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At least 1,603 records · Page 89Linked to original sources

PubMed1999

Effects of mucokinetic drugs on rheological properties of reconstituted human nasal mucus.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of mucokinetic drugs on the rheological properties of human nasal mucus in patients with chronic sinusitis. DESIGN: We reconstituted human nasal mucus obtained from 74 patients with chronic sinusitis and determined the effects of 4 mucokinetic drugs, including acetylcysteine, deoxynuclease I, 2% sodium bicarbonate, and a combination product containing tyloxapol (Alevaire), on rheological properties of reconstituted human nasal mucus (RHNM). We used 5% RHNM dissolved in phosphate-buffered solution as the optimal buffer and concentration of RHNM for the study because it showed a viscoelastic response similar to that of freshly collected nasal mucus from patients with chronic sinusitis. METHODS: Four experiments were performed to determine the influence of each drug on dynamic viscosity and elasticity of 5% RHNM. Distilled water was used as a control. RESULTS: Acetylcysteine and deoxynuclease I significantly decreased both dynamic viscosity and elastic modulus, while distilled water had no effect on rheological properties of 5% RHNM in vitro. Alevaire significantly reduced both dynamic viscosity and elastic modulus. Sodium bicarbonate significantly reduced elastic modulus but not dynamic viscosity. Reduction of elastic modulus by Alevaire was significantly greater than that by sodium bicarbonate, while there was no difference in reduction of dynamic viscosity between them. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that RHNM may be useful for studying the topical effects of various drugs on nasal mucus from patients with chronic sinusitis.

Acetylcysteine↗

PubMed2005

Characterization of submucosal lesions using optical coherence tomography in the rabbit subglottis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of optical coherence tomography in differentiating between several simulated subglottic lesions, using an ex vivo rabbit laryngotracheal model. DESIGN: Laryngotracheal complexes were harvested from euthanized rabbits and divided into the following 4 groups: (1) control, (2) submucosal collagen injection (simulating scar formation), (3) dehydration and rehydration (simulating edema), and (4) repeated intubation trauma. The subglottic region was imaged using optical coherence tomography. Images were later correlated with conventional histologic findings. RESULTS: The epithelium, basement membrane, lamina propria, perichondrium, and cartilage (cricoid and tracheal) were clearly imaged. In group 2, an increase in the thickness of the lamina propria was observed, in addition to a characteristic optical pattern of the injected collagen. Dehydration (in group 3) produced a visible reduction in the thickness of the lamina propria, while rehydration of the same specimen with distilled water revealed a significant increase in submucosal swelling. Repeated intubation (in group 4) resulted in tissue edema that was seen as wavy heterogeneous thickening of the lamina propria. Edema produced by repeated intubation or distilled water immersion was easily differentiated from native and collagen-injected tissues. CONCLUSION: Optical coherence tomography successfully identifies the microstructure layers of the subglottis and can differentiate between edema and increased collagen deposition in the rabbit model.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Sex differences in adolescent exposure to alcohol advertising in magazines.

OBJECTIVES: To measure girls' and boys' exposure to alcohol advertising in magazines and to compare this exposure with that of legal-age persons. DESIGN, SETTING, AND SUBJECTS: Alcohol advertisements (N = 6239) in 103 national magazines for which placement, audience, and cost data for 2001 and 2002 were available, categorized by year, beverage type, and brand. Placement and readership (age and sex) data generated estimates of media exposure for the age groups 12 to 20, 21 to 34, and 21 years and older. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Gross rating points, an advertising industry standard measure of the level of media exposure of a given population, and gross rating point ratios comparing exposure of different demographic groups. RESULTS: Alcohol companies spent 590.4 million US dollars to place 471 beer and ale advertisements (8%), 4748 distilled spir-its advertisements (76%), 116 low-alcohol refresher advertisements (2%), and 904 advertisements for wine (14%) in magazines in 2001 and 2002. In 2002, underage youth saw 45% more beer and ale advertising, 12% more distilled spirits advertising, 65% more low-alcohol refresher advertising, and 69% less advertising for wine than persons 21 years and older. Girls aged 12 to 20 years were more likely to be exposed to beer, ale, and low-alcohol refresher advertising than women in the group aged 21 to 34 or women in the group aged 21 years and older. Girls' exposure to low-alcohol refresher advertising increased by 216% from 2001 to 2002, while boys' exposure increased 46%. CONCLUSION: Exposure of underage girls to alcohol advertising is substantial and increasing, pointing to the failure of industry self-regulation and the need for further action.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Two-layer film as a laser soldering biomaterial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A two-layer solder was developed to weld at low laser intensity and to provide a new method of measuring solder-tissue temperature. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: A film solder consisted of a white layer (bovine serum albumin (BSA) and distilled water) and a black layer (BSA, carbon black (CB), and distilled water). This two-layer solder was used with a diode laser to weld sections of dog small intestine (lambda = 810 nm, power = 200 +/- 20 mW, radiation dose = 18 +/- 1 J/mg). Sections of intestine were welded only with one-layer black solders as control group. The temperature difference between the external solder surface and the tissue-solder interface was evaluated during welding. RESULTS: The two-layer solder performed welds as strong as the one-layer solder ( approximately 0.12 N) but with less laser intensity on the black layer. The temperature difference between the external surface of the solder and the solder-tissue interface was significantly less for the two-layer solder than for the one-layer solder ( approximately 6 degrees C and approximately 15 degrees C, respectively; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The two-layer solder appeared to be more efficient at soldering biomaterials than the one-layer solder. Furthermore, the heat diffusion from the black midplane of the two-layer solder decreased the difference in temperature recorded on the solder external surface and on the solder-tissue interface.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Atrial natriuretic peptide, bradykinin, and angiotensin II-like immunoreactivity in the harderian gland of the terrapin Pseudemys scripta: response to osmotic stress.

The Harderian gland of the terrapin Pseudemys scripta has four types of acinar cells. Type IV cells are very similar to the salt secreting cells of the salt secretory glands of various marine vertebrates. The presence and localization of the Ile5-Angiotensin II, Atrial Natriuretic Peptide, and Bradykinin has been investigated by immunohistochemical methods. Immunoreactivity is confined to the type IV cells. Changes in the environmental salinity resulted in different patterns in the immunoreactivity especially after incubation with Ab-Angiotensin II and Ab-Atrial Natriuretic Peptide. Immunoreactive Angiotensin II cells are more numerous in animals maintained in distilled water, when reabsorption of sodium is needed. In contrast, immunoreactive Angiotensin II cells are very few in animals maintained in seawater. On the contrary, the number of immunoreactive cells for Atrial Natriuretic Peptide is high in seawater maintained animals, and weaker in animals in distilled water. The type IV cell may be considered a candidate for ion regulation in the terrapin Harderian gland.

Acclimatization↗

PubMed1997

Surface instability of calcium phosphate ceramics in tissue culture medium and the effect on adhesion and growth of anchorage-dependent animal cells.

The surface of biocompatible ceramics made of synthesized hydroxyapatite (HAP) and beta-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) was found to be extremely active in tissue culture medium. Using mixed ceramics of HAP and TCP which had been prepared with different Ca/P molar ratios adjusted in stepwise fashion to values of 1.50, 1.55, 1.60, 1.64 and 1.67, the characteristics of the surface were investigated. The time-dependent variation of zeta potential of the TCP-HAP ceramics immersed in distilled water and in culture medium with and without addition of fetal bovine serum showed that the surface was unstable with significant changes in the charge being observed. Dry TCP powder had a zeta potential of -19 mV, which shifted to -7 mV after soaking in water and to -26 mV in culture medium. In contrast, HAP had a zeta potential of -11 mV in a dry state, -9 mV in water and -29 mV in culture medium. Concentrations of calcium and phosphate dissolved in distilled water showed the solubility was higher for TCP than for HAP. In comparison, it was found that dissolved calcium and phosphate in the medium were removed from the solution by deposition on immersed TCP-HAP ceramics. These results suggested that the stability of the surface was closely related to both reactions of association and dissociation of calcium and phosphate in tissue culture medium. The zeta potential analysis also suggested that Ca-deficient HAP, which has a similar crystal structure to HAP with a Ca/P ratio less than 1.67, was generated by degradation and reforming of the surface layer. The most stable structure which was the most suitable for adhesion of L-929 cells was obtained by the mixture of 20% TCP and 80% HAP ceramics. In conclusion, the stability of the surface structure was considered to be the dominant factor for the enhancement of the adhesiveness of cells on TCP-HAP ceramics.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Improved wettability of an experimental silicone rubber denture soft lining material.

The purpose of this study was to improve the wettability of an experimental silicone rubber soft lining material (Sildent) to increase patient comfort. Sildent was modified by the addition of polyalkylene oxide poly(dimethylsiloxane) surfactants. The various surfactants were added directly to the polymeric matrix in the quantities 5, 10, 20% w/w. The surfactants were also added to a one part silicone sealant, which was then painted onto the surface of already cured Sildent. Contact angle measurements were made on samples using a dynamic contact angle analyzer. Results showed that incorporation of surfactants A (Silwet L7600) and B (Silwet L7607) effectively improved the wettability of Sildent. This improvement was still evident after 6 months storage in distilled water at 37 degrees C suggesting retention of the surfactants matrix via physio-chemical bonding. Formulations with surfactants added directly to the matrix showed unacceptable water absorption after 2 months in distilled water. Samples with surfactant charged sealant painted on the surface showed a lower water absorption. In conclusion, Sildent formulations modified with polyalkylene silicone surfactants showed improved wettability compared to unmodified Sildent. Further work is needed to reduce water uptake and determine the effect on key mechanical properties.

Catalysis↗

PubMed1998

Morphological changes of synapses induced by urinary stimulation in the hamster accessory olfactory bulb.

Urinary pheromones are considered to regulate reproductive functions in various rodent species. The effects of urinary stimuli on synaptic plasticity in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), which is the primary nucleus of the vomeronasal system, were studied. Adult male hamsters were divided into four groups and each group was exposed to one of the following four materials: distilled water, female hamster urine, female rat urine, and male hamster urine. After 15 days, the sizes of synapses in the glomerular and the mitral/tufted (MT) cell layers of the AOB were measured. The glomerular synapses, located between the axons of sensory cells and the dendrites of MT cells, were larger in the groups exposed to either the female hamster or the female rat urine compared with those for the distilled water and male hamster urine groups. In the MT cell layer, the synapses are of two types: asymmetrical excitatory synapses and symmetrical inhibitory ones. Exposure of adult male hamsters to female hamster urine induced a reduction in the size of asymmetrical synapses, while on exposure to other kinds of urine there was no synaptic change. The sizes of the symmetrical synapses were not changed by any urinary stimulus. The present study revealed that morphological changes of synapses in the AOB were induced by urinary stimuli. Different urines induced different morphological responses. It is suggested that this synaptic plasticity is responsible for regulation of the output of pheromonal information from the AOB to the higher centers of the vomeronasal system.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

A comparative study of in vitro apatite deposition on heat-, H(2)O(2)-, and NaOH-treated titanium surfaces.

Commercially pure titanium specimens are subjected to three different treatments, and their bioactivity are evaluated by immersing the specimens in a simulated body fluid (SBF, Kokubo's recipe) for various periods up to 7 days, with particular attention being paid to the differences in apatite deposition between surfaces open to SBF and surfaces in contact with the container's bottom. The treatment with a H(2)O(2)/HCl solution at 80 degrees C for 30 min followed by heating at 400 degrees C for 1 h produces an anatase titania gel layer on the specimen surface. This gel layer deposits apatite both on the contact and on open surfaces, and apatite deposition ability does not change with pre-staking in distilled water. The treatment with a NaOH solution at 60 degrees C for 3 days produces a sodium titanate gel layer. This gel layer can deposit apatite only on the contact surface, and the apatite deposition ability is completely lost after 1 day of pre-staking in distilled water. It is concluded, therefore, that the bioactivity of the titania gel originates from the favorable structure of the gel itself while the bioactivity of the sodium titanate gel depends heavily on ion release from the gel. The third treatment, a simple heat treatment at 400 degrees C for 1 h, produces a dense (not porous) oxide layer on the specimen surface. The specimens can deposit apatite on the contact surface after only 3 days of staking in SBF, but they cannot deposit apatite on the open surface for up to 2 months of staking. The implications of such apatite deposition behavior have been discussed in relation to the environments of titanium implants in bone as well as to the methodology of the SBF staking experiment.

Apatites↗

PubMed2002

Water for wound cleansing.

BACKGROUND: Various solutions have been recommended for cleansing wounds, however normal saline is favoured as it is an isotonic solution and does not interfere with the normal healing process. Tap water is commonly used in the community for cleansing wounds because it is easily accessible, efficient and cost effective, however, there is an unresolved debate about its use. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to assess the effects of water compared to other solutions for wound cleansing. SEARCH STRATEGY: Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials were identified by electronic searches of Cochrane Wounds Group Specialised Trials Register, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register. Primary authors, company representatives and content experts were contacted to identify eligible studies. Reference lists from included trials were also searched. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised and quasi randomised controlled trials that compared the use of water with other solutions for wound cleansing were eligible for inclusion. Additional criteria were outcomes that included objective or subjective measures of wound infection or healing. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Trial selection, data extraction and quality assessment were carried out independently by two reviewers and checked by a third reviewer. Differences in opinion were settled by discussion. Some data were pooled using a random effects model. MAIN RESULTS: Three trials were identified that compared rates of infection and healing in wounds cleansed with water and normal saline, two compared cleansing with no cleansing and one compared procaine spirit with water. There were no standard criteria for the assessment of wound infection across the trials which limited the ability to pool the data. The major comparisons were water vs normal saline, and tap water vs no cleansing. For chronic wounds, the odds of developing an infection when cleansed with tap water compared with normal saline was 0.16, 95 % Confidence Interval (CI) 0.01, 2.96. Use of tap water to cleanse acute wounds was associated with a lower rate of infection than saline (OR 0.52, 95 % CI 0.28, 0.96). No statistically significant differences in infection rates were seen when wounds were cleansed with tap water or not cleansed at all (OR 1.06, 95 % CI 0.06, 17.47). Similarly there was no difference in the infection rate in wounds cleansed with water or procaine spirit and those cleansed with isotonic saline, distilled water and boiled water (OR 0.55, 95 % CI 0.18,1.62). REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Although the evidence is limited one trial has suggested that the use of tap water to cleanse acute wounds reduces the infection rate and other trials conclude that there is no difference in the infection and healing rates between wounds that were not cleansed and those cleansed with tap water and other solutions. However the quality of the tap water should be considered prior to its use and in the absence of potable tap water, boiled and cooled water as well as distilled water can be used as wound cleansing agents.

Fresh Water↗

PubMed2001

Counterion-dye staining method for DNA in agarose gels using crystal violet and methyl orange.

Sensitive and safe methods for visualization of DNA in agarose gels are described. 0.001% crystal violet dissolved in distilled water was used for DNA staining on agarose gels and it could detect as little as 16 ng of DNA (3 kb, pGem-7Zf/EcoRI) without destaining procedure. The detection limit is four times lower than that of ethidium bromide. To improve the sensitivity, we studied a counterion-dye staining method using methyl orange as a counterion-dye which contributes to reduce excessive background staining by crystal violet. Dye concentration, pH of staining solution, mixing molar ratio of two dyes, and staining times were optimized for the counterion-dye staining. By the staining with a mixed solution of 0.0025% crystal violet and 0.0005% methyl orange in distilled water, 8 ng of the 3 kb DNA in an agarose gel was detected within 30 min.

Azo Compounds↗

PubMed1982

The Golgi apparatus: roles for distinct 'cis' and 'trans' compartments.

The Golgi apparatus seems to consist of distinct cis and trans compartments that are proposed to act sequentially to refine the protein export of the endoplasmic reticulum by removing escaped endoplasmic reticulum proteins. Refinement may be a multi-stage process that employs a principle akin to fractional distillation; the stack of cisternae comprising the cis Golgi may be the plates in this distillation tower. The trans Golgi, consisting of the last one or two cisternae, may be the receiver that collects from the cis Golgi only its most refined fraction for later distribution to specific locations throughout the cell.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

NH2-SEP-PAK cartridges for enrichment of Aromatic Sulfur Compounds from sea water: determination by GC-FID and GC-MS.

The Aromatic Sulfur Compounds (ASCs) are considered as "markers" of the crude oil age. In this frame, we have considered ASCs as "markers" of remote crude oil sea water pollution for their chemical characteristics, good solubility in water and resistance to the biodegradation. Gas chromatography of ASCs in distilled water and sea water samples has been performed after adsorption from a 80 mL water sample on to a cartridge containing 100 mg NH2-bonded porous silica. The ASCs are desorbed with 2 mL acetone-trichloromethane (1:1), which is concentrated and analysed by GC-FID or GC-MS in SIM mode. The average recovery of 0.1 microg mL(-1) of each ASC from distilled water and 0.04-0.2 microg mL(-1) from sea water samples is > or = 96.3% with a standard deviation < or = 2.2. The limits of detection are 0.06-0.05 ng mL(-1) for thiophen-2-carboxaldehyde and benzothiophene, and 0.006-0.004 ng mL(-1) for dibenzothiophene and thiantrene in GC-FID whereas they are 0.02 ng mL(-1) for thiophen-2-carboxaldehyde and benzothiophene, and 0.003 ng mL(-1) for dibenzothiophene and thiantrene in GC-MS (SIM) with a relative standard deviation < or =7.

Adsorption↗

PubMed1984

Toxicological characteristics of refinery streams used to manufacture lubricating oils.

In the past, reports on the tumorigenic potential of lubricating oils in experimental animals have poorly defined the materials under study. In this paper the results of mouse skin painting studies with 46 clearly defined samples of refinery streams associated with lubricating oil processing show that modern conventional solvent refining of distillates removes tumorigenic potential while conventional acid refining may not. Furthermore, dewaxing, hydrofinishing, and clay treatments do not appear to mitigate the tumorigenicity of the lubricant distillates. Lubricant processing has changed over the years and assessments of the carcinogenicity of present-day lubricating materials must be based on knowledge of modern processing.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Modification of mitochondria-rich cells in different ionic conditions: changes in cell morphology and cell number in the skin of Xenopus laevis.

Xenopus laevis were kept in salt water (1.25% NaCl), distilled water, or tapwater for a month. Compared to the animals kept in tap water, the number of mitochondria-rich (MR) cells in the NaCl-adapted animals was significantly reduced, while it was increased in those maintained in distilled water. In addition, the MR-cells of NaCl-adapted animals lost their slender flask shape and developed large deposits of glycogen. The alteration of this cell type in conditions of high or low salinity may reflect a role of MR-cells in adaptation to different ionic environments.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Electron microscopic studies on the potential loss of crystallites from routinely processed sections of young enamel in the rat incisor.

Newly formed rat incisor enamel was fixed aqueously by perfusion with glutaraldehyde and anhydrously by immersion in ethylene glycol. Ultrathin sections were studied using transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. Aqueously processed enamel was shown to lose its mineral content when sectioned on distilled water. This mineral loss was minimized by limiting the exposure of sections to the water. In such preparations, enamel crystallites were seen by virtue of their intrinsic electron density only. Selected area electron diffraction provided corroborative evidence for the presence or absence of crystallites in the sections. Observations on mineralized sections and on stained mineralized and distilled-water-demineralized sections revealed organic material apparently in the same location as the crystallites. Anhydrously processed enamel which was sectioned on ethylene glycol showed a similar appearance of the crystallites. This appearance was not obviously altered after staining despite evidence that organelles in the ameloblasts were stained. In view of the observations that both methods yielded similar crystallite morphology, it was concluded that aqueous techniques can be used to study the relationship between organic and inorganic components. However, valid description of crystallites in such preparations requires minimal exposure of ultrathin sections to water.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Differential technique to stain nerve cells and fibers in methacrylate sections.

A simple method for the simultaneous staining of nerve cells and fibers, applicable to sections of pieces embedded in methacrylate, is described. Sections of 12 micron in thickness were attached to slides and stained for 10-18 hours in the following solution: 0.03% thionin, 0.5% formaldehyde, 0.5% acetic acid in distilled water. They were then rinsed in acetic water (0.5% acetic acid) for 30 seconds, washed in distilled water, dehydrated through 96% and absolute ethanol, cleared in eucalyptol, and mounted in Eukitt.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

The antioxidative activity of traditional Japanese herbs.

The objective of this research was to examine the radical scavenging activity of traditional Japanese herbs. Samples used in the experiments were gennoshoko (Geranium nepalense var. thunbergii), yomogi (Artemisia vulgaris var.indica), senburi (Swertia japonica), iwa-tobacco (Conandron ramondioides), sarunokoshikake (Elfvingia applanata), kanzo (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch) and matatabi (Actinidia polygama). The water-soluble components of the herbs were extracted in boiling water, and the volatile oil was extracted by a distillation apparatus or steeping in some organic solvents such as petroleum ether and ethyl ether. The radical scavenging activity was determined by the decrease of free radicals of DPPH detected by both colorimetric assay and HPLC method at 517 nm. The extracts of gennoshoko, yomogi and iwa-tobacco showed remarkable radical scavenging activity. The volatile oil of yomogi obtained by distillation or steeping in organic solvents had especially strong antioxidative activity.

Antioxidants↗