively charged amino acid residues of hair protein. However, the dye can be extracted easily from the hair by daily shampooing due to the weakness of the bond. In order to strengthen this bond and to prevent the extraction of the dye by shampooing, an aluminum chloride ion was chosen as the metal ion component to form the dye-metal complex. A proper composition of penetration enhancers, benzyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol, was required to allow acid dyes to interact with the aluminum chloride ion after each component penetrates deeply into the hair to form a complex inside the hair. To provide color brightness and a color longevity effect to hair color, glycolic acid was also selected due to the observation that a weak acid with a small molecular weight would enhance those effects.

Acids↗

PubMed2005

[Spectral colorimetric correction of full view color images in a real scene measurement system].

In the three dimensional multiple modalities scanning real scene measurement system, a color linear CCD was used to obtain the one dimensional linear color information of the scene. Successive one dimensional color images of different angles were patched to constitute the full view color image. If the color image is displayed directly on the color cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor of a computer, colorimetric distortion will occur. Colorimetric correction is then needed. Through thespectral colorimetric correction, the colorimage displayed on the color CRT monitor is matched with the original scene in the colorimetric sense.

Colorimetry↗

PubMed1992

Dotted white--a plumage color mutant in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).

A plumage color mutant, dotted white (DTW), of Japanese quail is described in this paper. The adult DTW mutant shows white plumage with a small colored spot on the head and/or back. The pigmented spots invariably appear on the dorsal region and never on the ventral region of the body. Some birds lack colored spots and show pure white plumage. The chick of the DTW mutant shows cream yellow plumules similar to those of the White Leghorn chick. Colored spots also exist as in adults, and its coloration is diluted light brown. The feathers on colored spots of the adult show diluted pigmentation as compared with wild-type feathers. In addition, the wheat-straw colored shaft streak is extremely narrow and the transversal bars are missing. The DTW mutant is thought to be genetically different from previously reported similar mutants, brown-splashed white, panda, and recessive white. Genetic analyses revealed that the DTW mutant plumage is controlled by an autosomal recessive gene. The gene symbol dtw is provisionally proposed, since there remains a possibility that the DTW character may be allelic to some of the similar mutant characters mentioned above.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Usefulness of color Doppler in the diagnosis of ventricular septal rupture after myocardial infarction.

Ten consecutive patients with ventricular septal rupture complicating acute myocardial infarction were studied by means of Doppler echocardiography (including two-dimensional, conventional and color Doppler techniques) and bedside right heart catheterization using a Swan-Ganz catheter. One patient died before an operation could be performed. Seven critically ill patients underwent emergency cardiac surgery without preoperative cardiac catheterization, while in two patients it was also possible to undertake coronary angiography before surgery. Two-dimensional echocardiography diagnosed post-infarction ventricular septal rupture in 6 out of 10 patients. Color Doppler revealed the presence and the location of septal rupture in all 10 patients. The color Doppler diagnosis was confirmed either by surgery or necropsy. The estimates of pulmonary artery pressure, obtained by color Doppler-guided continuous wave Doppler beam, were very close to those measured by simultaneous right heart catheterization. In 3 patients, patch leakage occurred 3 days, 15 days and 1 year after the operation. Two-dimensional echocardiography revealed the patch leakage in only one of 3 patients while its location was visualized by color Doppler in all 3 patients. In one patient the color Doppler diagnosis was confirmed at necropsy. In the remaining 2 patients, a small left-to-right shunt was demonstrated by radionuclide studies. Color Doppler echocardiography is a highly sensitive and rapid technique in the diagnosis of postinfarction ventricular septal rupture. In critically ill patients it offers relevant information and may obviate the need for any invasive preoperate investigation.

Aged↗

PubMed1989

[A new quantitative method for quantifying left heart jets by Doppler color imaging].

Quantification of valvular lesions by Color Doppler is based on jet measurements. The aim of this new method is to reduce some of the errors in these measurements: uncertainty in delimiting the colored areas of the jets; spontaneous beat-to-beat variations of the jets entailing interpretative difficulties. The first step was to determine the correlations between the colored areas and previously established single-gated Doppler criteria, retaining spectral criteria to define the borders of the jets, so overcoming some of the limitations of color Doppler. The association of these methods resulted in better discrimination between grades and a better correlation in 45 angiographically controlled mitral and aortic regurgitations than with color Doppler alone. In stenotic lesions, spectral criteria from single-gated associated exploration enabled localisation of the level for planimetry of the section of the jet at its origin visualised by color Doppler. Satisfactory correlations were obtained with the Gorlin surface area in a group of 43 patients with mitral and aortic stenosis. A coefficient of variation of 13 to 14 per cent was found with planimetry of the regurgitant jet in the upstream cardiac chamber. Uni-dimensional measurement decreased this variation to 6 to 11 per cent in the same patients. The largest decrease in variability (6 to 8 per cent) was observed in stenotic and regurgitant lesions with planimetry of the section of jet at its origin performed in held mid-expiration and so this would appear to be the best method. The guide lines and technological improvement associated with the physiopathological information provided by color Doppler should refine the quantification of valvular heart lesions.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

[Bidirectional ductal shunts in the early neonatal period: evaluation by Doppler color flow imaging].

Serial Doppler echocardiographic examinations were performed in 10 normal neonates (0.3-4.0 hrs after birth). The flow patterns through the ductus arteriosus were evaluated using Doppler color flow imaging, pulsed Doppler echocardiography and continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography. At the initial examination, flow through the ductus arteriosus was clearly visualized in all the neonates using Doppler color flow imaging. The ductal flow patterns were categorized as follows: 1. Systolic blue color (right-to-left shunt flow) and diastolic red color (left-to-right shunt flow) in four neonates (group 1). 2. Systolic blue color and diastolic mosaic colors in four neonates (group 2). 3. Continuous mosaic colors in two neonates (group 3). Using pulsed Doppler echocardiography, the systolic right-to-left ductal shunt flow in the groups 1 and 2 was triangular in shape beginning in early systole. The diastolic left-to-right shunt flow was box-like in shape beginning late in systole and lasting long in diastole in the group 1. In the group 2, the diastolic flow showed a wide spectrum (turbulent flow). In the group 3, the flow through the ductus arteriosus had a continuous wide spectrum (turbulent flow). Mosaic or turbulent ductal flow of a left-to-right ductal shunt had high velocities by continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography. Serial examinations revealed that the ductal flow pattern observed in the group 1 changed to the flow pattern observed in the group 2, and then to that of the group 3 with increasing diastolic ductal flow velocities. The estimated aorto-pulmonary pressure gradient according to the simplified Bernoulli equation (delta p = 4V2) using a maximum diastolic left-to-right ductal shunt velocity increased within 12 hrs after birth. It was concluded that bidirectional ductal shunts may be observed in most normal neonates (8/10). With increasing diastolic velocities the bidirectional ductal flows changed to the pattern of a continuous left-to-right shunt. The bidirectional ductal shunt is considered due to physiologic pulmonary hypertension of the newborn and due to less conduction time from the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary end of the ductus than from the aortic valve to the aortic end of the ductus. Analysis of the flow through the ductus provides informations about the neonatal circulatory adaptation, especially in the early neonatal period.

Ductus Arteriosus, Patent↗

PubMed1993

[Diastolic flow in the left ventricle of healthy subjects: a study using processing of intracardiac color-Doppler maps].

UNLABELLED: Aim of the study was to evaluate the left ventricular (LV) diastolic flow propagation. Ten healthy subjects (28 +/- 6 years) were examined. Two-dimensional echocardiography and color-Doppler at mitral valve were performed. A cine-loop was transferred on-line to a color image processor. Selected digitized images were stored on microdisk. LV end-diastolic, end-systolic and early filling (EF) volumes were measured. Doppler measurements across the mitral valve were obtained: peak E, peak A, E/A, the integral (VTI) of E and A, acceleration and filling time. Extension of color and time base to apex, time of EF and atrial filling (AF) were obtained by M-color, along the base-apex axis. On frames of EF and AF of 2D-color, diastolic maps were processed: surface area and pixel velocity, mean (mv) and peak (pv), were obtained of the entire color area and of 4 selected areas, 2 mm wide: 1 along the annulus-apex axis (LAx), and 3 transverse, planes, at the annulus, at papillary (1/3) and at the apex (2/3 of LAx). Three-dimensional plot and velocity distribution were obtained. Values of pixel of the entire color area were stored on microdisk and processed using a Macintosh PC. For each transverse section, 1 pixel wide, mv and pv were obtained, and data were referred to normalized axis and the mean was calculated. RESULTS: end-diastolic volume index (EDVI): 66 +/- 7, end-systolic volume index (ESVI): 26 +/- 5 ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Age covariance between 100-Hue color scores and quantitative perimetry in primary open angle glaucoma.

Color vision tests have shown promise as an early indicator of optic nerve compromise in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). In this context, it is of interest to know how well color test performance correlates with an accepted measure of glaucomatous optic nerve damage, such as is provided by quantitative static perimetry. We found correlation values for 96 glaucoma suspects (ocular hypertensive patients) and 110 patients with POAG. No significant correlation values were found for the suspect group when age correction was applied to the color variable. Similarly, for the patients with POAG, age correction of the color test scores reduced all age group correlation values below significance, except for the age group 60 to 69 years. These findings conflict with another recent study reporting significant correlation between Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue color test scores and visual field performance for glaucoma suspects but which did not correct for age. We interpreted our results for the glaucoma suspects and patients with glaucoma to indicate some independence of mechanisms responsible for early color loss compared with visual field loss.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Formal method for objective assessment of primate color.

To investigate primate color objectively, it is critical to employ tools that yield reliable measures of color samples. Primatologists have traditionally depended on color assessment methods that lack accuracy, precision, and replicability. In this work, we introduce the "red, green, and blue" (RGB) method, a technique combining digital video cameras and Adobe PhotoShop, as a means to assess and graphically represent primate color objectively. Here, we demonstrate the reliability and validity of the RGB method, and to outline the steps for assessing color samples, we report color measures obtained from the scrota of adult vervet monkeys.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Generalization and categorization of spectral colors in goldfish. II. Experiments with two and six training wavelengths.

In part I of this study (Kitschmann and Neumeyer 2005), goldfish categorized spectral colors only in the sense that wavelengths in a range of about twice as large as the just noticeable difference were treated as similar to a given training wavelength. Now, we trained goldfish on more than one wavelength to prevent very accurate learning. In one experiment goldfish were trained on six adjacent wavelengths with equal numbers of rewards, and, thus, equal numbers of learning events. Generalization tests showed that some wavelengths were chosen more often than others. This indicated that certain spectral ranges are either more attractive or more easily remembered than others. As this is a characteristic of the "focal" colors or centers of color categories in human color vision, we interpret the findings in goldfish accordingly. We conclude (Figs. 5 and 6) that there are four categories in spectral ranges approximately coinciding with the maximal sensitivities of the four cone types, and three categories in-between. Experiments with two training colors indicate that there is no direct transition between categories analogous to human "green" and "red", but that there is a color analogous to human "yellow" in-between (Figs. 2, 3; Table 1).

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Color-vision mechanisms of the extrafoveal retina.

Wavelength discrimination, spectral sensitivity as well as color-matching performance were measured at the fovea and at different eccentricities in the peripheral retina. The results show that the underlying mechanisms of color vision in the normal peripheral retina are different from those of the classic forms of congenital color blindness. On the other hand, a close correspondence was found between color-vision characteristics obtained in the extrafoveal retina and in patients with acquired color-vision defects due to diseases of the optic nerve, suggesting that the loss of color discrimination with eccentricity and during progression of these diseases has a common underlying basis.

Color Perception↗

PubMed1986

Red-green mixture thresholds in congenital and acquired color defects.

A color television display was used to measure thresholds for mixtures of red and green on a white background; red and green components could be either incremental, decremental or zero. Ellipses are fitted to a plot of green contrast as a function of red contrast, and it is argued that the length of the ellipse is a measure of red-green color discrimination and the width of the ellipse is a measure of luminance discrimination. It is shown that the technique reliably distinguishes normals from congenital color defectives and also protan from deutan subjects. For some cases of acquired color defects (e.g. optic neuritis), there is a roughly equal loss of color and luminance discrimination whereas, in other cases (e.g., hereditary optic atrophies), the loss of color discrimination is much greater than the loss of luminance discrimination.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Salience of chromatic basic color terms confirmed by three measures.

Using single color terms of their choice, nine subjects named each of 424 colors twice under carefully-controlled conditions. Compared to any other color names, the chromatic basic color terms (red, green, yellow, blue, orange, purple, brown and pink) are all used more consistently within subjects, with greater consensus between subjects, and with shorter mean response times; there is no overlap between the two categories of color names by any of these criteria. The results are interpreted as supporting the conception that basic color terms refer to fundamental sensations for which there is a specific physiological basis.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

The influence of inflammation on the polarization colors of collagen fibers in the wall of odontogenic keratocyst.

Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions have been found to play a role in the pathogenesis of odontogenic keratocyst (OKC). In the present study we investigated the effect of inflammation in the OKC wall on the polarization colors of Picrosirius red-stained collagen fibers. 50 cases of OKC were selected and separated into two groups according to the inflammatory intensity: those with mild-to-moderate inflammation (Group A), and those with intense inflammation (Group B). The polarization colors of the collagen fibers were recorded separately for thick and thin fibers. Polarization colors of the thin fibers were in the green- to yellow spectrum, without significant differences between the groups. However, polarization colors of the thick fibers significantly differ between the groups. In Group B, the frequency of thick fibers with green birefringence decreased significantly, whereas fibers with red polarization colors increased in frequency (4.6% and 44%, respectively) compared with Group A (12.3% and 23.6%, respectively). It can than be concluded that inflammation has an impact on the packing of collagen fibers in the connective tissue wall of OKC as reflected by their birefringence colors under polarized light. In the presence of dense inflammation, the percentage of thick fibers with green birefringence decreases, with an increase in thick fibers with red birefringence which appeared more packed.

Azo Compounds↗

PubMed1998

Ishihara color plates as a test for simultanagnosia.

PURPOSE: To alert ophthalmologists to the use of Ishihara color plates in the detection of simultanagnosia. METHODS: We examined seven patients referred for impaired vision. Evaluation included color plate testing with Ishihara color plates. RESULTS: All seven patients had simultanagnosia, with marked difficulty in identifying the numbers in Ishihara color plates despite adequate visual acuity and the ability to name all of the colors in the plates correctly. One of these patients was referred with the diagnosis of a cone dystrophy because of her poor performance on the Ishihara test. All of the patients had bilateral occipitoparietal damage or atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging. CONCLUSIONS: Ophthalmologists must be aware that a poor performance with Ishihara plates may not be attributable to an impairment of color vision but rather to occipitoparietal brain damage associated with simultanagnosia.

Agnosia↗

PubMed1999

Five-year color changes of light-cured resin composites: influence of light-curing times.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of light-curing times on the color changes of light-cured resin composites, over specified periods of time. METHODS: Silux Plus (3M Dental Products) light-cured resin composite disks (shades: U, Y, DY, L, G, UO, YO), 10 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness were prepared with 20, 40, and 120 s of light exposure through a 1 mm thick glass plate. The specimens were stored in artificial saliva at 37 degrees C. Colorimetric values of the specimens immediately after curing and after every 6 months for 5 years were measured backed by a light trap, and a white colored plate using a fast spectrophotometer. The CIE 1976 L*a*b* color system was used for the determination of the color difference. RESULTS: For specimens backed by a white colored plate, the delta E*ab of all shades increased for 3 years and 6 months to 5 years, to the time elapsed during all curing times. However, the a*b* values to the time elapsed differed among the shades and light curing times. In the 20 and 120 s curing time groups, the opacity% of all shades increased for 4 or 5 years to the time elapsed. SIGNIFICANCE: The modes of color changes of Silux Plus resins differed among the shades and light curing times.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2003

Color discrimination impairment in workers exposed to mercury vapor.

OBJECTIVE: To study color discrimination impairment in workers exposed to elemental mercury (Hg) vapor. SUBJECTS: Twenty-four male workers from a chloralkali plant exposed to Hg vapor, aged 42+/-9.8 years, duration of exposure 14.7+/-9.7 years, were examined. The 8h TWA air-borne Hg concentration in workplace was 59 microg/m(3); mean Hg urinary excretion (HgU) was 20.5+/-19.3 microg/g creatinine; mean Hg urinary excretion after the administration of a chelating agent, sodium 2,3-dimercapto-1-propane-sulfonate (DMPS), was 751.9+/-648 microg/48h. Twenty-four age- and gender-matched control subjects were compared. Visual acuity, alcohol intake, smoking habits, and history of diseases or drugs potentially influencing color vision were registered. METHODS: The Lanthony 15-Hue desaturated test (L-D15-d) was used to assess color vision. The results were expressed quantitatively as Bowman's Color Confusion Index (CCI), and qualitatively according to Verriest's classification of acquired dyschromatopsias. RESULTS: The CCI was significantly higher in the exposed group than in the control (mean CCI 1.15 versus 1.04; P=0.04). The proportion of subjects with errorless performance on the Lanthony test was significantly lower in the Hg exposed group compared to referents (52% versus 73%; P=0.035). The exposed group showed higher frequency of type III dyschromatopsias (blue-yellow confusion axis) in comparison with the control group (12.5% versus 8.3%), however, the difference did not reach statistical significance. Multiple regression did not show any significant relationship between the CCI, and age, alcohol consumption, or measures of exposure. CONCLUSION: In agreement with previous studies by Cavalleri et al. [Toxicol. Lett. 77 (1995) 351; Environ. Res. Sec. A 77 (1998) 173], the results of this study support the hypothesis that exposure to mercury vapor can induce sub-clinical color vision impairment. This effect was observed at an exposure level below the current biological limit for occupational exposure to mercury. This raises doubts on the actual protection afforded by this limit concerning the effect of mercury on color vision.

Adult↗