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PubMed1995

Effects of continuous environmental illumination on the albino rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system.

Continuous environmental illumination or constant light (LL) exposure causes a suppression of daily water intake, and long-term exposure of greater than 19 days produces a hypertrophy of magnocellular neuroendocrine cells (MNCs) in the hypothalamus. These findings led Glantz to hypothesize that LL increases the secretion of vasopressin (VP). We wanted to determine whether LL could trigger morphological changes within the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system (HNS) seen with other manipulations that result in enhanced hormone release. The posterior pituitary of male albino rats that were exposed to LL for 24 or 48 h were examined ultrastructurally for evidence of enhanced hormone release. In addition, water intake, plasma VP levels, and MNC size within the supraoptic nucleus (SON) were measured. After LL exposure, the posterior pituitary morphology was different, suggesting enhanced hormone release. LL exposure did not affect plasma VP or the size of SON MNCs, but did suppress drinking behavior. These data show that posterior pituitary morphology is affected rapidly by LL exposure. The HNS response to LL exposure may consist of changes within the first 24 h of LL found within the posterior pituitary followed later by hypertrophy of the SON MNCs.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

The treatment requests of alcoholics.

Two hundred and thirty-four alcoholic patients at a general hospital outpatient clinic were administered a questionnaire to ascertain their treatment requests. One year later information characterizing the patients and their treatment outcomes was obtained by chart review and therapists' ratings. The alcoholics' treatment requests were similar to those obtained previously with general psychiatric populations. The most frequent requests were for psychological treatments: 'clarification of issues' or 'psychodynamic insight' while requests for administrative help or social intervention were least frequent. Requesting psychological treatments did not significantly predict engaging in psychotherapy or change during therapy. Requesting help with the complications of drinking only and not psychological help predicted early drop out. Medical, administrative and social intervention requests predicted poor improvement in drinking behavior during therapy.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Ethanol-induced conditioned taste aversion to ethanol.

A single injection of 2.5 g/kg ethanol one hr after drinking a 10% ethanol-0.05% saccharin solution produced a persistent conditioned taste aversion to the ethanol-saccharin solution. Twelve pairings produced a still stronger aversion that generalized to an aversion to a 10% ethanol solution without saccharin. Unpaired presentations of ethanol-saccharin solution and ethanol injections prevented the subsequent development of an aversion from a single pairing. Twelve pairings of access to saccharin solution with ethanol injections produced an aversion that generalized to an ethanol-saccharin solution. All groups receiving 12 alternate-day ethanol injections developed tolerance to the hypothermic effect of ethanol, but the tolerance was not conditioned to the drinking fluids previously paired with ethanol injections and it was unrelated to the subsequent drinking behaviors.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Application of bioelectric impedance methodology and prediction equations to determine the volume of distribution for ethanol.

In large-scale epidemiologic studies of drinking behavior there is a need for simple and reliable estimates of the body water compartment of subjects. This, in turn, provides an estimate of the volume of distribution of ingested ethanol and a better estimate of tissue exposure levels than the use of total body weight as the volume of distribution for alcohol. The volume of distribution for ethanol (total body water, TBW) was estimated in a racially mixed group of 276 alcoholics and 166 nonalcoholics (aged 20-59 years) by means of bioelectric impedance methodology (BIA) and by means of prediction equations based upon age, body weight, and height. Estimations of mean TBW from BIA were found to be only slightly higher (1-4%) than those provided by the prediction equations. TBW values generated from both prediction equations were also highly correlated with TBW values obtained by impedance methodology, with the highest correlations observed in females (particularly black) and in alcoholics (particularly female).

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of acute alcohol intoxication on the opioid system in humans.

We investigated the possible relations between the endogenous opioid system and acute alcoholic intoxication in 21 subjects, of whom 13 were drinkers who came to the emergency service with evident symptoms of drunkenness, and 8 were nondrinkers who consumed 1 g alcohol per kg body weight over a short period. Different patterns of changes were found in the two groups for plasma concentrations of beta-endorphin and adrenocorticotropic hormone. In drinkers, plasma levels of both substances increased, whereas in nondrinkers both concentrations decreased, the declines being especially notable 15, 30, and 45 min after ingestion. We found no differences between the two groups in plasma cortisol concentrations. The different levels of these substances may reflect differences in drinking behavior between the two groups.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Spirituality, mindfulness and substance abuse.

A growing body of research suggests that mindfulness-based therapies may be effective in treating a variety of disorders including stress, chronic pain, depression and anxiety. However, there are few valid and reliable measures of mindfulness. Furthermore, mindfulness is often thought to be related to spirituality, given its roots in Buddhist tradition, but empirical studies on this relationship are difficult to find. The present study: (1) tested the reliability and validity of a new mindfulness measure, the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI), (2) explored the relationship between mindfulness and spirituality, and (3) investigated the relationship between mindfulness and/or spirituality and alcohol and tobacco use in an undergraduate college population (N=196). Results support the reliability of the FMI and suggest that spirituality and mindfulness may be separate constructs. In addition, smoking and frequent binge-drinking were negatively correlated with spirituality scores; as spirituality scores increased the use of alcohol and tobacco decreased. Thus, spirituality may be related to decreased substance use. In contrast, a positive relationship between mindfulness and smoking/frequent binge-drinking behavior was uncovered, and warrants further investigation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Aspartame demand in rhesus monkeys: effects of volume and concentration manipulations.

Three rhesus monkeys' lever presses produced aspartame-sweetened water according to a fixed-ratio schedule. The response requirement was increased across sessions and a demand-function analysis was used to assess the reinforcing effectiveness of different magnitudes of aspartame by manipulating reinforcer duration (1 and 3s) in Phase 1 and concentration (0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0mg/ml) in Phase 2. When duration was manipulated, the number of aspartame deliveries was mainly a function of the response requirement rather than unit price (responses/duration), suggesting that changes in duration did not significantly affect the reinforcing effectiveness of aspartame. When concentration was manipulated and the lowest concentration excluded, consumption was best described by unit price (responses/concentration) in two monkeys and by the response requirement in the third. Although results from the concentration manipulation provide some evidence that consumption was modulated by unit price, the results overall suggest that scalar equivalence does not exist between the components of unit price; specifically, the response requirement exerted a larger influence than duration or concentration on total consumption. Finally, a normalized demand analysis revealed that aspartame is a more elastic commodity than food and drug reinforcers.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Effect of a selective and potent central nervous system penetrant, neurokinin-3 receptor antagonist (SB-222200), on cisplatin-induced emesis in the ferret.

The anti-emetic activity of selective NK-1 receptor antagonism is well established. However, little is known of the possibility that other NK receptors might also be involved in the emetic reflex. Given the reported location of NK-3 receptors within the rat brainstem vagal motor and sensory nuclei, we investigated the ability of SB-222200, a brain-penetrant NK-3 receptor antagonist, to interfere with emesis evoked in ferrets by the emetogenic cytotoxic agent cisplatin. In contrast to control anti-emetic experiments using the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ondansetron, SB-222200 was found to have no effects on cisplatin-induced vomiting or on the associated reductions in feeding and drinking behaviors at any dose tested. We suggest that if NK-3 receptors are involved in the mechanisms of cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting, they play only a minor role, relative to the major anti-emetic activity exhibited by 5-HT3 or NK-1 receptor antagonism.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

The gene transcription factor cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein: role in positive and negative affective states of alcohol addiction.

The gene transcription factor cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-responsive element binding (CREB) protein is a nuclear protein that regulates synaptic plasticity via modulating the expression of several (cAMP)-inducible genes. Alcohol addiction is a complex psychiatric disorder and is characterized by a compulsive and uncontrolled pattern of alcohol drinking by an individual in spite of the adverse consequences of its abuse. Ethanol produces both euphoric (reward and reinforcing) and dysphoric (negative withdrawal reactions) effects and these are most likely involved in the initiation and maintenance of alcohol use and abuse. Several neurotransmitter systems in the brain might be involved in the effects of alcohol but the exact molecular mechanisms of both the positive and negative affective states of alcohol abuse are still unclear. Recent research in molecular neurosciences using animal models have identified the role of extended amygdaloid (shell structures of nucleus accumbens [NAc] and central and medial amygdaloid nuclei) CREB signaling in positive and negative affective states of alcohol drinking behaviors. This review article highlights the current findings on the role of nucleus accumbal and amygdaloid CREB signaling in behavioral consequences of alcohol use and abuse.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed2005

Differential effects of removing the glucose or saccharin components of a glucose-saccharin mixture in a successive negative contrast paradigm.

When rats experience an unexpected decrease in reward value, e.g., from 32% sucrose to 4% sucrose, consummatory behavior abruptly decreases to a level below control subjects that only experience the lesser reward, a phenomenon known as Successive Negative Contrast (SNC). In food deprived rats experiencing downshifts in sucrose concentration, SNC dissipates in 3-4 days, as consummatory behavior in shifted rats recovers to the level of unshifted controls. In Experiment 1 food deprived rats that were given 5 min daily access to a 2% glucose-0.15% saccharin mixture, and subsequently shifted to 2% glucose alone, displayed a dramatic SNC effect relative to rats that only received 2% glucose. This SNC effect was primarily manifested as a decrease in the number of consummatory bursts initiated. Interestingly, intake failed to recover to control levels during eight daily postshift sessions. However, in Experiment 2 subjects that were shifted from the same glucose-saccharin mixture to 0.15% saccharin alone failed to show SNC rather, intake fell to the level of control animals which only received 0.15% saccharin. The data from Experiment 1, in conjunction with previous studies utilizing non-deprived rats, quinine adulteration, or shifts from sucrose to saccharin, show that reductions in taste value can produce contrast effects, but suggest that a threshold caloric value is necessary for recovery. The data from Experiment 2 may suggest that saccharin and glucose do not contribute equally to the enhanced palatability of the mixture.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2000

The contribution of the median preoptic nucleus to renal sympathetic nerve activity increased by intracerebroventricular injection of hypertonic saline in the rat.

The median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) of the hypothalamus is involved in the osmotic control of neurohypophysial hormone release and drinking behavior. At the same time, renal sympathetic nerves exert multiple effects on renal functions such as regulating renal blood flow and urinary sodium excretion. We made the hypothesis that the MnPO may also regulate body fluid balance by exerting an influence on renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). In this study we examined the effect of electrical stimulation of the MnPO on RSNA and the contribution of the MnPO to the change of RSNA induced by intracerebroventricular injection of hypertonic saline in the male Wistar rat. Electrical stimulation of the MnPO and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) elicited an increase in RSNA. This increase of RSNA elicited by electrical stimulation of the MnPO was reduced by microinjections (100 nl) of 10% lidocaine or 4 mM cobaltous chloride (a synaptic transmission blocking agent) bilaterally into the PVN. Both RSNA and the mean arterial pressure (MAP) were increased by the injection of 1.5 M NaCl into the third ventricle, although heart rate (HR) was not significantly changed. These responses of RSNA and MAP were diminished by microinjection of 10% lidocaine (100 nl) into the MnPO. Our results suggest that the MnPO is involved in body fluid regulation not only by controlling vasopressin secretion and water intake but also by modulating central sympathetic outflow which regulates body fluid balance through an effect on the kidney.

Anesthetics, Local↗

PubMed2003

A comparison of voluntary salt-intake behavior in Nax-gene deficient and wild-type mice with reference to peripheral taste inputs.

The Na(x) channel, a subfamily of voltage-gated sodium channels, is thought to be a specific sodium receptor in the central nervous system. Our previous study revealed that Na(x)-gene-deficient mice consumed excessive amounts of NaCl even under water-deprived conditions. In the present study, to investigate whether the peripheral taste inputs are involved in the abnormal intake of salt in Na(x)-deficient mice (homo), voluntary intake of various taste solutions in homo and wild-type mice (wild) was examined under non-deprived conditions. Homo showed a higher preference for 0.15 M NaCl solution than wild. Preference ratios for other basic tastants were identical between groups. Transection of the chorda tympani (CT) or the glossopharyngeal (GP) nerve had little effect on salt-intake behavior in homo and wild. Although combined transection of the superior laryngeal (SL) and GP nerves decreased NaCl intake in homo but not in wild, there were no differences in preference ratios for NaCl in homo before and after SL+GP transection. On the other hand, preference ratios for NaCl in wild tended to increase after combined SL and GP transection. Consequently, preference ratios for NaCl after SL+GP transection were no different between homo and wild. While electrophysiological responses of the CT and the GP to various taste solutions were indistinguishable between homo and wild, those of the SL to NaCl in homo were smaller than those in wild only at lower concentrations (0.01 and 0.03 M). Thus, chemosensory inputs from the oro-pharyngeal regions had little effect on abnormal salt intake in homo, if any. From these results, it is suggested that the higher preference for NaCl in homo is mainly due to the lack of Na(x) channels in the central nervous system.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Intake inhibition by NPY: role of appetitive ingestive behavior and aversion.

Intraventricular infusion of neuropeptide Y (NPY) decreases the amount female rats ingest during intraoral infusion (consummatory behavior) of a 1-M solution of sucrose at a rate of 0.5 ml/min and simultaneously increases the number of times the rats visit a bottle filled with sucrose (appetitive behavior). In this study, we investigated if the suppression of consummatory behavior was dependent upon the increase of appetitive behavior. The shift from consummatory to appetitive ingestive behavior was attenuated by adding 3-mM quinine HCl (QHCl) to the sucrose solution in the bottle. However, the intraoral intake of the sucrose solution was still decreased in NPY-treated rats. NPY did not modify taste reactivity as measured by aversive responses during continuous intraoral infusion of sucrose or ingestive and aversive responses to brief intraoral infusion of sucrose (0, 0.3 or 1 M) or QHCl (0, 0.3 or 3 mM). NPY stimulated visits to a bottle and intake from the bottle and inhibited sexual behavior in male rats but had no effect on the sexual behavior in the absence of a bottle. The visits and the intake were suppressed, but sexual behavior was not activated by adding QHCl (3 mM) to the solution in the bottle. Obstructing appetitive ingestive behavior, therefore, does not indiscriminately facilitate consummatory behavior. Male rats showed aversive or ingestive behavior and sexual behavior simultaneously during intraoral infusion of QHCl or condensed milk. It is suggested that NPY decreases intraoral intake and increases appetitive ingestive behavior via partially separable mechanisms that are independent of taste aversion.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Effects of age and ethanol on dopamine and serotonin release in the rat nucleus accumbens.

Neural functions in the nucleus accumbens (ACC) play an important role in alcohol drinking behavior. In the present study, we observed the effects of age and ethanol (EtOH) on dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) release in the ACC of freely moving 4-, 10-, and 16-month-old rats using brain microdialysis techniques. After co-perfusion with 200 mM ethanol, ACC DA, and 5-HT release were decreased significantly in 16-month-old rats compared to those at 4 months old. ACC DA and 5-HT neurons of aged rats were less sensitive to ethanol. On the other hand, both basal extracellular DA and 5-HT release in the ACC were significantly higher in 16-month-old than in 4-month-old rats. Therefore, aging results in opposite changes in basal and alcohol-induced DA and 5-HT release in the ACC.

Aging↗

PubMed1999

Anticonflict effects of plant-derived essential oils.

The present study examined the pharmacological actions of four different plant-derived essential oils (rose, ylang-ylang, camomile, orange) in two types of conflict tests using ICR mice. In the Vogel conflict test, in which any drinking behavior of the mice was punished by an electric shock, the benzodiazepine agonist, diazepam (DZ), increased the number of electric shocks the mice received. This number increased after administration of rose oil. In contrast, ylang-ylang, camomile, and orange oil did not produce such an effect in this test. In the Geller conflict test where lever-pressing of mice was reinforced by food pellets and then punished by electric shock, response (lever-pressing) rate during the alarm period was increased as well by the positive control drug, DZ. Similarly, the response rate during the alarm period increased after administration of rose oil. Here as well, ylang-ylang, camomile, and orange oils did not produce an anticonflict effect. In the Vogel conflict test, the anticonflict effect of DZ was reversed by the benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil (Ro15-1788) (FL). However, the effect of rose oil in this test was not antagonized by FL. The present study showed that rose oil possesses anticonflict effects, and that the effects are not mediated by the benzodiazepine binding site of the GABA(A) receptor complex. Such pharmacological actions may at least partially account for human behavioral effects attributed to essential oils.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Angiotensin II and nitric oxide: a question of balance.

The vasoconstrictor peptide angiotensin II (Ang II) and the endogenous vasodilator nitric oxide (NO) have many antagonistic effects, as well as influencing each other's production and functioning. In the short-term, Ang II stimulates NO release, thus modulating the vasoconstrictor actions of the peptide. In the long-term, Ang II influences the expression of all three NO synthase (NOS) isoforms, while NO downregulates the Ang II Type I (AT1) receptor, contributing to the protective role of NO in the vasculature. Within the cardiovascular system, Ang II and NO also have antagonistic effects on vascular remodeling and apoptosis. In the kidney, the distribution of the NOS isoforms coincides with the sites of the components of the renin-angiotensin system. NO influences renin secretion from the kidney, and NO-Ang II interactions are important in the control of glomerular and tubular function. In the adrenal gland, NO has been shown to affect Ang II-induced aldosterone synthesis, while in the brain NO appears to influence Ang II-induced drinking behavior, although conflicting data have been reported. In this review, we focus on the diverse ways in which Ang II and NO interact, and on the importance of maintaining a balance between these two important mediators.

Adrenal Glands↗

PubMed2001

Acute ethanol administration differentially modulates mu opioid receptors in the rat meso-accumbens and mesocortical pathways.

Biochemical and pharmacological evidence suggest that the dopaminergic mesolimbic system plays a key role in mediating the reinforcing properties of alcohol and other drugs of abuse. Alcohol reinforcement and high alcohol drinking behavior have been postulated to be partially mediated by a neurobiological mechanism involving the alcohol-induced activation of the endogenous opioid system. The aim of this work was to study the effect of the in vivo acute administration of ethanol on mu (mu) opioid receptors in the rat dopaminergic meso-accumbens and mesocortical pathways by quantitative receptor autoradiography. [(3)H]DAMGO binding was significantly decreased in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) 30 min after ethanol administration. A small ethanol-induced reduction was observed in the shell region of the nucleus accumbens 1 h after exposure. In contrast, 2 h after ethanol administration, [(3)H]DAMGO binding was significantly increased in the frontal and prefrontal cortices. The observed changes correlated well with high ethanol plasma levels. Our results suggest that the reinforcing properties of ethanol may be partially mediated by mechanisms involving the ethanol-induced down- and up-regulation of mu receptors in the dopaminergic mesolimbic system. Mu receptors in the VTA and the frontal and prefrontal cortices may be involved in the in vivo acute responses to ethanol and could play a key role in modulating the dopaminergic activity of the mesocortical pathway in response to the drug. In contrast, the contribution of both mu and delta receptors in the nucleus accumbens might be relevant in these processes.

Alcoholism↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Validation of the Cross-Cultural Alcoholism Screening Test (CCAST).

BACKGROUND: When screening instruments that are used in the assessment and diagnosis of alcoholism of individuals from different ethnicities, some cultural variables based on norms and societal acceptance of drinking behavior can play an important role in determining the outcome. The accepted diagnostic criteria of current market testing are based on Western standards. METHODS: In this study, the Munich Alcoholism Test (31 items) was the base instrument applied to subjects from several Hispanic-American countries (Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, and Peru). After the sample was submitted to several statistical procedures, these 31 items were reduced to a culture-free, 31-item test named the Cross-Cultural Alcohol Screening Test (CCAST). RESULTS: The results of this Hispanic-American sample (n = 2,107) empirically demonstrated that CCAST measures alcoholism with an adequate degree of accuracy when compared to other available cross-cultural tests. CONCLUSIONS: CCAST is useful in the diagnosis of alcoholism in Spanish-speaking immigrants living in countries where English is spoken. CCAST can be used in general hospitals, psychiatric wards, emergency services and police stations. The test can be useful for other professionals, such as psychological consultants, researchers, and those conducting expertise appraisal.

Alcoholism↗